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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Security Constrained Distributed Transaction Model for Multiple Prosumers

Massive access of renewable energy has prompted demand-side distributed resources to participate in regulation and improve flexibility of power systems. With large-scale access of massive, decentralized, and diverse distributed resources, demand-side market members have transformed from traditional “consumers” to “prosumers”. To explore the distributed transaction model of prosumers, in this paper, a multi-prosumer distributed transaction model is proposed, and the Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) theory is applied to quantify potential risks caused by the stochastic characteristics inherited from renewable energy. First, a prosumer model under constraints of the distribution network including photovoltaic units, fuel cells, energy storage system, central air conditioning and flexible loads is established, and a multi-prosumer distributed transaction strategy is proposed to achieve power sharing among multiple prosumers. Second, a prosumer transaction model based on CVaR is constructed to measure risks inherited from the uncertainty of PV output within the prosumer and ensure safety of system operation in extreme PV output scenarios. Then, the alternating direction multiplier method (ADMM) is utilized to solve the constructed model efficiently. Finally, distributed transaction costs of prosumers are distributed fairly based on the generalized Nash equilibrium to maximize social benefits. Simulation results show the multi-prosumer distributed transaction mechanism established under the proposed generalized Nash equilibrium method can encourage power sharing among prosumers, increasing their own income and social benefits. Also, the CVaR can assist decision making of prosumers in weighting the risks and benefits, improving system resilience through energy management of prosumers.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2019

Mask Projection Stereolithography for Manufacturing Ceramic Parts for CO 2 Capture and Sequestration

With increased CO 2 in the atmosphere and climate change becoming central in today’s political climate, it is important to make attempts to alleviate climate change. CO 2 capture is possible at the source of some of the larges CO 2 producers – industrial firms – where it can be collected via separation membranes. While current state-of-the-art technology is amine gas treatment or polymer membranes, ceramic membranes infilled with hydroxide offer a more energetically efficient solution. Stereolithography offers a unique manufacturing technique to create uniquely-shaped ceramic parts that will maximize carbon capture while maintaining low energy needs and low cost. High-loading ceramic slurries can be more difficult to manufacture using stereolithography due to high viscosity and opacity, but produce stronger pieces when sintered. The current challenge is optimizing high-load ceramic slurries for stereolithography to print pieces with large surface areas and parts on the micrometer-scale.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Coal to Carbon Fiber (C2CF) Continuous Processing for High Value Composites (Final Report)

Coal tar is a condensed and recovered by-product of the coking of metallurgical coal for steel production. The heaviest fraction of distilled coal tar is an isotropic pitch largely used as a binder in the manufacturing of carbonaceous electrodes for primary aluminum smelting and in electric arc furnaces. Coal tar pitch offers high carbon yield upon carbonization. In this project, a process to convert the domestically sourced isotropic coal tar pitch, containing very low particulates (QI = 0.32 wt.%), to form flow-domain mesophase pitch amenable for melt spinning into precursor (green) fibers for carbon fiber, was developed and optimized. The final reproducible processing developed is reviewed in this report, along with several characterizations of the mesophase pitch. A final definition of the characteristics of a ‘spinnable’ mesophase pitch is presented. With this mesophase pitch, reproducible and stable multifilament melt spinning was developed, producing green fiber tows with filament diameters of approximately 20 m. The multifilament melt spinning was the most challenging aspect of the project and required the most effort. The best practices learned from this project for melt spinning are reviewed in this report. Once spun, the green fibers were oxidatively stabilized, carbonized and graphitized under inert gas atmosphere to form the final carbon fibers. Given the relatively high softening point of the mesophase pitch, no issues of interfilament fusion were observed during batch oxidation, and subsequent batch carbonization and graphitization went smoothly in all cases. An ~ 80 wt.% conversion of the green fiber mass to final carbon fiber was achieved. After graphitization, the carbon fibers showed high tensile moduli (most were ~ 600 GPa, or 87 Msi) consistent with commercially-available high-performance pitch-based carbon fiber. However, tensile strength and strain to failure were comparatively low. Further work to reduce defects in and on the fiber surfaces would increase these properties. SEM imaging of the graphitic fiber textures is presented herein. Rudimentary composites were fabricated from the carbon fibers and characterized showing similar modulus to baseline composites fabricated with commercial carbon fiber. Finally, a basic economic analysis was done showing the potential to increase the value of the isotropic coal tar pitch by up to 13.6 to 136 times based on a carbon fiber value of $\$$5/lb to $\$$50/lb, respectively. Moreover, the site case study suggests that the coal tar from the single integrated steel mill could supply production of up to 16 kt/yr of carbon fiber. Finally, a technological gap analysis was done which shed light on remaining technical challenges. These challenges included: recovery and utilization of condensates from the mesophase pitch processing, further advancing and increasing stability of the multifilament melt spinning processing, optimization of the oxidation processing, defect reduction for increased carbon fiber strength, and the development of a weaving process towards carbon fiber fabrics. To maximize the coal value chain, the primary objectives of this project were to (a) develop and scale efficient processing technology for producing melt-spinnable mesophase pitch from isotropic coal tar pitch, (b) clarify and simplify tedious continuous fiber processing technologies (particularly multifilament melt spinning of mesophase pitch) towards the efficient production of high performance carbon fiber, and (c) demonstrate and characterize representative composite parts derived from the final carbon fiber. Immense progress was made on all 3 objectives and is detailed in this report.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2024

A Novel Dew Point Meter: Application to the Measurement of the Sulfuric Acid Dew Point for Combustion Flue Gas

Accurate knowledge of acid dew point is essential for industrial and applied combustion applications. Sulfur in the fuel or raw materials is converted to sulfur dioxide (SO2) during combustion, and a portion of the SO2 is oxidized to sulfur trioxide (SO3). The SO3 will react to form H2SO4 vapor when in the presence of water vapor. Even with just trace levels of H2SO4 vapor in the gas phase (1-10 ppm), the dew point can reach 100°C and higher. To avoid acid condensation and the resulting corrosion on heat recovery equipment, plant engineers must ensure that surface temperatures are above the acid dew point, but this decreases the efficiency of thermal energy recovery. Thus, there is a trade-off between minimizing equipment corrosion and maximizing thermal energy recovery, and the acid dew point is a key parameter for this optimization. Commercially available acid dew point meters use electric conductivity sensors. These sensors are known to greatly underestimate the dew point due to their low sensitivity. In addition, no validation testing has been reported for these units and they are often expensive. In this work, we analyze the theory of the sulfuric acid condensation and develop a novel dew point meter based on this analysis. The meter consists of a novel optical instrument that is designed to monitor the slightest appearance of condensation on a hydrophobic window surface as the surface temperature of the window is slowly decreased. In this way, an accurate measurement of the dew point is obtained under a wide range of concentrations. The basis of the instrument is that a collimated beam from a diode laser will generate forward scattered light when the beam encounters surface condensate, and a sophisticated array detector is used to sensitively monitor the onset of light scattering. The measurement procedures are established to rapidly find the acid dew point, while minimizing error. Further, to calibrate the dew point meter we developed a calibration system based on a liquid bubbler that can generate a stable gas flow with a known sulfuric acid dew point. Test results show that the dew point meter can accurately measure acid dew point over a wide range. For H2SO4 vapor concentrations as low as 6 ppm the acid dew point is measured with an error of only ~1°C. To demonstrate the versatility of this instrument, the dew point meter was adapted for use with a high-pressure flow cell to allow for measurements of the dew point of flue gas from pressurized oxy-fuel combustion in a 100 kWth pressurized reactor.

Cheng, Mao↗
DOE OSTI2016

197 candidates and 104 validated planets in K2's first five fields

We present 197 planet candidates discovered using data from the first year of the NASA K2 mission (Campaigns 0–4), along with the results of an intensive program of photometric analyses, stellar spectroscopy, high-resolution imaging, and statistical validation. We distill these candidates into sets of 104 validated planets (57 in multi-planet systems), 30 false positives, and 63 remaining candidates. Our validated systems span a range of properties, with median values of R {sub P} = 2.3 R{sub ⊕}, P = 8.6 days, T{sub eff} = 5300 K, and Kp = 12.7 mag. Stellar spectroscopy provides precise stellar and planetary parameters for most of these systems. We show that K2 has increased by 30% the number of small planets known to orbit moderately bright stars (1–4 R {sub ⊕}, Kp = 9–13 mag). Of particular interest are 76 planets smaller than 2 R {sub ⊕}, 15 orbiting stars brighter than Kp = 11.5 mag, 5 receiving Earth-like irradiation levels, and several multi-planet systems—including 4 planets orbiting the M dwarf K2–72 near mean-motion resonances. By quantifying the likelihood that each candidate is a planet we demonstrate that our candidate sample has an overall false positive rate of 15%–30%, with rates substantially lower for small candidates (<2R{sub ⊕}) and larger for candidates with radii >8R{sub ⊕} and/or with P<3 days. Extrapolation of the current planetary yield suggests that K2 will discover between 500 and 1000 planets in its planned four-year mission, assuming sufficient follow-up resources are available. Efficient observing and analysis, together with an organized and coherent follow-up strategy, are essential for maximizing the efficacy of planet-validation efforts for K2, TESS, and future large-scale surveys.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1974

Efficiency increased in new solar cell: A Concept

Graded band-gap cell should be able to convert solar radiation into electrical energy more efficiently than any solar cell currently available. Thickness of band-gap region should be chosen to maximize both quantity of light absorbed in region and fraction of photogenerated charge carriers collect at junction.

Hutchby, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1978

The development and evaluation of advanced technology laminar-flow-control subsonic transport aircraft

A study was conducted to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of applying laminar flow control (LFC) to the wings and empennage of long-range subsonic transport aircraft for initial operation in 1985. For a design mission range of 5500 n mi, advanced technology LFC and turbulent-flow aircraft were developed for a 200-passenger payload, and compared on the basis of production costs, direct operating costs, and fuel efficiency. Parametric analyses were conducted to establish optimum geometry, advanced system concepts were evaluated, and configuration variations maximizing the effectiveness of LFC were developed. The final comparisons include consideation of maintenance costs and procedures, manufacturing costs and procedures, and operational considerations peculiar to LFC aircraft.

Sturgeon, R. F.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Performance characteristics of a slagging gasifier for MHD combustor systems

The performance of a two stage, coal combustor concept for magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) systems was investigated analytically. The two stage MHD combustor is comprised of an entrained flow, slagging gasifier as the first stage, and a gas phase reactor as the second stage. The first stage was modeled by assuming instantaneous coal devolatilization, and volatiles combustion and char gasification by CO2 and H2O in plug flow. The second stage combustor was modeled assuming adiabatic instantaneous gas phase reactions. Of primary interest was the dependence of char gasification efficiency on first stage particle residence time. The influence of first stage stoichiometry, heat loss, coal moisture, coal size distribution, and degree of coal devolatilization on gasifier performance and second stage exhaust temperature was determined. Performance predictions indicate that particle residence times on the order of 500 msec would be required to achieve gasification efficiencies in the range of 90 to 95 percent. The use of a finer coal size distribution significantly reduces the required gasifier residence time for acceptable levels of fuel use efficiency. Residence time requirements are also decreased by increased levels of coal devolatilization. Combustor design efforts should maximize devolatilization by minimizing mixing times associated with coal injection.

Smith, K. O.↗
NASA NTRS2006

NASA Crew and Cargo Launch Vehicle Development Approach Builds on Lessons from Past and Present Missions

The United States (US) Vision for Space Exploration, announced in January 2004, outlines the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) strategic goals and objectives, including retiring the Space Shuttle and replacing it with new space transportation systems for missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond. The Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) that the new human-rated Crew Launch Vehicle (CLV) lofts into space early next decade will initially ferry astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS) Toward the end of the next decade, a heavy-lift Cargo Launch Vehicle (CaLV) will deliver the Earth Departure Stage (EDS) carrying the Lunar Surface Access Module (LSAM) to low-Earth orbit (LEO), where it will rendezvous with the CEV launched on the CLV and return astronauts to the Moon for the first time in over 30 years. This paper outlines how NASA is building these new space transportation systems on a foundation of legacy technical and management knowledge, using extensive experience gained from past and ongoing launch vehicle programs to maximize its design and development approach, with the objective of reducing total life cycle costs through operational efficiencies such as hardware commonality. For example, the CLV in-line configuration is composed of a 5-segment Reusable Solid Rocket Booster (RSRB), which is an upgrade of the current Space Shuttle 4- segment RSRB, and a new upper stage powered by the liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen (LOX/LH2) J-2X engine, which is an evolution of the J-2 engine that powered the Apollo Program s Saturn V second and third stages in the 1960s and 1970s. The CaLV configuration consists of a propulsion system composed of two 5-segment RSRBs and a 33- foot core stage that will provide the LOX/LED needed for five commercially available RS-68 main engines. The J-2X also will power the EDS. The Exploration Launch Projects, managed by the Exploration Launch Office located at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, is leading the design, development, testing, and operations planning for these new space transportation systems. Utilizing a foundation of heritage hardware and management lessons learned mitigates both technical and programmatic risk. Project engineers and managers work closely with the Space Shuttle Program to transition hardware, infrastructure, and workforce assets to the new launch systems, leveraging a wealth of knowledge from Shuffle operations. In addition, NASA and its industry partners have tapped into valuable Apollo databases and are applying corporate wisdom conveyed firsthand by Apollo-era veterans of America s original Moon missions. Learning from its successes and failures, NASA employs rigorous systems engineering and systems management processes and principles in a disciplined, integrated fashion to further improve the probability of mission success.

Dumbacher, Daniel L.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Experiences in the Practice of Design of Experiments at NASA

Statistical design of experiments (DOE) has gained recognition within NASA by spurring innovation and efficiency, and it has demonstrated significant impact. Aerospace research and development benefits DOE techniques by accelerating learning, maximizing knowledge, ensuring strategic resource investment, and informing data-driven decisions. In practice, DOE relies on multidisciplinary collaboration to develop solution strategies that integrate statistical methods with subject-matter expertise to meet challenging research objectives. This presentation shares experiences in the practice of design of experiments at NASA in aeronautics, space exploration, and atmospheric science.

Peter A. Parker↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Statistical Practice and Research at NASA

The discipline of statistics has gained recognition within NASA by spurring innovation and efficiency, and it has demonstrated significant impact and value. In aerospace research and development, it accelerates learning, maximizes knowledge, ensures strategic resource investment, and informs rigorous data-driven decisions. In practice, it requires immersive multidisciplinary collaboration to develop solution strategies that integrate statistical methods with subject-matter expertise to address challenging research objectives. This presentation provides an overview of statistical case studies in aeronautics, space exploration, and atmospheric science, and it highlights statistical research motivated by NASA’s challenging applications.

Peter A. Parker↗
DOE OSTI2021

GT Flex: A Coordinated Multi-Building Pilot Study

Buildings are a significant and untapped resource for providing utility electric grid services. Recent studies have estimated that buildings could reduce the peak demand on the electric grid in the U.S. by almost 25% through effective combinations of energy efficiency (EE) measures and load flexibility strategies (Langevin et al. 2021). The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has established a goal to triple energy efficiency and demand flexibility in both residential and commercial sections by 2030 compared to 2020 levels (Satchwell et al. 2021). Such findings place buildings alongside electric vehicles, photovoltaics, electric batteries, and other distributed energy resources (DERs) as primary technologies needed for supporting high renewable energy generation grids. Coordinating and optimizing multiple buildings and other DERs is more beneficial and valuable when compared with individual buildings and DERs operating as siloed resources, uncoordinated with others (Olgyay et al. 2020). A pilot study at the Georgia Institute of Technology (GIT) was conducted to evaluate value propositions of a multi-building scale project seeking carbon reduction, energy efficiency and grid-interactive capabilities, by demonstrating the means by which stakeholders can determine the technical and financial merits of grid-interactivity and energy efficiency technologies coordinated across multiple assets. The study focused on analyzing technical feasibility of deploying thermal load flexibility strategies at the multi-building scale, coordinated to not exceed existing infrastructure constraints at the pilot site. Results show that campus can provide 3-3.5 MW of potential load shed over a 4-hour event window through coordinated dispatch of thermal cooling load flexibility without exceeding existing infrastructure capacities. Under future high renewable scenarios, this thermal flexibility resource is also valuable when coordinated to reduce curtailment of intermittent renewables. Economic analyses were performed to effectively communicate various value propositions of grid-interactive and efficient building (GEB) thermal flexibility strategies. Load flexibility presents a financial value proposition to the campus today. By conducting rationalized, coordinated dispatch in response to real time price (RTP) fluctuations, the campus can benefit materially from daily price arbitrage. The RTP signal acts as an aggregating mechanism between the utility and customer to call on demand flexibility resources, with a large portion of the benefit deriving from a relatively small number of days. Realizing and maximizing this benefit with thermal load flexibility requires careful attention to the timing of pricing signals and parameterization of dispatch to overcome efficiency penalties. Grid value and signals are expected to evolve over time, and thermal load flexibility shows potential to adapt dispatch logic to support intermittent renewable generation.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2026

Maximizing machine learning interatomic potential transferability for the discovery of the novel stellated octadecagon Bi18-Pt24 cage structure

Achieving true transferability remains the central challenge for Machine Learning Interatomic Potentials (ML-IAPs) in modeling complex bimetallic nanoclusters across their vast potential energy surfaces. We systematically investigate data selection strategies to optimize the Chebyshev Interaction Model for Efficient Simulation (ChIMES) potential for the Bi-Pt nanoclusters by comparing three innovative sampling methods: Principal Component Analysis (PCA)/k-means (structural diversity), t-distributedStochasticNeighborEmbedding (t-SNE)/k-means (force-space diversity), and hierarchical clustering. Quantitatively, the PCA/k-means strategy proved most effective for global accuracy, yielding the lowest force errors and achieving energy root mean square errors (RMSE) values competitive with Density Functional Theory (DFT), demonstrating excellent accuracy (19.16meV/atom). Structural validation on 34 unique DFT-optimized isomers further confirmed the potential’s high fidelity, with the best model PCA/k-means reproducing structures with an average root mean square deviation (RMSD) of 0.10 Å. However, the t-SNE methods, by maximizing diversity in the force space, demonstrated superior extrapolative power, leading to the more precise prediction of a novel stellated octadecagon Bi18⁢Pt24 cage structure, demonstrating the potential for exploring previously unseen morphologies. Our results establish a clear methodology for strategic data sampling that successfully maximizes ML-IAP transferability, providing an accurate and computationally efficient tool that accelerates the theoretical discovery of complex bimetallic architectures.

Vangheluwe, Raphaël [Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Utility maximizing dynamic resource management in an oversubscribed energy-constrained heterogeneous computing system

The need for greater performance in high performance computing systems combined with rising costs of electricity to power these systems motivates the need for energy-efficient resource management. Driven by the requirements of the Extreme Scale Systems Center at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, our study addresses the problem of scheduling dynamically-arriving tasks to machines in an oversubscribed and energy-constrained heterogeneous distributed computing environment. Our goal is to maximize total “utility” earned by the system, where the utility of a task is defined by a monotonically-decreasing function that represents the value of completing that task at different times. To address this problem, we design four energy-aware resource allocation heuristics and compare their performance to heuristics from the literature. For our given energy-constrained environment, we also design an energy filtering technique that helps some heuristics regulate their energy consumption by allowing tasks to only consume up to an estimated fair-share of energy. Extensive sensitivity analyses of the heuristics in environments with different levels of heterogeneity show that heuristics with the ability to balance both energy consumption and utility exhibit the best performance because they save energy for use by future tasks.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
NASA NTRS2013

Enabling Microliquid Chromatography by Microbead Packing of Microchannels

The microbead packing is the critical element required in the success of on-chip microfabrication of critical microfluidic components for in-situ analysis and detection of chiral amino acids. In order for microliquid chromatography to occur, there must be a stationary phase medium within the microchannel that interacts with the analytes present within flowing fluid. The stationary phase media are the microbeads packed by the process discussed in this work. The purpose of the microliquid chromatography is to provide a lightweight, low-volume, and low-power element to separate amino acids and their chiral partners efficiently to understand better the origin of life. In order to densely pack microbeads into the microchannels, a liquid slurry of microbeads was created. Microbeads were extracted from a commercially available high-performance liquid chromatography column. The silica beads extracted were 5 microns in diameter, and had surface coating of phenyl-hexyl. These microbeads were mixed with a 200- proof ethanol solution to create a microbead slurry with the right viscosity for packing. A microfilter is placed at the outlet via of the microchannel and the slurry is injected, then withdrawn across a filter using modified syringes. After each injection, the channel is flushed with ethanol to enhance packing. This cycle is repeated numerous times to allow for a tightly packed channel of microbeads. Typical microbead packing occurs in the macroscale into tubes or channels by using highly pressurized systems. Moreover, these channels are typically long and straight without any turns or curves. On the other hand, this method of microbead packing is completed within a microchannel 75 micrometers in diameter. Moreover, the microbead packing is completed into a serpentine type microchannel, such that it maximizes microchannel length within a microchip. Doing so enhances the interactions of the analytes with the microbeads to separate efficiently amino acids and amino acid enantiomers.

Balvin, Manuel↗
NASA NTRS2014

Enabling Microliquid Chromatography by Microbead Packing of Microchannels

The microbead packing is the critical element required in the success of on-chip microfabrication of critical microfluidic components for in-situ analysis and detection of chiral amino acids. In order for microliquid chromatography to occur, there must be a stationary phase medium within the microchannel that interacts with the analytes present within flowing fluid. The stationary phase media are the microbeads packed by the process discussed in this work. The purpose of the microliquid chromatography is to provide a lightweight, low-volume, and low-power element to separate amino acids and their chiral partners efficiently to understand better the origin of life. In order to densely pack microbeads into the microchannels, a liquid slurry of microbeads was created. Microbeads were extracted from a commercially available high-performance liquid chromatography column. The silica beads extracted were 5 microns in diameter, and had surface coating of phenyl-hexyl. These microbeads were mixed with a 200- proof ethanol solution to create a microbead slurry with the right viscosity for packing. A microfilter is placed at the outlet via of the microchannel and the slurry is injected, then withdrawn across a filter using modified syringes. After each injection, the channel is flushed with ethanol to enhance packing. This cycle is repeated numerous times to allow for a tightly packed channel of microbeads. Typical microbead packing occurs in the macroscale into tubes or channels by using highly pressurized systems. Moreover, these channels are typically long and straight without any turns or curves. On the other hand, this method of microbead packing is completed within a microchannel 75 micrometers in diameter. Moreover, the microbead packing is completed into a serpentine type microchannel, such that it maximizes microchannel length within a microchip. Doing so enhances the interactions of the analytes with the microbeads to separate efficiently amino acids and amino acid enantiomers.

Balvin, Manuel↗
NASA NTRS1991

Mach 6.5 air induction system design for the Beta 2 two-stage-to-orbit booster vehicle

A preliminary, two-dimensional, mixed compression air induction system is designed for the Beta II Two Stage to Orbit booster vehicle to minimize installation losses and efficiently deliver the required airflow. Design concepts, such as an external isentropic compression ramp and a bypass system were developed and evaluated for performance benefits. The design was optimized by maximizing installed propulsion/vehicle system performance. The resulting system design operating characteristics and performance are presented. The air induction system design has significantly lower transonic drag than similar designs and only requires about 1/3 of the bleed extraction. In addition, the design efficiently provides the integrated system required airflow, while maintaining adequate levels of total pressure recovery. The excellent performance of this highly integrated air induction system is essential for the successful completion of the Beta II booster vehicle mission.

Midea, Anthony C.↗