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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,153 records · Page 64
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

A Unified Testing Platform to Mature Blockchain Applications for Grid Emulation Environments

Blockchain technology is a relatively novel technology that can be used to develop more decentralized, autonomous and tamper-evident solutions. A feature that can aid Transactive Energy Systems to reach their goals by enabling individual actors to communicate and reach consensus with other participants in a more decentralized fashion. However, technical barriers to evaluate and adopt this type of technology within the electrical domain still exist. To facilitate this task, BLOSEM Unified Testing Platform (UTP), a DOE-sponsored, multi-lab effort intends to accelerate the development of solutions by offering a common set of reusable services that can be used to interconnect existent grid tools with blockchain services. UTP is intended to serve as development platform that can provide application engineers with the technical means to evaluate potential blockchain solutions, by enabling them to concentrate on the actual application functionalities while at the same time abstracting the connectivity and performance measurement tasks. The use of BLOSEM UTP is further demonstrated by implementing two potential use cases that are intended to validate both the feasibility of implementing these applications as blockchain-based solutions while also demonstrating the features provided by UTP.

blockchain co-simulation↗
DOE OSTI2025

FRMAC Laboratory Analysis Manual Volume 1, Revision 0

The Federal Radiological Monitoring and Assessment Center (FRMAC) is an operational center, available on request by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to respond to nuclear and radiological incidents as described in the National Response Framework (NRF). Under the Federal Interagency Operational Plan for Response and Recovery’s Nuclear/Radiological Annex, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has the responsibility to maintain the operational readiness of the FRMAC during the emergency phase of an event. FRMAC is initially established and managed by the Nuclear Emergency Support Team (NEST) and serves as an interagency operations center with representatives from various federal, state, and local radiological response organizations. The purpose of the FRMAC is to assist state, local, tribal, and territorial governments (SLTT) in their mission to protect the health and well-being of their citizens with: • Verified radiation measurements. • Interpretations of radiation distributions based on Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), or local Protective Action Guidelines (PAGs). • Characterization of overall radiological conditions. Once a declaration to respond to a radiological emergency has been made, the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) Headquarters will coordinate the response in consultation with the cognizant NNSA Regional Coordinating Office (RCO). Each of the eight RCOs maintain a 24-hour response capability for radiological emergencies that may occur in states served by its region. When a FRMAC is established, it operates under the parameters of the Incident Command System (ICS), as defined in the National Incident Management Systems (NIMS) construct. The Consequence Management Home Team (CMHT) will be activated immediately during normal business hours (Pacific Time Zone), and within two hours otherwise. The Consequence Management Response Team (CMRT) is prepared for deployment within six hours after activation. Along with the assets, FRMAC provides an operational framework for coordinating of all federal off-site radiological monitoring and assessment activities during a response to a radiological emergency to support the coordinating agency and SLTT governments. Potential radiological emergencies that fall within FRMAC vary widely in terms of the area affected, the nature of the contamination, and the scope of the government’s response. Detonation of a nuclear device, accidental release of radiation from a nuclear power plant, and a terrorist threat are just a few of the many possible scenarios FRMAC must be prepared to address. Through all this, supporting the state, local, and tribal organizations in the protection of the public remains the primary goal of the federal response.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Bipolar Membrane Capacitive Deionization for pH-Assisted Ionic Separations

Selective ionic separations represent an increasingly important technical area for the strategic interests of the U.S. economy–for example, securing critical minerals and materials and circular economy aspirations that include recovering organic acids from processed biomass. This work disseminates bipolar membrane (BPM) capacitive deionization for selective ionic separations from multicomponent, ionic species mixtures. The selective separations are guided by the Pourbaix diagram and acid–base equilibria principles. BPM capacitive deionization was demonstrated to generate alkaline or acidic process streams depending upon the location of the BPM in the electrochemical cell. The role of system operating parameters, such as the cell voltage, residence time, and feed concentration on effluent stream pH was studied. It was observed that the pH adjustment in BPM-CDI/MCDI (MCDI, membrane capacitive deionization) was more sensitive to the cell voltage when compared to the process stream residence time and salt feed concentration. The BPM-MCDI gave over 6 times higher percentage of copper(II) removal when compared to sodium ion removal from brine mixtures. Lastly, BPM-MCDI demonstrated over 40% greater removal for copper ions from brine mixtures and fivefold higher removal for itaconic acid from brine mixtures when benchmarked against a traditional flow-by-MCDI setup.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Security Catch and Release Automation Manager (SCRAM) v1.0

This is a security automation tool heavily influenced by the tool written at NCSA https://github.com/ncsa/bhr-site. The tool is a web interface that aims to centralize information on blocking malicious traffic. There is a list of currently blocked traffic, a place for other tools to automatically add traffic they deem malicious, as well as for human users to input blocks. * Logging and auditing, to determine who made what change and when * Automated expiration of changes (e.g. an exception is added for 2 weeks, after which time it will be removed) * Validation of changes and verification that the change has been applied * Fine-grained role-based access

Oehlert, Samuel↗
NASA NTRS2015

Orbit Stability of OSIRIS-REx in the Vicinity of Bennu Using a High-Fidelity Solar Radiation Model

The OSIRIS-REx mission (Origins Spectral Interpretation Resource Identification Security Regolith EXPlorer) is an asteroid sample return mission to Bennu (RQ36) that is scheduled to launch in 2016. The planned science operations precluding the small retrieval involve operations in terminator orbits (orbit plane is perpendicular to the sun). Over longer durations the solar radiation pressure (SRP) perturbs the orbit causing it to precess. Our work involves: modeling high fidelity SRP model to capture the perturbations during attitude changes; design a stable orbit from the high fidelity models to analyze the stability over time.

Williams, Trevor↗
DOE OSTI2024

Effect of a collapsing gas bubble on the shock-to-detonation transition in liquid nitromethane

We studied the shock-induced collapse of butane gas bubbles in the homogeneous explosive nitromethane (NM) to investigate the effects of hot spot formation on the detonation process. A butane bubble was injected into a sample of NM, and a shock wave from a flat plate impactor compressed the bubble, creating a localized hot spot. We measured shock and detonation wave speeds with optical velocimetry, and we used a high-speed camera to image the shock propagation and bubble collapse processes. A multiband optical fiber pyrometer measured the time-resolved thermal radiance, and we used the results and emissivity values extracted from spectral fits to estimate temperatures. We measured the characteristics of the shock-to-detonation transition in NM with and without a bubble. All experiments were performed at shock pressures near 8 GPa, where neat NM can detonate. A single bubble in this system was shown to sensitize NM, leading to a reduced run-to-detonation time. We used hydrodynamic modeling to predict shock wave propagation, the extent of chemical reaction, and subsequent temperature rise from the collapsing bubble. We used a temperature-dependent Arrhenius burn model for simulations, and it yielded much better results than reactive burn models that depend only on pressure and density.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

Cyber Protection of Grid-Connected Devices Through Embedded Online Security

Cybersecurity research regarding the electric power grid has primarily been focused on protecting the communication layer of grid-connected devices against cyber-attack threats. Although many developed methods have greatly reduced the effects of a cyber-attack on the vulnerabilities of grid-connected devices, discovering new vulnerabilities is inevitable and a constant threat. As a result, the overall reliability and security of network communications with regard to grid-connected devices is a concern. Here, this paper proposes a method that further secures a system by focusing on the control and hardware layer of grid-connected devices. The device’s controller firmware will be validated and authenticated using integrated device emulation resources prior to being activated to control the grid-connected device. This verification process is performed while the controller is online and actively controlling power flows related to the device. Therefore, an attack to the system through a malicious firmware patch would be detected by the online security and rejected while safely maintaining continuous and stable control of the device. This method integrates the concepts of firmware hot-patching, digital twins, and active monitoring into an overall cybersecurity protection system.

cybersecurity↗
DOE OSTI2020

Enhancing Reliability of Classified Shipments Between the Nuclear Security Enterprise

The extent of this project, as related to by the Nuclear Security Enterprise (NSE), is related to the current shipping and logistical issues and optimization opportunities between several different NSE sites that are the basis of the enterprise. This current scope is part of every site’s, described as Design Agency (DA) and Production Agency (PA), normal operation to meet the needs and mission of the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). The NSE has a broad mission scope encompassing several differing DA and PA sites to meet the NNSA’s mission. These sites require frequent interaction and shipments of material and items between one another in order to meet the mission needs of the enterprise. Currently, there is no methodology that integrates schedules, standards, orders, processes, and best practices to optimize transfers between the differing sites. A centralized location and standard shipping process will optimize and improve the systems behavior, reducing lag time and increasing throughput at sites today. Ultimately this project proposes a central logistical platform, tiered escalation process, and standardized shipping forms to reduce taxpayer costs to meet the NSE’s mission more efficiently. This increase in processing logistics and process accuracy of shipments will save the NSE, not only from a monetary value, but it will reduce the frustrations of individuals working these outdated and over processed systems to improve their quality of life.

98 NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT, SAFEGUARDS, AND PHYSICAL P↗
DOE OSTI2022

Evaluating the performance of a high resolution SLIM IM module integrated with an Agilent 6560 IM-QTOF MS - CRADA 413 (Final Report)

Developing new technologies that enhance our abilities to identify molecular signatures is important for the health of the public, the environment, and national security. Deploying these novel technologies requires multiple stages of validation and evaluation. This project focused on evaluating a technology developed at PNNL named Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations (SLIM) in the context of a commercially available ion mobility mass spectrometer instrument from Agilent Technologies. There is a benefit to integrating the recently developed SLIM module into a real-world instrument platform. Data from the combined instrument will provide new standards for characterizing samples using ion mobility. These standards, related to both the drift time of ions and their resulting collisional cross sections (CCS) will be of value in characterizing samples from both humans and environmental samples, such as soil microbiomes. Because no previous instrument has been designed and implemented to simultaneously analyze the same sample in both constant and oscillating drift fields, the project will provide a new research capability that will support research in a wide variety of applications. The evaluation approach included measuring the resolving power, mass range, sensitivity, and accuracy of two SLIM variations (constant and oscillating fields). Although SLIM performed similarly to the commercial instrument in terms of sensitivity, mass range, and accuracy the resolving power of SLIM far exceeded that of the commercially-available instrument. This validation will provide critically useful data to our commercial partners which they can use to reach informed decisions on the advantages of the SLIM technology such as the outstanding performance and the low cost of manufacturing.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Evaluation of the Self Retrieval Augmented Generation Technique on Common Security Advisory Framework Data

This small experimental report evaluates a variation of Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG), called Self-RAG. This method uses a generative language model that incorporates retrieved facts into its generation and is explicitly trained to be able to determine whether retrieved information is enough to answer the input query, with a user-defined threshold for confidence. We performed an experiment using data from the publicly available CISA Common Security Advisory Framework (CSAF) repository (https://github.com/cisagov/CSAF) as the database of facts to be used in retrieval. Qualitative results from the experiment demonstrate that the Self-RAG method has some ability to provide reasonable answers to queries that are in the dataset and will often ignore irrelevant information when asked outside of domain questions (e.g., general facts). In settings with deliberately confusing questions (the question is within domain, but asks about a fabricated advisory), it was able to refuse 40% of the time without further adjustments to the original framework. While this performance is not sufficient for current practical use, further improvements to data formatting, disambiguating results, and leveraging threshold values could improve performance significantly. However, evaluating this will require more extensive evaluations on larger datasets and potentially better models.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
NASA NTRS1993

Opinion polls and the U.S. civil space program

The conclusions that can be drawn from public opinion polls depend a great deal on what usually does not appear on the newspaper page or television screen. Subtle biases can result from the population interviewed, the time of day individuals were called, how a particular question was asked, or how the answer was interpreted. Examples are the 1961 Gallop Poll, the survey done for Rockwell International by the firm of Yankelovich, Skelly and White/Clancy Shulman, and the one done by Jon D. Miller of the International Center for the Advancement of Scientific Literacy. There is more to learn from opinion polls than that a good proportion of adult Americans support the space program. We can learn that social and economic security are not competing goals with space, but interdependent goals. If we want to increase public support for space, we must increase the number of Americans who have the economic freedom to take an interest in something besides getting by, day after day. We can also learn that the majority of those who support the space program can distinguish between the bread and circuses of space travel. They are content to experience extraordinary adventures in the movie theaters; for their tax dollars they want real return in expended scientific knowledge and understanding. Finally, we can learn that we need to increase that return, not just for scientific careers, but for the ordinary people who pay our bills and for their children, our children. Ultimately, the space program is for them, as all investments in the future must be.

Kraemer, Sylvia K.↗
DOE OSTI2023

High-throughput terahertz imaging: progress and challenges

Abstract Many exciting terahertz imaging applications, such as non-destructive evaluation, biomedical diagnosis, and security screening, have been historically limited in practical usage due to the raster-scanning requirement of imaging systems, which impose very low imaging speeds. However, recent advancements in terahertz imaging systems have greatly increased the imaging throughput and brought the promising potential of terahertz radiation from research laboratories closer to real-world applications. Here, we review the development of terahertz imaging technologies from both hardware and computational imaging perspectives. We introduce and compare different types of hardware enabling frequency-domain and time-domain imaging using various thermal, photon, and field image sensor arrays. We discuss how different imaging hardware and computational imaging algorithms provide opportunities for capturing time-of-flight, spectroscopic, phase, and intensity image data at high throughputs. Furthermore, the new prospects and challenges for the development of future high-throughput terahertz imaging systems are briefly introduced.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Enhanced Frequency Support Scheme of Generic Inverter-Based Resource Models for Renewable-Dominated Power Grids

The frequency response of SG-dominated power grids is predictable ahead of an occurrence of a frequency event because the frequency response of SGs is consistent, and it can be inferred from the swing equation [1]. However, increasing the portion of IBRs in an SG-dominated power grid might make the characteristics of the conventional power grids no longer valid because this changing resource mix affects grid dynamics and controls [2]. Thus, maintaining these characteristics greatly benefits the control and operation of the power grids with high penetration of IBRs. To maintain these characteristics in IBR-dominated power grids, IBRs should have frequency response capability similar to that of an SG. The WECC modeling validation subcommittee has developed generic IBR models for large system planning [3]-[5]. These models can represent various vendors' dynamic behavior for WTG, PV, and ESS [5]. The current generic IBR models approved by WECC can provide frequency response only from droop control loops in REPC models [6], [7]. The contribution of the loops is proportional to the frequency deviation from the nominal frequency. Thus, it presents an insufficient contribution to arrest frequency variation compared to the frequency response of SGs because it allows a high ROCOF in the early stage of frequency events. This shortfall will become greater as the PL of IBRs increases in power grids. Controller enhancement for the generic IBR models is required to secure the frequency stability under high PL of IBRs as in the SG-dominated power grids. This paper proposes a control extension for the generic IBR models to enhance the frequency support capabilities and discusses the classification of frequency support for the different types of IBR considering their operating constraints. An inertial control scheme is implemented in the REPC and REEC models of the generic IBR models to achieve these objectives. The inertial control scheme includes the following stages: Control area data acquisition, inertia time constant estimation, IBR-related constraint check, IBR contribution determination, and inertial response provision. In the scheme, a REPC acquires control area data from a system operator and estimates a total inertia time constant for the control area the applicable IBR power plant belongs. Then, the estimated inertial time constant is transferred to each IBR controller—REEC—within the power plant. Each REEC checks the availability of applicable IBR for inertial response participation. If the IBR is available, the REEC amplifies the estimated inertial time constant to utilize it for inertial response provision. In this way, the proposed inertial response scheme extends the functionality of the generic IBR models to provide SG-like frequency response within their constraints. Various scenarios considering different IBR types, IBR penetration levels, and frequency control schemes were simulated and compared in an IEEE 39-bus system using PSCAD simulator to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Kim, Jinho↗
DOE OSTI2021

CSPlib

This computational singular perturbation library (CSPlib) software is useful for analysis of chemical kinetic systems. The code is used to analyze and describe the dynamical landscape underlying the time evolution of a chemical system. Given a database of state vectors, it allows the analysis of the source term and Jacobian matrix of the chemical system, the identification and decoupling of fast and slow processes, and the analysis of cause-and-effect relationships in the coupled system dynamics. Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525. SAND2021-2391 O

Najm, HabibN.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Schema Elements for Granta Annual Report: FY2022

Granta: Materials Intelligence, also known as Granta:MI or Granta, is a commercial database software by Ansys, Inc. that is utilized by the Nuclear Security Enterprise (NSE) to organize and store relevant materials data. For a complete discussion of the use of Granta:MI at NSE sites, see the FY21 annual report. Granta:MI is used by five NSE sites locally, and all NSE sites have access to an enterprise instance on the Enterprise Secure Network (ESN) as well as an unclassified development instance. It has been recognized by NNSA management that a shared repository for additive manufacturing (AM) data would not only ensure data and knowledge is not lost but would provide a pool of information relating AM inputs (build parameters, raw materials properties, post-processing information) to the as-built properties of AM parts. Such a pool of data would enable optimization of AM build design and help NNSA achieve the goals of shortening fielding times for new components.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Deployment and Evaluation of SciStream on OLCF's Advanced Computing Ecosystem (ACE)

The growing demand for real-time analysis, experimental steering, and decision-making in scientific workflows has created a need for tightly coupled integrations between experimental facilities and high-performance computing (HPC) systems. The Department of Energy’s Integrated Research Infrastructure (IRI) initiative highlights data streaming as a key capability for enabling memory-to-memory data transfers, bypassing the limitations of traditional store-and-forward models. SciStream is a toolkit developed by researchers at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) to support such streaming by addressing cross-domain security, delegated authentication, and application transparency. We deployed and evaluated SciStream on the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility’s (OLCF) Advanced Computing Ecosystem (ACE) infrastructure, leveraging the Olivine OpenShift cluster and its high-bandwidth Data Streaming Nodes (DSNs) as gateway nodes. Our evaluation included synthetic streaming workloads derived from IRI science workflows, a streaming simulator, and integration with RabbitMQ to handle low-level messaging. This report documents the deployment process, performance evaluation, and challenges encountered, along with opportunities for future improvements.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
NASA NTRS1998

High End Computer Network Testbedding at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

The Earth & Space Data Computing (ESDC) Division, at the Goddard Space Flight Center, is involved in development and demonstrating various high end computer networking capabilities. The ESDC has several high end super computers. These are used to run: (1) computer simulation of the climate systems; (2) to support the Earth and Space Sciences (ESS) project; (3) to support the Grand Challenge (GC) Science, which is aimed at understanding the turbulent convection and dynamos in stars. GC research occurs in many sites throughout the country, and this research is enabled by, in part, the multiple high performance network interconnections. The application drivers for High End Computer Networking use distributed supercomputing to support virtual reality applications, such as TerraVision, (i.e., three dimensional browser of remotely accessed data), and Cave Automatic Virtual Environments (CAVE). Workstations can access and display data from multiple CAVE's with video servers, which allows for group/project collaborations using a combination of video, data, voice and shared white boarding. The ESDC is also developing and demonstrating the high degree of interoperability between satellite and terrestrial-based networks. To this end, the ESDC is conducting research and evaluations of new computer networking protocols and related technologies which improve the interoperability of satellite and terrestrial networks. The ESDC is also involved in the Security Proof of Concept Keystone (SPOCK) program sponsored by National Security Agency (NSA). The SPOCK activity provides a forum for government users and security technology providers to share information on security requirements, emerging technologies and new product developments. Also, the ESDC is involved in the Trans-Pacific Digital Library Experiment, which aims to demonstrate and evaluate the use of high performance satellite communications and advanced data communications protocols to enable interactive digital library data access between the U. S. Library of Congress, the National Library of Japan and other digital library sites at 155 MegaBytes Per Second. The ESDC participation in this program is the Trans-Pacific access to GLOBE visualizations in real time. ESDC is participating in the Department of Defense's ATDNet with Multiwavelength Optical Network (MONET) a fully switched Wavelength Division Networking testbed. This presentation is in viewgraph format.

Gary, James Patrick↗
DOE OSTI2021

RouteE: A Vehicle Energy Consumption Prediction Engine

The emergence of connected and automated vehicles and smart cities technologies create the opportunity for new mobility modes and routing decision tools, among many others. To achieve maximum mobility and minimum energy consumption, it is critical to understand the energy cost of decisions and optimize accordingly. The Route Energy prediction model (RouteE) enables accurate estimation of energy consumption for a variety of vehicle types over trips or sub-trips where detailed drive cycle data are unavailable. Applications include vehicle route selection, energy accounting and optimization in transportation simulation, and corridor energy analyses, among others. The software is a Python package that includes a variety of pre-trained models from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). However, RouteE also enables users to train custom models using their own data sets, making it a robust and valuable tool for both fast calculations and rigorous, data-rich research efforts. The pre-trained RouteE models are established using NREL's Future Automotive Systems Technology Simulator paired with approximately 1 million miles of drive cycle data from the Transportation Secure Data Center, resulting in energy consumption behavior estimates over a representative sample of driving conditions for the United States. Validations have been performed using on-road fuel consumption data for conventional and electrified vehicle powertrains. Transferring the results of the on-road validation to a larger set of real-world origin-destination pairs, it is estimated that implementing the present methodology in a green-routing application would accurately select the route that consumes the least fuel 90% of the time. The novel machine learning techniques used in RouteE make it a flexible and robust tool for a variety of transportation applications.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗