Commissioning of the Mu2e Data AcQuisition System and the Vertical Slice Test of the Straw Tracker
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Gamba, Sara↗
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Commissioning of the Mu2e Data AcQuisition System and the Vertical Slice Test of the Straw Tracker
The report discusses the commissioning of the DAQ system of the Mu2e experiment. We studied how the tracker works and especially the tracker readout. We used a generator to send pulses and we tried to understand the output and non-output of the DTC, in order to validate the event and run format and all the failure modes. In section one, we describe Charged Lepton Flavour Violation, the main purpose of Mu2e, in section two we describe Mu2e experiment. Section three presents the tracker description and readout, meanwhile section four the DAQ system and event building. In section five, we start explaining the analysis we have done on events and all the failure modes we discovered. In section six, we have done an analysis of the logger and boardreader rate, we validated the generator frequency in section seven and studied the number of hits in function of the channel number in section eight. To conclude we investigated the channel to channel time differences in section nine and in section ten we explain our Monte Carlo simulation, reproducing ROCs readout.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Development of Additively Manufactured Conical Shaped Charge liner Hydrocode Models with Data from Flash X-Ray, Mechanical Testing, and Microstructural Analysis
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Ambrose, Javier [Sandia National Laboratories (SNL↗
Combining biomarker and virus phylogenetic models improves HIV-1 epidemiological source identification
To identify and stop active HIV transmission chains new epidemiological techniques are needed. Here, we describe the development of a multi-biomarker augmentation to phylogenetic inference of the underlying transmission history in a local population. HIV biomarkers are measurable biological quantities that have some relationship to the amount of time someone has been infected with HIV. To train our model, we used five biomarkers based on real data from serological assays, HIV sequence data, and target cell counts in longitudinally followed, untreated patients with known infection times. The biomarkers were modeled with a mixed effects framework to allow for patient specific variation and general trends, and fit to patient data using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. Subsequently, the density of the unobserved infection time conditional on observed biomarkers were obtained by integrating out the random effects from the model fit. This probabilistic information about infection times was incorporated into the likelihood function for the transmission history and phylogenetic tree reconstruction, informed by the HIV sequence data. To critically test our methodology, we developed a coalescent-based simulation framework that generates phylogenies and biomarkers given a specific or general transmission history. Testing on many epidemiological scenarios showed that biomarker augmented phylogenetics can reach 90% accuracy under idealized situations. Under realistic within-host HIV-1 evolution, involving substantial within-host diversification and frequent transmission of multiple lineages, the average accuracy was at about 50% in transmission clusters involving 5–50 hosts. Realistic biomarker data added on average 16 percentage points over using the phylogeny alone. Using more biomarkers improved the performance. Shorter temporal spacing between transmission events and increased transmission heterogeneity reduced reconstruction accuracy, but larger clusters were not harder to get right. More sequence data per infected host also improved accuracy. We show that the method is robust to incomplete sampling and that adding biomarkers improves reconstructions of real HIV-1 transmission histories. The technology presented here could allow for better prevention programs by providing data for locally informed and tailored strategies.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
An algorithm for detecting and quantifying disturbance and recovery in high-frequency time series
Determining when a disturbance has occurred, its severity, and when the system recovered, is important to numerous questions in the aquatic sciences. This problem can be conceptualized as the timing and degree of perturbation from a typical state, and when the system returns to that typical state. We present an algorithm for detecting disturbance and recovery designed for high-frequency time series, e.g., data produced by automated sampling devices in instrumented buoys and flux towers. The algorithm quantifies differences in the empirical cumulative distribution functions of moving windows over reference and evaluation periods, and is sensitive to changes in the mean, variance, and higher statistical moments. Tests on simulated data show it accurately identifies disturbance and recovery. Three case studies illustrate the application of our algorithm in different empirical settings. A case study on dissolved oxygen in a Florida, USA estuary following a hurricane identified the disturbance and recovery 73 d later. A case study on air temperature and net ecosystem exchange in the Florida everglades identified cold snaps coinciding with periods of reduced carbon uptake. A case study on rotifer abundance following zebra mussel invasion in the Hudson River, NY showed rotifer collapse following invasion and recovery over a decade later. Methods such as ours can improve understanding response to disturbance and facilitate comparative and synthetic study of disturbance impacts across ecosystems.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Impact of Changes in ENDF/B-VII.1 and ENDF/B-VIII.0 235U Nuclear Data Indicated by NDSE Studies on LLNL Pulsed Sphere Simulations
A recent journal article by J.A. Gomez et al. measured gamma-ray die-off curves of three subcritical static highly-enriched uranium (HEU) assemblies driven by an external neutron source with a new detector system. This new detector system was developed for being used in dynamically driven subcritical assemblies as part of the Neutron Diagnosed Subcritical Experiments (NDSE) program. Simulations of these die-off curves with various nuclear data and comparison to experimental data indicated that a decrease of the ENDF/B-VII.1 235 U(n,inl) cross section by a factor 0.8 and 0.85 for ENDF/B-VIII.0 would lead to better predictions of experimental data. Here, we test the proposed changes with another type of measurement response, namely neutron-leakage spectra emitted in LLNL pulsed sphere measurements. These spheres were pulsed by 14-MeV neutrons produced via the D+T reaction in their center. The proposed changes in nuclear data have a distinctly smaller impact on predicting pulsed-sphere neutron-leakage spectra than for the die-off curves; they lead to a worsened prediction of the inelastic valley of LLNL pulsed-sphere neutron spectra indicating that the proposed change could constitute a compensating error. Changes in the inelastic angular distributions along with the cross section might be worthwhile to study
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
BISON validation of FeCrAl cladding mechanical failure during simulated reactivity-initiated accident conditions*
Here, a reactivity-initiated accident (RIA) is a postulated design basis accident in light water reactors (LWRs) in which a rapid reactivity insertion induces a fission rate increase and a fuel pellet temperature rise. During RIA, the fuel pellet thermally expands and may cause pellet-cladding mechanical interaction (PCMI). Separate effects PCMI tests were performed on C26M FeCrAl cladding tube samples, introducing biaxial stress via a well understood modified burst test (MBT) system. A high-speed camera in the MBT system captured the projections, covering a 360° view of the cladding deformation and enabling a digital image correlation (DIC) method to quantify the surface strains with high fidelity. Representative hot zero-power RIA mechanical loading conditions were applied to the sample, and the test duration ranged from 20 to 500 ms at an average temperature of 573 K. BISON finite element–based fuel performance code modeling was performed against the high-fidelity DIC data produced from the MBTs. Validation calculations were conducted with 2D models and systematically compared with test data of the burst time, burst pressure, burst hoop strains, and hoop strain rates. Based on the behaviors from the separate effects test, BISON calculations satisfactorily predicted the cladding deformation behaviors. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to identify highly influential mechanical properties responsible for the cladding failure behavior during the MBT experiments. The results highlight the significance of the cladding's mechanical strength in governing cladding strain, followed by the significance of the mechanical interactions between the pellet and the cladding.
11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
Utah FORGE: Optimization of a Plug-and-Perf Stimulation (Fervo Energy)
Information around the plug-and-perf treatment design at Utah FORGE by Fervo Energy. Objective and Purpose: - Develop a multistage hydraulic stimulation approach designed specifically to target the top three factors that control the technical and commercial viability of an EGS system: i) Achieving sufficient injectivity to support high cross-well flow rates ii) Distributing flow evenly across the wellbore and reservoir to maximize heat mining efficiency, ensure sustained heat transfer, and mitigate thermal breakthrough iii) Overcoming the effects of stress heterogeneity, stress shadowing, and variations in natural fracture properties during the stimulation treatment, leading to a more predictable stimulated reservoir volume and offset well placement - The following activities will be performed: i) Design, plan, and execute a multistage plug-and-perf stimulation treatment at a Fervo site with data acquisition and well testing activities aimed at addressing key technical aspects of the issues above ii) Perform data processing and interpretation of field results to translate the results form the Fervo site to a site-specific design at the Utah FORGE site iii) Design, plan, and execute a multistage plug-and-perf stimulation treatment design at the Utah FORGE site Methods and Approach: - Design a detailed data acquisition plan to maximize learning around: i) DFIT testing ii) Petrophysical logging, image logging iii) Permanent DAS/DTS fiber optic monitoring iv) Deep borehole microseismic monitoring v) Shallow borehole induced seismicity monitoring vi) Injection/production testing (RTA analysis, tracer testing) vii) Integrated numerical modeling and production forecasting
15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
Retractable Sensor Poster for ANIMMA 2023 Conference
Material Test Reactors (MTRs) such as the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) are used to irradiate nuclear fuels and materials to evaluate their performance after high levels of exposure to a reactor in-pile environment. The test environment within these reactors are extremely harsh and long-term exposure causes sensor decalibration or failure. Most tests only require data points at daily intervals meaning that the sensor does not necessarily need to be in place continuously for the full experiment. One proposed solution to the issue described above is to have a sensor which can be periodically inserted through a guide tube into the test region and retracted; this would act as a reference check on the sensors installed permanently. If a compact and robust enough design can be made, it has the potential to extend the life of the sensor and keep it within calibration. This LRS entry is for a poster summarizing a presentation that will be given at the ANIMMA 2023 conference. The poster will be on display in the Measurement Sciences Laboratory booth at ANIMMA. Most of the material on this poster came from LRS entry INL/CON-23-72797.
42 ENGINEERING↗
Evaluation of Saccadic Component Measure on Smooth Pursuit Tests
ABSTRACT Introduction Despite the advancement of eye-tracking technology for smooth pursuit (SP) eye movement evaluation, qualitative observation offers much information that is not captured by computers; hence, both objective and qualitative information should be utilized to evaluate SP. This study examined the consistency among our clinicians when evaluating SP using normal (N), grossly normal (GN), mildly abnormal (MA), and abnormal (AB) as classifications. We then evaluated the effect of combining GN and MA into a single subclinical (SUBC) category. We also evaluated the computerized percent saccade (PS) metric by determining its sensitivity and specificity in classifying SP. Materials and Methods Retrospective horizontal and vertical SP test videos and numerical data for 70 participants were obtained from the Neuro Kinetics Neuro-Otologic Test Center and de-identified. From this, eye-tracking videos, time plots of eye-tracking positional data, and tables of SP eye-tracking performance data were generated for 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 Hz in both horizontal and vertical planes, totaling 6 tests per subject. Three clinicians rated each subject’s SP performance as N, GN, MA, or AB for a total of 6 ratings (3 frequencies, horizontal and vertical). This process was repeated using N, SUBC, and AB as rating categories. Clinicians also provided an overall SP rating for each plane as follows: AB if the results were abnormal for 2 or more frequencies tested. Alternatively, if fewer than 2 frequencies presented with a rating of AB, then an overall rating of MA, GN, or N was determined at the respective clinician’s discretion. Results When the 3 clinicians were tasked with classifying SP videos using 4 clinical categories, fair overall agreement was demonstrated. However, when MA and GN categories were combined into an SUBC category, the overall agreement for the 3 clinicians improved slightly for both horizontal SP (HSP) and vertical SP (VSP). This pattern of agreement did not differ considerably when comparing HSP versus VSP, and good consistency and reliability was observed across clinicians. Again, inter-rater consistency was smaller for VSP versus HSP despite the reduction in clinical categories. Cut-off values were generated for the PS metric and demonstrated good specificity and sensitivity when they were exceeded for 2 or more frequencies in a particular plane when evaluating a subject’s SP test. Conclusions
General & Internal Medicine↗
Direct astrophysical tests of chiral effective field theory at supranuclear densities
Recent observations of neutron stars with gravitational waves and X-ray timing provide unprecedented access to the equation of state (EoS) of cold dense matter at densities difficult to realize in terrestrial experiments. At the same time, predictions for the EoS equipped with reliable uncertainty estimates from chiral effective field theory ( x EFT) allow us to bound our theoretical ignorance. In this work, we analyze astrophysical data using a nonparametric representation of the neutron-star EoS conditioned on x EFT to directly constrain the underlying physical properties of the compact objects without introducing modeling systematics. We discuss how the data alone constrain the EoS at high densities when we condition on x EFT at low densities. Here, we also demonstrate how to exploit astrophysical data to directly test the predictions of x EFT for the EoS up to twice nuclear saturation density, in order to estimate the density at which these predictions might break down. We nd that the existence of massive pulsars, gravitational waves from GW170817, and NICER observations of PSR J0030+0451 favor x EFT predictions for the EoS up to nuclear saturation density over a more agnostic analysis by as much as a factor of 7 for the quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) calculations used in this work. While x EFT predictions using QMC are fully consistent with gravitational-wave data up to twice nuclear saturation density, NICER observations suggest that the EoS stiffens relative to these predictions at or slightly above nuclear saturation density. Additionally, for these QMC calculations, we marginalize over the uncertainty in the density at which x EFT begins to break down, constraining the radius of a 1.4M $\bigodot$ neutron star to R 1.4 = $11.40^{+1.38}_{–1.04}$ ($12.54^{+0.71}_{–0.63}$) km and the pressure at twice nuclear saturation density to p(2n sat ) = $14.2^{+18.1}_{–8.4}$ ($28.7^{+15.3}_{–15.0}$) MeV=fm 3 with massive pulsar and gravitational-wave (and NICER) data.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
Genomic selection in algae with biphasic lifecycles: A Saccharina latissima (sugar kelp) case study
Introduction Sugar kelp ( Saccharina latissima ) has a biphasic life cycle, allowing selection on both thediploid sporophytes (SPs) and haploid gametophytes (GPs). Methods We trained a genomic selection (GS) model from farm-tested SP phenotypic data and used a mixed-ploidy additive relationship matrix to predict GP breeding values. Topranked GPs were used to make crosses for further farm evaluation. The relationship matrix included 866 individuals: a) founder SPs sampled from the wild; b) progeny GPs from founders; c) Farm-tested SPs crossed from b); and d) progeny GPs from farm-tested SPs. The complete pedigree-based relationship matrix was estimated for all individuals. A subset of founder SPs ( n = 58) and GPs ( n = 276) were genotyped with Diversity Array Technology and whole genome sequencing, respectively. We evaluated GS prediction accuracy via cross validation for SPs tested on farm in 2019 and 2020 using a basic GBLUP model. We also estimated the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) variances of parental GPs. A total of 11 yield-related and morphology traits were evaluated. Results The cross validation accuracies for dry weight per meter ( r ranged from 0.16 to 0.35) and wet weight per meter ( r ranged 0.19 to 0.35) were comparable to GS accuracy for yield traits in terrestrial crops. For morphology traits, cross validation accuracy exceeded 0.18 in all scenarios except for blade thickness in the second year. Accuracy in a third validation year (2021) was 0.31 for dry weight per meter over a confirmation set of 87 individuals. Discussion Our findings indicate that progress can be made in sugar kelp breeding by using genomic selection.
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
SENSEI at SNOLAB: Single-Electron Event Rate and Implications for Dark Matter
We present results from data acquired by the SENSEI experiment at SNOLAB after a major upgrade in May 2023, which includes deploying 16 new sensors and replacing the copper trays that house the CCDs with a new light-tight design. We observe a single-electron event rate of (1.39±0.11)×10^{-5} e^{-}/pix/day, corresponding to (39.8±3.1) e^{-}/gram/day. This is an order-of-magnitude improvement compared to the previous lowest single-electron rate in a silicon detector and the lowest for any photon detector in the wavelength range between near-infrared and ultraviolet. We use these data to obtain a 90% confidence level upper bound of 1.53×10^{-5} e^{-}/pix/day and to set constraints on sub-GeV dark matter candidates that produce single-electron events. We hypothesize that the data taken at SNOLAB in the previous run, with an older tray design for the sensors, contained a larger rate of single-electron events due to light leaks. We test this hypothesis using data from the SENSEI detector located in the MINOS cavern at Fermilab.
dark matter↗
FOSWEC v2: System identification and control testing at Hinsdale Wave Research Laboratory
This report summarizes the design and execution of a wave tank test of the floating oscillating surge wave energy converter (FOSWEC) in the O.H. Hinsdale Wave Research Laboratory Directional Wave Basin at Oregon State University. This device, which uses two "flaps" that pivot about a central platform when excited by waves, has a natural frequency within the range of the waves by which it is excited. The FOSWEC was originally considered to be a 1:33 scale device, however, for the current tests, no fixed relative scale is used (i.e., the WEC is considered to be scaled for the basin’s wave environment in which it operates). The primary goal of this test was to assess the degree to which previously developed modeling, experimentation, and control design methods could be applied to a broad range of wave energy converter designs. Testing was conducted to identify a dynamic model for the impedance and excitation behavior of the device. Using these models, a series of closed loop tests were conducted using a causal impedance matching controller. This report provides a brief description of the results, as well as a summary of the device and experimental design. The results show that the methods applied to this experimental device perform well and should be broadly applicable. The data collected during testing is compressed into FOSWEC.zip. Please refer to Appendix C (pages 61-63) of the test report for descriptions of each test ID corresponding to the compressed files.
16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
Kiwi-TNT Simulation Model [Slides]
The Kiwi-TNT Test (Toonerville Trolley) was performed on January 12, 1965. LANL has the objective: "LANL will develop a defensible methodology for establishing the maximum number of fissions for postulated inadvertent criticality events. The methodology may include several methods, such as hand calculations, sophisticated modeling, and the use of historical data.” The historic test, Kiwi TNT, posed a starting point for predictive simulations to determine the number of fissions and excursion understanding. This presentation gives results of that effort.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
Closed Loop Testing of Microphonics Algorithms Using a Cavity Emulator
An analog crystal filter based cavity emulator is modified with reverse biased varactor diodes to provide a tuning range of around 160 Hz. The piezo drive voltage of the resonance controller is used to detune the cavity through the bias voltage. A signal conditioning and summing circuit allows the introduction of microphonics disturbance from a signal source or using real microphonics data from cavity testing. This setup is used in closed loop with a cavity controller and resonance controller to study the effectiveness of resonance control algorithms suitable for superconducting cavities.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Demonstration of INCC6 for advanced list-mode data acquisition and analysis using ALMM
The International Neutron Coincidence Counting (INCC) software plays an important role in nuclear safeguards and nuclear material control and accounting (NMC&A) measurements. While the current version, INCC5, represents the traditional standard utilized by inspectorates as well as facilities and practitioners alongside shift register hardware, LANL has recently developed an upgraded version of the software, INCC6. INCC6 offers the same analysis tools as INCC5 while adding new capabilities including acquisition and analysis of list-mode data, recording and storage of list-mode data files, and an expanded set of advanced analysis tools that make use of the additional information available from list-mode data. Here, this paper presents the first demonstration of data acquisition and analysis using INCC6 and the Advanced List Mode Multiplicity Module (ALMM). The capability of INCC6 to perform live list-mode data acquisition and analysis is demonstrated for a variety of neutron sources with a range of neutron emission rates relevant for practical applications and validated against the results obtained with INCC5 and traditional shift register hardware. Advanced list-mode analysis tools introduced by INCC6, such as time-interval and coincidence matrix analysis, are also demonstrated. Finally, the capability of INCC6 to analyze list-mode data files is tested and validated against traditional shift register results using INCC5.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Operating Dynamic Reserve Dimensioning Using Probabilistic Forecasts
The rapid integration of variable energy sources (VRES) into power grids increases variability and uncertainty of the net demand, making the power system operation challenging. Operating reserve is used by system operators to manage and hedge against such variability and uncertainty. Traditionally, reserve requirements are determined by rules-of-thumb (static reserve requirements, e.g., NERC Reliability Standards), and more recently, dynamic reserve requirements from tools and methods which are in the adoption process (e.g., DynADOR, DRD, and RESERVE, among others). While these methods/tools significantly improve the static rule-of-thumb approaches, they rely exclusively on deterministic data (i.e., best guess only). Consequently, these methods disregard the probabilistic uncertainty thresholds associated with specific days and their weather conditions (i.e., best guess plus probabilistic uncertainty). This work presents practical approaches to determine the operating reserve requirements leveraging the wealth information from probabilistic forecasts. Proposed approaches are validated and tested using actual data from the CAISO system. Furthermore, results show the benefits in terms of risk reduction of considering the probabilistic forecast information into the dimensioning process of operating reserve requirements.
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗