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At least 1,171 records · Page 65

Diffusion-mediated passing of molecular species in linear nanopores constrained by orientational alignment

For diffusion-mediated catalytic conversion reactions in materials with narrow linear nanopores, e.g., mesoporous silica MCM-41, a key parameter is the propensity for product species to be able to pass reactant species and thus to efficiently exit the pore. For elongated species, this can require orientational alignment with the pore axis. In this work, we perform benchmark analyses for such solution-phase systems where one of these species is elongated in order to quantify the dependence of this passing propensity, P, on pore diameter and on the rotational diffusion coefficient, Dr, of the elongated species. In particular, we consider the passing of a spherical and an elongated spherocylindrical shaped species in a cylindrical pore in an implicit solvent, where these species cannot overlap. Passing is mediated by diffusive Brownian motion of these species as described by strongly damped Langevin dynamics. We quantify scaling of P for pore width just above the threshold where passing is sterically blocked, and also reveal a significant decrease in P for lower Dr. We also consider the dependence of P on the aspect ratio of the elongated species and obtain an exact result in the limiting regime of large aspect ratio.

Brownian motion↗

Application of conical 90-degree reflectors for solving the problem of mirror alignment in terahertz-range lasers

We report a study of the conical mirrors with an apex angle of 90° in the resonator of the gas-discharge HCN laser with the radiation wavelength of 337 μm (0.89 THz). Experimental results have shown that such mirrors do not require precise alignment. This makes it possible to improve the radiation stability, significantly simplify the construction of laser and reduce the complexity of its maintenance. (laser applications and other topics in quantum electronics)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Triplet-pair spin signatures from macroscopically aligned heteroacenes in an oriented single crystal

The photo-driven process of singlet fission generates coupled triplet pairs (TT) with fundamentally intriguing and potentially useful properties. The quintet 5 TT 0 sublevel is particularly interesting for quantum information because it is highly entangled, is addressable with microwave pulses, and could be detected using optical techniques. Previous theoretical work on a model Hamiltonian and nonadiabatic transition theory, called the JDE model, has determined that this sublevel can be selectively populated if certain conditions are met. Among the most challenging, the molecules within the dimer undergoing singlet fission must have their principal magnetic axes parallel to one another and to an applied Zeeman field. Here, we present time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TR-EPR) spectroscopy of a single crystal sample of a tetracenethiophene compound featuring arrays of dimers aligned in this manner, which were mounted so that the orientation of the field relative to the molecular axes could be controlled. The observed spin sublevel populations in the paired TT and unpaired (T+T) triplets are consistent with predictions from the JDE model, including preferential 5 TT 0 formation at z ‖ B 0 , with one caveat—two 5 TT spin sublevels have little to no population. This may be due to crossings between the 5 TT and 3 TT manifolds in the field range investigated by TR-EPR, consistent with the intertriplet exchange energy determined by monitoring photoluminescence at varying magnetic fields.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Spectrum-Based Alignment of In-Vacuum Undulators in a Low-Emittance Storage Ring

In-vacuum undulators (IVU) are used extensively at light source facilities, in particular at medium-energy storage rings, where these devices are the main sources of high-brightness hard X-rays. The relatively small vertical magnetic gaps that are used in these planar undulators make them rather sensitive to misalignments of magnet arrays with respect to the electron orbit in the vertical plane. Based on commissioning results of undulator-based hard X-ray beamlines at the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II)—a Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility at Brookhaven National Laboratory— IVU misalignment was found to be the most frequent cause of spectral “underperformance.” It is possible, nevertheless, to restore the performance using a spectrum-based IVU alignment procedure described in this article.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Alignment among environmental programs in higher education: What Food-Energy-Water Nexus concepts are covered in introductory courses?

Interdisciplinary environmental and sustainability (IES) programs are different from other fields because they focus on a complex integration of humanities, social, and natural sciences concepts centered on the interactions of coupled human and natural systems. The interdisciplinary nature of IES programs does not lend itself to traditional discipline-specific concept inventory frameworks for critically evaluating preconceptions and learning. We discuss the results of the first phase of a research project to develop a next generation concept inventory for evaluating interdisciplinary concepts important for introductory IES courses. Using the Food-Energy-Water (FEW) Nexus (the intersections/interdependencies of food, energy, and water sectors) as our focus, we conducted a content analysis of eight representative college-level introductory environmental course syllabi and course materials (e.g., textbooks, journal articles, print media) to identify common interdisciplinary FEW Nexus concepts taught in introductory IES courses. Results demonstrate that all IES introductory course materials reference the FEW Nexus. Food, energy, and/or water resources as individual elements of the FEW Nexus are frequently described, but connections between these resource systems are included less often. Biology, energy systems, waste and pollution in the natural environment, agriculture, earth sciences and geology, climate change, behavioral social sciences, and economics concepts are most associated with FEW concepts, hinting at commonalities across IES topics that anchor systems thinking. Despite differences in IES programs, there appears to be some alignment between core concepts being taught at the FEW Nexus in introductory courses.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Dynamic states of swimming bacteria in a nematic liquid crystal cell with homeotropic alignment

Flagellated bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis exhibit effective mechanisms for swimming in fluids and exploring the surrounding environment. In isotropic fluids such as water, the bacteria change swimming direction through the run-and-tumble process. Lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals (LCLCs) have been introduced recently as an anisotropic environment in which the direction of preferred orientation, the director, guides the bacterial trajectories. In this work, we describe the behavior of bacteria B. subtilis in a homeotropic LCLC geometry, in which the director is perpendicular to the bounding plates of a shallow cell. We demonstrate that the bacteria are capable of overcoming the stabilizing elastic forces of the LCLC and swim perpendicularly to the imposed director (and parallel to the bounding plates). The effect is explained by a finite surface anchoring of the director at the bacterial body; the role of surface anchoring is analyzed by numerical simulations of a rod realigning in an otherwise uniform director field. Shear flows produced by a swimming bacterium cause director distortions around its body, as evidenced both by experiments and numerical simulations. These distortions contribute to a repulsive force that keeps the swimming bacterium at a distance of a few micrometers away from the bounding plates. The homeotropic alignment of the director imposes two different scenarios of bacterial tumbling: one with an 180° reversal of the horizontal velocity and the other with the realignment of the bacterium by two consecutive 90° turns. Finally, in the second case, the angle between the bacterial body and the imposed director changes from 90° to 0° and then back to 90°; the new direction of swimming does not correlate with the previous swimming direction.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Effects of self-calibration of intrinsic alignment on cosmological parameter constraints from future cosmic shear surveys

Intrinsic alignments (IA) of galaxies have been recognized as one of the most serious contaminants to weak lensing. These systematics need to be isolated and mitigated in order for ongoing and future lensing surveys to reach their full potential. The IA self-calibration (SC) method was shown in previous studies to be able to reduce the GI contamination by up to a factor of 10 for the 2-point and 3-point correlations. The SC method does not require the assumption of an IA model in its working and can extract the GI signal from the same photo-z survey offering the possibility to test and understand structure formation scenarios and their relationship to IA models. In this paper, we study the effects of the IA SC mitigation method on the precision and accuracy of cosmological parameter constraints from future cosmic shear surveys LSST, WFIRST and Euclid. We perform analytical and numerical calculations to estimate the loss of precision and the residual bias in the best fit cosmological parameters after the self-calibration is performed. We take into account uncertainties from photometric redshifts and the galaxy bias. We find that the confidence contours are slightly inflated from applying the SC method itself while a significant increase is due to the inclusion of the photo-z uncertainties. The bias of cosmological parameters is reduced from several-σ, when IA is not corrected for, to below 1-σ after SC is applied. These numbers are comparable to those resulting from applying the method of marginalizing over IA model parameters despite the fact that the two methods operate very differently. We conclude that implementing the SC for these future cosmic-shear surveys will not only allow one to efficiently mitigate the GI contaminant but also help to understand their modeling and link to structure formation.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Time evolution of intrinsic alignments of galaxies

Intrinsic alignments (IA), correlations between the intrinsic shapes and orientations of galaxies on the sky, are both a significant systematic in weak lensing and a probe of the effect of large-scale structure on galactic structure and angular momentum. In the era of precision cosmology, it is thus especially important to model IA with high accuracy. Efforts to use cosmological perturbation theory to model the dependence of IA on the large-scale structure have thus far been relatively successful; however, extant models do not consistently account for time evolution. In particular, advection of galaxies due to peculiar velocities alters the impact of IA, because galaxy positions when observed are generally different from their positions at the epoch when IA is believed to be set. In this work, we evolve the galaxy IA from the time of galaxy formation to the time at which they are observed, including the effects of this advection, and show how this process naturally leads to a dependence of IA on the velocity shear. We calculate the galaxy-galaxy-IA bispectrum to tree level (in the linear matter density) in terms of the evolved IA coefficients. We then discuss the implications for weak lensing systematics as well as for studies of galaxy formation and evolution. We find that considering advection introduces nonlocality into the bispectrum, and that the degree of nonlocality represents the memory of a galaxy's path from the time of its formation to the time of observation. We discuss how this result can be used to constrain the redshift at which IA is determined and provide Fisher estimation for the relevant measurements using the example of SDSS-BOSS.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Polarization-dependent DANES study on vertically-aligned ZnO nanorods

The local structural and local density of states of vertically-aligned ZnO nanorods were examined by using a polarization-dependent diffraction anomalous near edge structure (DANES) measurements from c-oriented ZnO nanorods at the Zn K edge with the incident x-ray electric field parallel and perpendicular to the x-ray momentum transfer direction. Orientation-dependent local structures determined by DANES were comparable with polarization-dependent EXAFS results. Unlike other techniques, polarization-dependent DANES can uniquely describe the orientation-dependent local structural properties and the local density of states of a selected element in selected-phased crystals of compounds or mixed-phased structures.

DANES↗

ALIGNMENT OF PROTOSTARS AND CIRCUMSTELLAR DISKS DURING THE EMBEDDED PHASE

Star formation proceeds via the collapse of a molecular cloud core over multiple dynamical timescales. Turbulence within cores results in a spatially non-uniform angular momentum of the cloud, causing a stochastic variation in the orientation of the disk forming from the collapsing material. In the absence of star-disk angular momentum coupling, such disk-tilting would provide a natural mechanism for the production of primordial spin-orbit misalignments in the resulting planetary systems. However, owing to high accretion rates in the embedded phase of star formation, the inner edge of the circumstellar disk extends down to the stellar surface, resulting in efficient gravitational and accretional angular momentum transfer between the star and the disk. Here, we demonstrate that the resulting gravitational coupling is sufficient to suppress any significant star-disk misalignment, with accretion playing a secondary role. The joint tilting of the star-disk system leads to a stochastic wandering of star-aligned bipolar outflows. Such wandering widens the effective opening angle of stellar outflows, allowing for more efficient clearing of the remainder of the protostar's gaseous envelope. Accordingly, the processes described in this work provide an additional mechanism responsible for sculpting the stellar initial mass function.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Band alignment of two-dimensional lateral heterostructures

Recent experimental synthesis of two-dimensional (2D) heterostructures opens a door to new opportunities in tailoring the electronic properties for novel 2D devices. Here, we show that a wide range of lateral 2D heterostructures could have a prominent advantage over the traditional three-dimensional (3D) heterostructures, because their band alignments are insensitive to the interfacial conditions. They should be at the Schottky–Mott limits for semiconductor–metal junctions and at the Anderson limits for semiconductor junctions, respectively. This fundamental difference from the 3D heterostructures is rooted in the fact that, in the asymptotic limit of large distance, the effect of the interfacial dipole vanishes for 2D systems. Due to the slow decay of the dipole field and the dependence on the vacuum thickness, however, studies based on first-principles calculations often failed to reach such a conclusion. Taking graphene/hexagonal-BN and MoS 2 /WS 2 lateral heterostructures as the respective prototypes, we show that the converged junction width can be order of magnitude longer than that for 3D junctions. The present results provide vital guidance to high-quality transport devices wherever a lateral 2D heterostructure is involved.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

PrimerDesign-M: A multiple-alignment based multiple-primer design tool for walking across variable genomes

Analyses of entire viral genomes or mtDNA requires comprehensive design of many primers across their genomes. In addition, simultaneous optimization of several DNA primer design criteria may improve overall experimental efficiency and downstream bioinformatic processing. To achieve these goals, we developed PrimerDesign-M. It includes several options for multiple-primer design, allowing researchers to efficiently design walking primers that cover long DNA targets, such as entire HIV-1 genomes, and that optimizes primers simultaneously informed by genetic diversity in multiple alignments and experimental design constraints given by the user. PrimerDesign-M can also design primers that include DNA barcodes and minimize primer dimerization. PrimerDesign-M finds optimal primers for highly variable DNA targets and facilitates design flexibility by suggesting alternative designs to adapt to experimental conditions.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Temporal network alignment via GoT-WAVE

Abstract Motivation Network alignment (NA) finds conserved regions between two networks. NA methods optimize node conservation (NC) and edge conservation. Dynamic graphlet degree vectors are a state-of-the-art dynamic NC measure, used within the fastest and most accurate NA method for temporal networks: DynaWAVE. Here, we use graphlet-orbit transitions (GoTs), a different graphlet-based measure of temporal node similarity, as a new dynamic NC measure within DynaWAVE, resulting in GoT-WAVE. Results On synthetic networks, GoT-WAVE improves DynaWAVE’s accuracy by 30% and speed by 64%. On real networks, when optimizing only dynamic NC, the methods are complementary. Furthermore, only GoT-WAVE supports directed edges. Hence, GoT-WAVE is a promising new temporal NA algorithm, which efficiently optimizes dynamic NC. We provide a user-friendly user interface and source code for GoT-WAVE. Availability and implementation http://www.dcc.fc.up.pt/got-wave/ Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Aparício, David↗

Revealing Phase Heterogeneity in Vertically Aligned Nanocomposites via Plan-View Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy

Hydrogen utilization in clean energy technologies is challenged by limited storage and transport within materials, owing to the complex hydrogen kinetics at interfaces [1]. Understanding these interfacial mechanisms at the nanoscale is crucial for developing improved materials for hydrogen applications, particularly proton-conducting fuel cells (PCFCs). Vertically aligned nanocomposites (VANs) grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) offer a unique platform for investigating the interfacial effects on hydrogen transport due to their well-defined interfaces parallel to the direction of charge transport [2-4]. To investigate hydrogen transport, the two phases within the VANs were chosen as BaZr 0.9 Y 0.1 O 3-x (BZY), a known proton conductor, and Pr 0.1 Ce 0.9 O 2-x (PCO), a mixed ionic-electronic conductor [5]. This PCO-BZY VANs architecture allows the investigation of how the interface between a proton conductor and a mixed conductor influences hydrogen transport. However, because of the small size of hydrogen, it is difficult to discern the nature of its interactions with interfaces from bulk measurements at the macroscale, thus necessitating nanoscale measurements [6]. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) allows for nanometer-resolution probing of the local atomic structure and chemistry at the BZY/PCO interface. In this study, plan-view analysis of PCO-BZY VANs films was employed to characterize the structure and phase distribution of the VANs and investigate the interface between the nanostructures. The films were imaged using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in the Hitachi S-4800 SEM, collecting secondary electron images using mixed upper and lower detectors. Then, plan-view transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) EELS were employed using a JEOL ARM300 microscope operated at 300kV with a Gatan K3 GIF Continuum detector to study the distribution of the BZY and PCO phases through the film. As a result, spectrum images were acquired at a dispersion of 0.18eV per channel and denoised afterward by principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Griffin, Elizabeth [Northwestern University, Evans↗

Separating the intrinsic alignment signal and the lensing signal using self-calibration in photo- z surveys with KiDS450 and KV450 Data

ABSTRACT To reach the full potential for the next generation of weak lensing surveys, it is necessary to mitigate the contamination of intrinsic alignments (IAs) of galaxies in the observed cosmic shear signal. The self-calibration (SC) of IAs provides an independent method to measure the IA signal from the survey data and the photometric redshift information. It operates differently from the marginalization method based on the IA modelling. In this work, we present the first application of SC to the KiDS450 data and the KV450 data, to split directly the intrinsic shape–galaxy density (Ig) correlation signal and the gravitational shear–galaxy density (Gg) correlation signal, using the information from photometric redshift (photo-z). We achieved a clear separation of the two signals and performed several validation tests. Our measured signals are found to be in general agreement with the KiDS450 cosmic shear best-fitting cosmology, for both lensing and IA measurements. For KV450, we use partial (high-z) data, and our lensing measurements are also in good agreement with KV450 cosmic shear best fit, while our IA signal suggests a larger IA amplitude for the high-z sample. We discussed the impact of photo-z quality on IA detection and several other potential systematic biases. Finally, we discuss the potential application of the information extracted for both the lensing signal and the IA signal in future surveys.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Measuring the scale dependence of intrinsic alignments using multiple shear estimates

We present a new method for measuring the scale dependence of the intrinsic alignment (IA) contamination to the galaxy–galaxy lensing signal, which takes advantage of multiple shear estimation methods applied to the same source galaxy sample. By exploiting the resulting correlation of both shape noise and cosmic variance, our method can provide an increase in the signal-to-noise of the measured IA signal as compared to methods which rely on the difference of the lensing signal from multiple photometric redshift bins. For a galaxy–galaxy lensing measurement which uses LSST sources and DESI lenses, the signal-to-noise on the IA signal from our method is predicted to improve by a factor of ~2 relative to the method of Blazek et al. (2012), for pairs of shear estimates which yield substantially different measured IA amplitudes and highly correlated shape noise terms. We show that statistical error necessarily dominates the measurement of IAs using our method. We also consider a physically motivated extension of the Blazek et al. (2012) method which assumes that all nearby galaxy pairs, rather than only excess pairs, are subject to IA. In this case, the signal-to-noise of the method of Blazek et al. (2012) is improved.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Alignment of Polarization against an Electric Field in van der Waals Ferroelectrics

Polarization in ferroelectrics can be switched in the direction of an applied electric field by dipole reorientation, enabling numerous applications and fundamental phenomena. In this study, we demonstrate that, in the van der Waals (vdW) layered ferrielectric Cu In P 2 S 6 , a unique mechanism exists where polarization aligns against the direction of the applied electric field, seemingly in violation of the fundamental properties of a dipolar solid. The mechanism is the result of the electric field driving the Cu atoms unidirectionally across the vdW gaps, which is distinctively different from dipole reorientation. The crossing of Cu atoms is the fundamental process of ionic conductivity, yet it is compatible with the existence of polarization. These phenomena are confirmed by nanoscale imaging and spectroscopy of ferroelectric capacitors, coupled with dynamic density-functional-theory simulations. The symbiotic relationship of ferroelectric and ionic phenomena enables alternative approaches to control polarization and necessitates a change in perspective on nucleation, domain-wall dynamics, and other ferroelectric and electromechanical characteristics in material systems where ionic and ferroelectric phenomena manifest.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗