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DOE OSTI2018

Design of a Microgrid Transition Controller II: System Recovery Under Abnormal Conditions

This paper presents a microgrid transition controller for managing emergency operation when the microgrid experiences a system blackout caused by an internal or external fault. The developed transition controller consists of various application function blocks, including normal operation, emergency operation, and coordination between them. The developed microgrid transition controller is validated by a sample microgrid, and two test cases are investigated: islanded black start and grid-connected black start. The simulation results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed microgrid transition controller for handling emergency operation and transitioning to normal operation.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2023

Transcriptome architecture of the three main lineages of agrobacteria

ABSTRACT Agrobacteria are a diverse, polyphyletic group of prokaryotes with multipartite genomes capable of transferring DNA into the genomes of host plants, making them an essential tool in plant biotechnology. Despite their utility in plant transformation, genome-wide transcriptional regulation is not well understood across the three main lineages of agrobacteria. Transcription start sites (TSSs) are a necessary component of gene expression and regulation. In this study, we used differential RNA-seq and a TSS identification algorithm optimized on manually annotated TSS, then validated with existing TSS to identify thousands of TSS with nucleotide resolution for representatives of each lineage. We extend upon the 356 TSSs previously reported in Agrobacterium fabrum C58 by identifying 1,916 TSSs. In addition, we completed genomes and phenotyping of Rhizobium rhizogenes C16/80 and Allorhizobium vitis T60/94, identifying 2,650 and 2,432 TSSs, respectively. Parameter optimization was crucial for an accurate, high-resolution view of genome and transcriptional dynamics, highlighting the importance of algorithm optimization in genome-wide TSS identification and genomics at large. The optimized algorithm reduced the number of TSSs identified internal and antisense to the coding sequence on average by 90.5% and 91.9%, respectively. Comparison of TSS conservation between orthologs of the three lineages revealed differences in cell cycle regulation of ctrA as well as divergence of transcriptional regulation of chemotaxis-related genes when grown in conditions that simulate the plant environment. These results provide a framework to elucidate the mechanistic basis and evolution of pathology across the three main lineages of agrobacteria. IMPORTANCE Transcription start sites (TSSs) are fundamental for understanding gene expression and regulation. Agrobacteria, a group of prokaryotes with the ability to transfer DNA into the genomes of host plants, are widely used in plant biotechnology. However, the genome-wide transcriptional regulation of agrobacteria is not well understood, especially in less-studied lineages. Differential RNA-seq and an optimized algorithm enabled identification of thousands of TSSs with nucleotide resolution for representatives of each lineage. The results of this study provide a framework for elucidating the mechanistic basis and evolution of pathology across the three main lineages of agrobacteria. The optimized algorithm also highlights the importance of parameter optimization in genome-wide TSS identification and genomics at large.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2023

Low thermal inertia thermal barrier coatings for spark ignition engines: An experimental study

Application of thermal barrier coatings in spark ignition engines have historically been avoided due to the knock penalty associated with higher surface temperatures induced by the ceramic layer. However, advances in low thermal inertia coatings (i.e. temperature swing coatings) that combine low thermal conductivity with low volumetric heat capacity can prevent excessively high surface temperatures during the intake stroke and reduce or avoid knock while improving performance and efficiency. In this study, a novel coating material was tested in a low compression ratio spark ignition engine to evaluate the performance of an advanced low thermal inertia coating during steady and cold-start conditions. A total of four pistons with this novel material was tested, with an additional piston coated with gadolinium zirconate. Spark timing sweeps demonstrated a maximum 0.8% relative thermal efficiency gain with a thin coating of the novel material. Here, the novel material coated above 200-microns showed a deterioration in performance and efficiency due to charge heating increasing knock propensity. Cold-start tests demonstrated that charge heating is beneficial for reducing unburned hydrocarbons and particle matter emissions.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2026

Expanding the genetic toolkit: adenine and cytosine base editors for gene disruption in Aspergillus niger

Despite revolutionizing fungal genetic engineering, conventional CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockouts rely on DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which can cause unwanted insertions and deletions, chromosomal abnormalities, and cytotoxicity. Base editors such as adenine base editors (ABEs), which convert A‧T to G‧C, and cytosine base editors (CBEs), which convert C‧G to T‧A, offer a safer alternative by enabling predictable, target-specific single-nucleotide changes without introducing DSBs. To overcome the limitations of traditional genome editing in filamentous fungi, we developed efficient base-editing systems in Aspergillus niger . For the first time, we constructed an ABE in A. niger , achieving up to 80% editing efficiency and inducing predictable A-to-G mutations at the intended intron sites, disrupting gene function through mRNA mis-splicing. We also developed a highly efficient CBE system, capable of introducing premature stop codons with 50–100% efficiency. To broaden the editing scope, we implemented a Cas9-NG variant recognizing a relaxed PAM sequence requiring only a single guanine (G), enabling editing at start codons and splice sites. Leveraging this expanded scope, we established gene disruption approaches by targeting start codons via ABE-mediated A-to-G conversions (ATG-to-GTG and ATG-to-ACG) and CBE-mediated C-to-T conversion (ATG-to-ATA). Additionally, our base-editing systems enable multiplex gRNA delivery and marker-free editing of multiple genes. Collectively, the scope-expanding strategies increase the number of genes targetable for disruption by base-editing in A. niger by 26.3% and enable near-complete coverage of 96% of the coding genes. Overall, this work demonstrates the potential of ABE and CBE systems as versatile, efficient, and safer alternatives to DSBs-based gene disruption in filamentous fungi.

Aspergillus↗

DOE OSTI2012

Ohio Advanced Energy Manufacturing Center (OAEMC)

The program goal of the Ohio Advanced Energy Manufacturing Center (OAEMC) is to support advanced energy manufacturing and to create responsive manufacturing clusters that will support the production of advanced energy and energy-efficient products to help ensure the nation's energy and environmental security. This goal cuts across a number of existing industry segments critical to the nation's future. Many of the advanced energy businesses are starting to make the transition from technology development to commercial production. Historically, this transition from laboratory prototypes through initial production for early adopters to full production for mass markets has taken several years. Developing and implementing manufacturing technology to enable production at a price point the market will accept is a key step. Since these start-up operations are configured to advance the technology readiness of the core energy technology, they have neither the expertise nor the resources to address manufacturing readiness issues they encounter as the technology advances toward market entry. Given the economic realities of today's business environment, finding ways to accelerate this transition can make the difference between success and failure for a new product or business. The advanced energy industry touches a wide range of industry segments that are not accustomed to working together in complex supply chains to serve large markets such as automotive and construction. During its first three years, the Center has catalyzed the communication between companies and industry groups that serve the wide range of advanced energy markets. The Center has also found areas of common concern, and worked to help companies address these concerns on a segment or industry basis rather than having each company work to solve common problems individually. EWI worked with three industries through public-private partnerships to sew together disparate segments helping to promote overall industry health. To aid the overall advanced energy industry, EWI developed and launched an Ohio chapter of the non-profit Advanced Energy Economy. In this venture, Ohio joins with six other states including Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont to help promote technologies that deliver energy that is affordable, abundant and secure. In a more specific arena, EWI's advanced energy group collaborated with the EWI-run Nuclear Fabrication Consortium to promote the nuclear supply chain. Through this project EWI has helped bring the supply chain up to date for the upcoming period of construction, and assisted them in understanding the demands for the next generation of facilities now being designed. In a more targeted manner, EWI worked with 115 individual advanced energy companies that are attempting to bring new technology to market. First, these interactions helped EWI develop an awareness of issues common to companies in different advanced energy sectors. By identifying and addressing common issues, EWI helps companies bring technology to market sooner and at a lower cost. These visits also helped EWI develop a picture of industry capability. This helped EWI provide companies with contacts that can supply commercial solutions to their new product development challenges. By providing assistance in developing supply chain partnerships, EWI helped companies bring their technology to market faster and at a lower cost than they might have been able to do by themselves. Finally, at the most granular level EWI performed dedicated research and development on new manufacturing processes for advanced energy. During discussions with companies participating in advanced energy markets, several technology issues that cut across market segments were identified. To address some of these issues, three crosscutting technology development projects were initiated and completed with Center support. This included reversible welds for batteries and high temperature heat exchangers. It also included a novel advanced weld trainer that EWI has recently commercialized.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2015

Final Report - Durable Catalysts for Fuel Cell Protection during Transient Conditions

The objective of this project was to develop catalysts that will enable proton exchange membranes (PEM) fuel cell systems to weather the damaging conditions in the fuel cell at voltages beyond the thermodynamic stability of water during the transient periods of start-up/shut-down and fuel starvation. Such catalysts are required to make it possible for the fuel cell to satisfy the 2015 DOE targets for performance and durability. The project addressed a key issue of importance for successful transition of PEM fuel cell technology from development to pre-commercial phase. This issue is the failure of the catalyst and the other thermodynamically unstable membrane electrode assembly (MEA) components during start-up/shut-down and local fuel starvation at the anode, commonly referred to as transient conditions. During these periods the electrodes can reach potentials higher than the usual 1.23V upper limit during normal operation. The most logical way to minimize the damage from such transient events is to minimize the potential seen by the electrodes. At lower positive potentials, increased stability of the catalysts themselves and reduced degradation of the other MEA components is expected.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗

DOE OSTI2016

Development of Ultra-Low Platinum Alloy Cathode Catalysts for PEM Fuel Cells

The goal of this project is to synthesize a low cost PEM fuel cell cathode catalyst and support with optimized average mass activity, stability of mass activity, initial high current density performance under H 2 /air (power density), and catalyst and support stability able to meet 2017 DOE targets for electrocatalysts for transportation applications. Pt*/ACCS-2 catalyst was synthesized according to a novel methodology developed at USC through: (i) surface modification, (ii) metal catalyzed pyrolysis and (iii) chemical leaching to remove excess meal used to dope the support. Pt* stands for suppressed platinum catalyst synthesized with Co doped platinum. The procedure results in increasing carbon graphitization, inclusion of cobalt in the bulk and formation of non-metallic active sites on the carbon surface. Catalytic activity of the support shows an onset potential of 0.86 V for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with well-defined kinetic and mass transfer regions and 2.5% H 2 O 2 production. Pt*/ACCS-2 catalyst durability under 0.6-1.0 V potential cycling and support stability under 1.0-1.5 V potential cycling was evaluated. The results indicated excellent catalyst and support performance under simulated start-up/shut down operating conditions (1.0 – 1.5 V, 5000 cycles) which satisfy DOE 2017 catalyst and support durability and activity. The 30% Pt*/ACCS-2 catalyst showed high initial mass activity of 0.34 A/mg PGM at 0.9 ViR-free and loss of mass activity of 45% after 30,000 cycles (0.6-1.0 V). The catalyst performance under H 2 -air fuel cell operating conditions showed only 24 mV (iR-free) loss at 0.8 A/cm 2 with an ECSA loss of 42% after 30,000 cycles (0.6-1.0 V). The support stability under 1.0-1.5 V potential cycling showed mass activity loss of 50% and potential loss of 8 mV (iR-free) at 1.5 A/cm 2 . The ECSA loss was 22% after 5,000 cycles. Furthermore, the Pt*/ACCS-2 catalyst showed an initial power density (rated) of 0.174 g PGM /kW. Excellent activity and stability of the catalyst are due to synergistic effect of the catalytic activity and stability of ACCS-2, its enhanced hydrophobicity as well as activity of compressive Pt* lattice catalysts. For the first time, we report a carbon based support which is stable under simulated start-up/shut down operating conditions. Five 25cm 2 MEA’s were fabricated at USC using Pt*/ACCS-2 cathode catalyst for independent evaluation at National Renewable Energy. In the Final NREL report they summarize their results as follow: (1) Initial ORR activity and performance of the USC MEA’s Pt*/ACCS-2 under oxygen air, evaluated at NREL were comparable to that measured and reported by USC in their report: (2) Cyclic durability studies indicate that Pt*/ACCS-2 catalysts has minimal losses in activity and performant under 1-1.5 V potential cycling indicating a robust corrosion resistant support.

08 HYDROGEN↗

DOE OSTI2021

Controlled Islanding Strategy Considering Uncertainty of Renewable Energy Sources Based on Chance-constrained Model

Controlled islanding plays an essential role in preventing the blackout of power systems. Although there are several studies on this topic in the past, not enough attention is paid to the uncertainty brought by renewable energy sources (RESs) that may cause unpredictable unbalanced power and the observability of power systems after islanding that is essential for back-up black-start measures. Therefore, a novel controlled islanding model based on mixed-integer second-order cone and chance-constrained programming (MISOCCP) is proposed to address these issues. First, the uncertainty of RESs is characterized by their possibility distribution models with chance constraints, and the requirements, e. g., system observ-ability, for rapid back-up black-start measures are also considered. Then, a law of large numbers (LLN) based method is employed for converting the chance constraints into deterministic ones and reformulating the non-convex model into convex one. Finally, case studies on the revised IEEE 39-bus and 118-bus power systems as well as the comparisons among different models are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model. The results show that the proposed model can result in less unbalanced power and better observability after islanding compared with other models.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

NASA NTRS2018

Summary of the 2017 Blockage Test in the 10- by 10-Foot Supersonic Wind Tunnel

A limited blockage study was performed in December 2017 to explore exceeding the current published blockage curve for the NASA Glenn 10- by 10-Foot (10x10) Supersonic Wind Tunnel (SWT) at two discrete operating conditions. For the two points tested, the tunnel was found to start outside of the published starting limitations curve, above a certain threshold of Mach and stagnation pressure. Blockage theory was reviewed to further understand these results. In order to gain a firm understanding of the aerodynamic effects a more-detailed follow up blockage study is recommended.

Tunnel Start↗

DOE OSTI2018

Design of a Microgrid Transition Controller II: System Recovery Under Abnormal Conditions: Preprint

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2020

Large-Scale Adoption of Self-Synchronized Universal Droop Controller-Based Inverters to Enable Ancillary Services for Different Modes of Distribution System Operations

This work proposes the large-scale adoption of self-synchronized universal droop controller (SUDC)-based inverters to enable ancillary services for different modes of distribution system operations. The IEEE 123 bus system was modeled on a real-time simulator to study the performance of large-scale adoption of SUDC inverters in a distribution system. The resulting data collected shows that the voltage and the frequency were regulated within ranges, such as less than 5% for voltage and less than 0.5% for frequency, under different load variations and grid operations. Also, the black start was achieved within 0.4 s without any voltage overshoot. Through the simulation and validation on a small microgrid and the IEEE 123 bus distribution system, it can be concluded that the SUDC was successfully adopted to regulate the voltage and the frequency within the given ranges, and black start achieved within 1 s without voltage overshoot for different modes of distribution system operations.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2022

Transient Stability Study of a Real-World Microgrid with 100% Renewables

This paper performs a transient stability study of a real-world microgrid that can operate with 100% renewables to better understand the stability and reliability of the microgrid under various dynamic scenarios. In particular, the operation of multiple grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) inverters in such a power system is not well understood under dynamic operation conditions, such as islanding and black start; therefore, in this paper, an electromagnetic transient model of the microgrid is developed to investigate the stability of the system under various dynamic operating conditions and to identify potential reliability risks. The PSCAD/EMTDC simulation with the high-fidelity model provides helpful insights into the optimal operation modes of GFM and GFL inverters as well as the stability and reliability of the microgrid. It can also inform field deployment in terms of inverter control parameters and coordination as well as the expected performance of black start and unplanned islanding.

black start↗

DOE OSTI2022

Transient Stability Study of a Real-World Microgrid with 100% Renewables: Preprint

This paper performs a transient stability study of a real-world microgrid with 100% renewables to fully understand the stability and reliability of the microgrid under various dynamic scenarios. In particular, the operation of multiple grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) inverters in such a power system is not well understood under dynamic operation conditions, such as islanding and black start; therefore, in this paper, the full-scale electromagnetic transient modeling of the microgrid is developed to investigate the stability of the system under various dynamic operating conditions and to identify potential reliability risks. The PSCAD/EMTDC simulation with the high-fidelity model provides helpful insights into the optimal operation modes of GFM and GFL inverters as well as the stability and reliability of the microgrid, which gives good references for the field deployment in terms of inverter configuration and coordination as well as the capabilities of black start and unplanned islanding.

100% renewable microgrid↗

DOE OSTI2012

Fuel and cladding nano-technologies based solutions for long life heat-pipe based reactors

A novel nuclear reactor concept, unifying the fuel pipe with fuel tube functionality has been developed. The structure is a quasi-spherical modular reactor, designed for a very long life. The reactor module unifies the fuel tube with the heat pipe and a graphite beryllium reflector. It also uses a micro-hetero-structure that allows the fission products to be removed in the heat pipe flow and deposited in a getter area in the cold zone of the heat pipe, but outside the neutron flux. The reactor operates as a breed and burn reactor - it contains the fuel pipe with a variable enrichment, starting from the hot-end of the pipe, meant to assure the initial criticality, and reactor start-up followed by area with depleted uranium or thorium that get enriched during the consumption of the first part of the enriched uranium. (authors)

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

DOE OSTI2017

Graphite Research Reactor (RFT) Spectrometric Investigation During Dismantling - 17006

Dismantling of research reactors are carried out at the National Research Centre 'Kurchatov Institute'. Technical start-up of the 20 MW capacity experimental graphite water cooling reactor (RFT) was started up in 1952. During experimental work, some accidents, followed by a pollution of a graphite blocks by fission products of nuclear fuel, took place. After 10 years working period the reactor was shut down. The fuel was removed and the reactor was partially dismantled. Reactor graphite stack (cylinder 380 cm high and 260 cm in diameter) was isolated. RFT reactor dismantling was began in 2015. Video investigation of reactor channels in graphite stack was made before dismantling. Graphite in channels near active zone of reactor was destroyed. Measurements of exposure dose rate inside the channels near active zone showed value up to 2 Sv. The samples were taken from different layers of stack during graphite blocks removing from the reactor. Complex α-, β-, γ- spectrometric analysis of this samples was made. The graphite blocks were contaminated by fuel components and its fission products. It was found that {sup 137}Cs and {sup 90}Sr were the main contamination radionuclides in graphite. After graphite block removing and reactor vessel bottom cleaning, exposure dose rate reached 5-7 mSv/h at upper level of the reactor vessel and at the bottom ∼40 mSv/h at the bottom. Gamma-spectrometric analysis of reactor vessel was made. These measurements showed that activated in iron reactor vessel {sup 60}Co made the main contribution to exposure dose rate. After reactor vessel dismantling exposure dose rate reached 2 mSv/h at upper level of the reactor vessel and∼ 3 mSv/h at the bottom. (authors)

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

DOE OSTI2019

Association of Cortical ß-Amyloid Protein in the Absence of Insoluble Deposits With Alzheimer Disease.

IMPORTANCE: ß-Amyloid deposits are a pathologic hallmark of Alzheimer disease (AD). However, the extent to which cortical ß-amyloid protein in the absence of insoluble deposits is associated with classic features of AD appear to be unknown. OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations of cortical ß-amyloid protein in the absence of insoluble deposits with cognitive decline, neurofibrillary tangles, other age-associated neuropathologic conditions, and APOE. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This analysis combines data from 2 community-based clinicopathologic cohort studies of aging. The Religious Orders Study started in 1994, and the Rush Memory and Aging Project started in 1997. Both studies are ongoing. Participants without known dementia were enrolled and agreed to annual clinical evaluations and brain donation after death. Primary analyses focused on individuals without ß-amyloid deposits. Data analyses occurred in mid-September 2018. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: ß-Amyloid protein abundance was measured by targeted proteomics using selected reaction monitoring. ß-Amyloid deposits were detected using immunohistochemistry. Other neuropathologic indices were quantified via uniform structured evaluation. Linear mixed models were used to examine the association of ß-amyloid protein with cognitive decline. Regression models examined the protein associations with neuropathologic outcomes and the APOE genotype. RESULTS: By mid-September 2018, 3575 older persons were enrolled, and 1559 had died and undergone brain autopsy. Proteomic data were collected in 1208 individuals, and 5 with missing cognitive scores were excluded. Of the remaining 1203, primary analyses focused on 148 individuals (12.3%) without ß-amyloid deposits. In this group, the mean (SD) age at death was 87.0 (7.0) years, and 84 individuals (56.8%) were women. In the absence of ß-amyloid deposits, we did not observe an association of ß-amyloid protein with decline in episodic memory, but the protein was associated with faster rates of decline in processing speed (mean [SE] change, -0.014 [0.005]; P?=?.008) and visuospatial abilities (mean [SE] change, -0.013 [0.005]; P?=?.006). We did not observe protein association with paired helical filament tau tangle density. The protein was associated with amyloid angiopathy (odds ratio, 1.38 [95% CI, 1.15-1.67]; P?<?.001) but no other brain pathology. The associations with cognitive decline were unchanged after controlling for amyloid angiopathy. Neither APOE e4 nor a polygenic Alzheimer risk score was associated with ß-amyloid protein. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Cortical ß-amyloid protein was associated with faster cognitive decline in the absence of ß-amyloid deposits, which supports the role of cortical soluble ß-amyloid as a neurotoxic agent in aging. The lack of protein association with paired helical filament tau tangles, episodic memory decline, or strong genetic drivers of deposited ß-amyloid suggests an underlying neuropathologic change that may differ from that of AD.

Alzheimer’s disease, Insoluble deposits↗

DOE OSTI2017

Advice for emerging researchers on research program development: A personal case study

Yearly, hundreds of new scientists and engineers start their independent research programs at universities, government laboratories or other institutions. Every individual embarks on this pathway with some idea about what research directions they wish to undertake, but often, with little insight into how their research career may evolve over time. Additionally, there are relatively few descriptions of how the research programs of other scientists and engineers have developed over time. In most cases where such overviews are available, they are written towards the end of a researcher's career, at a point far from the early development of the program. In this work, I provide my personal thoughts and observations on the development and evolution of the first 16 years of my research program as a case study. This overview does not intend to suggest this particular case as an exemplar, but rather, provides a single example of how one program evolved. In the course of the description, I try to identify general observations and suggestions that might aid a new researcher in the chemical sciences or engineering in the development of their research program. Specifically, the focus is on a program where the newly independent investigator has significant autonomy to select research topics of her/his choice (e.g., many universities, some government or corporate labs), although it is recognized that in many organizations, a researcher must fit into and adapt to the specific needs of the host institution. A particular aspect of my research program is that it blends research on (1) materials chemistry, (2) catalysis and reaction engineering, and (3) separations. As such, I will draw from specific examples of my own work in these fields as part of the discussion. However, the reader should note that this perspective is not a traditional overview of the full breadth of the title research topic, although my group has written such reviews and perspectives on a variety of the subjects covered here.1-6 Instead, here I discuss how my program evolved in stages, including (1) the search for a position, (2) launching your laboratory, (3) development of research themes and finishing with (4) a summary of advice for researchers starting their independent laboratories.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2015

[Ni(cod) 2 ][Al(OR F ) 4 ], a Source for Naked Nickel(I) Chemistry

Abstract The straightforward synthesis of the cationic, purely organometallic Ni I salt [Ni(cod) 2 ] + [Al(OR F ) 4 ] − was realized through a reaction between [Ni(cod) 2 ] and Ag[Al(OR F ) 4 ] (cod=1,5‐cyclooctadiene). Crystal‐structure analysis and EPR, XANES, and cyclic voltammetry studies confirmed the presence of a homoleptic Ni I olefin complex. Weak interactions between the metal center, the ligands, and the anion provide a good starting material for further cationic Ni I complexes.

Schwab, Miriam M.↗