Results for “multispectral imaging” — Page 64

NASA NTRS1993

Summaries of the 4th Annual JPL Airborne Geoscience Workshop. Volume 1: AVIRIS Workshop

This publication contains the summaries for the Fourth Annual JPL Airborne Geoscience Workshop, held in Washington, D. C. October 25-29, 1993 The main workshop is divided into three smaller workshops as follows: The Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) workshop, October 25-26 (the summaries for this workshop appear in this volume, Volume 1); The Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TMIS) workshop, on October 27 (the summaries for this workshop appear in Volume 2); and The Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (AIRSAR) workshop, October 28-29 (the summaries for this workshop appear in Volume 3).

Green, Robert O.↗

NASA NTRS2021

Carolina Coastal Plain Ecological Forecasting: Utilizing NASA Earth Observations to Map Suitable Venus Flytrap Habitat in an Effort to Inform Conservation, Seed Banking, and Reintroduction in the Carolina Coastal Plain and Sandhills Regions

Although the carnivorous plant Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) is recognized globally, its native range is restricted to a small portion of the North and South Carolina Coastal Plain and Sandhills. Within this limited range, Venus flytrap populations are threatened by habitat loss, fire suppression, and poaching. NASA DEVELOP partnered with the North Carolina Botanical Garden (NCBG), the University of North Carolina Herbarium (NCU), and the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (NCNHP) to support Venus flytrap conservation. The team developed models based on species presence data and environmental variables using the Software for Assisted Habitat Modeling (SAHM) to create a 2021 habitat suitability map for Venus flytrap. These models incorporated Earth observations collected by Landsat 8 Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS), Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Advanced Land Observation Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR), and Sentinel-2 Multispectral Instrument (MSI). To predict areas at high risk of development, the team produced a 2050 land-use change map using TerrSet Land Change Modeler. The team found potential areas of conflict between predicted habitat and forecasted future development. Many areas of suitable habitat were concentrated along the coast where development was likely to occur, placing populations there at risk of extirpation. Overlaying suitable habitat with forecasted land change also identified suitable habitats with minimal risk of development, which may serve as lasting Venus flytrap habitat. These results can inform the NCBG and NCNHP’s conservation decision-making, including targeted seed banking, reintroduction, and prioritization of enduring habitats for protection and management.

Monika Rock↗

NASA NTRS2022

Carolina Coastal Plain Ecological Forecasting

Although the carnivorous plant Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) is recognized globally, its native range is restricted to a small portion of the North and South Carolina Coastal Plain and Sandhills. Within this limited range, Venus flytrap populations are threatened by habitat loss, fire suppression, and poaching. NASA DEVELOP partnered with the North Carolina Botanical Garden (NCBG), the University of North Carolina Herbarium (NCU), and the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (NCNHP) to support Venus flytrap conservation. The team developed models based on species presence data and environmental variables using the Software for Assisted Habitat Modeling (SAHM) to create a 2021 habitat suitability map for Venus flytrap. These models incorporated Earth observations collected by Landsat 8 Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS), Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Advanced Land Observation Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR), and Sentinel-2 Multispectral Instrument (MSI). To predict areas at high risk of development, the team produced a 2050 land-use change map using TerrSet Land Change Modeler. The team found potential areas of conflict between predicted habitat and forecasted future development. Many areas of suitable habitat were concentrated along the coast where development was likely to occur, placing populations there at risk of extirpation. Overlaying suitable habitat with forecasted land change also identified suitable habitats with minimal risk of development, which may serve as lasting Venus flytrap habitat. These results can inform the NCBG and NCNHP’s conservation decision-making, including targeted seed banking, reintroduction, and prioritization of enduring habitats for protection and management.

Monika Rock↗

NASA NTRS2019

Rock Hard Science: Multispectral and Mineralogical Investigations to Understand Bedrock Spectral Properties and Strength at Vera Rubin Ridge, Gale Crater, Mars

Since the beginning of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission, Vera Rubin Ridge (VRR) has been a location of interest to the MSL science team because of its apparent erosional resistance and strong near-IR (~860 nm) absorption feature seen from orbit in the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter mission's Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) data. The strong CRISM absorption feature along VRR was hypothesized to be primarily associated with an increased abundance of crystal-line hematite compared to lower Mt. Sharp units. How-ever, surface multispectral and mineralogic data, from the Mastcam and CheMin instruments onboard the Curiosity rover, suggest hematite is not the only mineral contributing to the near-IR absorption feature measured in VRR or the reason for its relative hardness.

Jacob, S. R.↗

NASA NTRS2017

Pancam Multispectral and APXS Chemical Examination of Rocks and Soils in Marathon Valley and Points South Along the Rim of Endeavour Crater

The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity has concluded its exploration of Marathon Valley, a 100-meter-wide valley in the western rim of the 22-kilometer-diameter Endeavour crater. Orbital observations from CRISM (Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars) indicated the presence of Fe smectites in Marathon Valley. Since leaving the valley, Opportunity has been traversing along the inner rim of the crater, and currently towards the outer rim. This presentation describes the Pancam 430 to 1009 nanometer (VNIR - Visible and Near Infared) multispectral reflectance and APXS (Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer) chemical compositions of rock and soil units observed during the latter portions of the Marathon Valley campaign on the Knudson Ridge area and observations of those materi-als along the traverse to the south. Full Pancam spectral coverage of rock targets consists of 13 filter (13f) data collections with 11 spectrally unique channels with data processing. Data were examined using spectral parameters, decorrelation stretch composites, and spectral mixture analysis. Note that color terms used here refer to colors in various false-color renditions, not true colors. The APXS determines major and select trace element compositions of targets.

Farrand, W. H.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Parallel asynchronous hardware implementation of image processing algorithms

Research is being carried out on hardware for a new approach to focal plane processing. The hardware involves silicon injection mode devices. These devices provide a natural basis for parallel asynchronous focal plane image preprocessing. The simplicity and novel properties of the devices would permit an independent analog processing channel to be dedicated to every pixel. A laminar architecture built from arrays of the devices would form a two-dimensional (2-D) array processor with a 2-D array of inputs located directly behind a focal plane detector array. A 2-D image data stream would propagate in neuron-like asynchronous pulse-coded form through the laminar processor. No multiplexing, digitization, or serial processing would occur in the preprocessing state. High performance is expected, based on pulse coding of input currents down to one picoampere with noise referred to input of about 10 femtoamperes. Linear pulse coding has been observed for input currents ranging up to seven orders of magnitude. Low power requirements suggest utility in space and in conjunction with very large arrays. Very low dark current and multispectral capability are possible because of hardware compatibility with the cryogenic environment of high performance detector arrays. The aforementioned hardware development effort is aimed at systems which would integrate image acquisition and image processing.

Coon, Darryl D.↗

NASA NTRS1974

New theoretical models and ratio imaging techniques associated with the NASA earth resources spectral information system

Four independent investigations are reported; in general these are concerned with improving and utilizing the correlation between the physical properties of natural materials as evidenced in laboratory spectra and spectral data collected by multispectral scanners. In one investigation, two theoretical models were devised that permit the calculation of spectral emittance spectra for rock and mineral surfaces of various particle sizes. The simpler of the two models can be used to qualitatively predict the effect of texture on the spectral emittance of rocks and minerals; it is also potentially useful as an aid in predicting the identification of natural atmospheric aerosol constituents. The second investigation determined, via an infrared ratio imaging technique, the best pair of infrared filters for silicate rock-type discrimination. In a third investigation, laboratory spectra of natural materials were compressed into 11-digit ratio codes for use in feature selection, in searches for false alarm candidates, and eventually for use as training sets in completely automatic data processors. In the fourth investigation, general outlines of a ratio preprocessor and an automatic recognition map processor are developed for on-board data processing in the space shuttle era.

Vincent, R. K.↗

NASA NTRS1973

The world surveyed in eighteen days

There are no author-identified significant results in this report. Earth Resources Technology Satellite 1 was launched on July 23, 1972, on a polar orbit at an altitude of approximately 900 kilometers. The satellite circles the earth fourteen times a day, and its multispectral scanners produce complete coverage of the world every 18 days. The scanning system of the satellite is designed to provide simultaneous images if the earth's surface, each in a different spectral band-green, orange/red, red, and infrared. This data is telemetered to stations on earth where it is processed from its digital form into corrected photographic images. A single photographic exposure covers an area of 185 square kilometers. Results of ERTS-1 have far exceeded all expectations and confirm the belief that the imagery obtained will be of wide-ranging value in the study and mapping of the earth's surface. The knowledge and experience gained from the ERTS-1 data will be applied to a further study based on the much more ambitious Skylab. The improvement in the material recovered from Skylab should mark a leap forward in technical quality and in the corresponding/potential of the imagery.

Mott, P. G.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Remote sensing technology - The 24-channel multispectral scanner.

The multispectral scanner system installed in the NASA C-130 aircraft for use in the Earth Observations Aircraft Program constitutes a 24-channel imaging spectrometer that senses electromagnetic energy in the spectral interval from .34 to 13 microns. Energy reflected or emitted from the terrain and system calibration sources is collected by a scan mirror, reflected into collecting optics, and brought to a focus in a plane containing a 0.09 inch square aperture. A dichroic optical element splits the energy which passes through the aperture into two wavelength bands (wavelengths above and below 2 microns). These wavelength bands are then dispersed spectrally into 24 distinct spectral bands by two grating spectrometers. The spectral intervals are transformed into electrical signals by separate detector-preamplifier combinations, and the signals are used as inputs to a video processor in an airborne electronics console. System operation and performance are described.

Hayre, H. S.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Applications of LANDSAT data to the integrated economic development of Mindoro, Phillipines

LANDSAT data is seen as providing essential up-to-date resource information for the planning process. LANDSAT data of Mindoro Island in the Philippines was processed to provide thematic maps showing patterns of agriculture, forest cover, terrain, wetlands and water turbidity. A hybrid approach using both supervised and unsupervised classification techniques resulted in 30 different scene classes which were subsequently color-coded and mapped at a scale of 1:250,000. In addition, intensive image analysis is being carried out in evaluating the images. The images, maps, and aerial statistics are being used to provide data to seven technical departments in planning the economic development of Mindoro. Multispectral aircraft imagery was collected to compliment the application of LANDSAT data and validate the classification results.

Wagner, T. W.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Application of multispectral color photography to flame flow visualization

For flames of short duration and low intensity of radiation a spectroscopical flame diagnostics is difficult. In order to find some other means of extracting information about the flame structure from its radiation, the feasibility of using multispectral color photography was successfully evaluated. Since the flame photographs are close-ups, there is a considerable parallax between the single images, when several cameras are used, and additive color viewing is not possible. Each image must be analyzed individually, it is advisable to use color film in all cameras. One can either use color films of different spectral sensitivities or color films of the same type with different color filters. Sharp cutting filters are recommended.

Stoffers, G.↗

NASA NTRS1980

The development of a spectral-spatial classifier for earth observational data

Over the last several years a classifier for earth observational image data has been under development intended to achieve improved performance by utilizing spatial characteristics of the data as an adjunct to multispectral properties. The paper provides an overview of the conception, development, evaluation and documentation of this spectral-spatial classifier. The research program leading to this classifier is described, the algorithms of the current implementation called ECHO are outlined, and results on its performance are summarized. These results show improved accuracy, with greater computation efficiency, and only slightly increased operator complexity.

Landgrebe, D. A.↗

NASA NTRS1982

The Use of Principal Components for Creating Improved Imagery for Geometric Control Point Selection

A directed principal component (PC) analysis and its transformation was applied to 7-channel thematic mapper simulator (TMS) data and 4-channel LANDSAT multispectral scanner system (MSS) data collected over the city of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, to create improved imagery for geometric control point selection for image to image registration. Nineteen temporally stable geometric control points, such as road interactions and bridges, were selected for a 236 sq km area. The control points were visible on both the TMS and MSS imagery. On the first attempt the corresponding image control points were selected on both data sets without using the principal components transformation. Many of the road intersection locations were visible but the actual road crossings could not be distinguished. As a result, mensuration errors using raw data exceeded the equivalent of two (79 x 79 m) pixels. The application of a guided principal components transformation yielded TMS and MSS single band images showing improved detail in the scene's urban and residential infrastructure. The PC transformed data sets were then utilized for the reselection of geometric control points. By shown greater detail, control points on both the TMS and MSS imagery could be located with greater precision using the PC transformed data.

Imhoff, M. L.↗

NASA NTRS1981

The ORSER System for the Analysis of Remotely Sensed Digital Data

The main effort of the University of Pennsylvania's Office for Remote Sensing of Earth Resources (ORSER) is the processing, analysis, and interpretation of multispectral data, most often supplied by NASA in the form of imagery and digital data. The facilities used for data reduction and image enhancement are described as well as the development of algorithms for producing a computer map showing various environmental and land use characteristics of data points in the analyzed scenes. The application of an (ORSER) capability for statewide monitoring of gypsy moth defoliation is discussed.

Myers, W. L.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Summaries of the Third Annual JPL Airborne Geoscience Workshop. Volume 2: TIMS Workshop

This publication contains the preliminary agenda and summaries for the Third Annual JPL Airborne Geoscience Workshop, held at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, on 1-5 June 1992. This main workshop is divided into three smaller workshops as follows: (1) the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) workshop, on June 1 and 2; the summaries for this workshop appear in Volume 1; (2) the Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) workshop, on June 3; the summaries for this workshop appear in Volume 2; and (3) the Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (AIRSAR) workshop, on June 4 and 5; the summaries for this workshop appear in Volume 3.

Realmuto, Vincent J.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Summaries of the Third Annual JPL Airborne Geoscience Workshop. Volume 3: AIRSAR Workshop

This publication contains the preliminary agenda and summaries for the Third Annual JPL Airborne Geoscience Workshop, held at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, on 1-5 June 1992. This main workshop is divided into three smaller workshops as follows: (1) the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) workshop, on June 1 and 2; the summaries for this workshop appear in Volume 1; (2) the Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) workshop, on June 3; the summaries for this workshop appear in Volume 2; and (3) the Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (AIRSAR) workshop, on June 4 and 5; the summaries for this workshop appear in Volume 3.

Vanzyl, Jakob↗

NASA NTRS2024

Hawai’i Climate: Utilizing NASA Earth Observations to Assess Thermal Stress Impacts on Coastal Hawaiian Fishponds

Hawaiian fishponds (loko i’a), ancient aquaculture systems created over 1500 years ago, historically served to harvest prized native fish species. Colonization-induced changes in land management have reduced active loko i’a from over 500 to ~20, destabilizing nearshore ecosystems and diminishing native Hawaiian cultural traditions. In recent decades, efforts to restore loko i’a have intensified as part of a broader emphasis on preserving Hawaiian cultural identity. Anthropogenic-induced climate change threatens these systems, particularly through the increase in frequency and magnitude of marine heatwaves. Though largely unexplored, these events are effectively studied utilizing remote sensing via Earth observations. Leveraging this technique enables autonomous extraction of water quality parameters to inform fishpond management. This study examined seven loko i’a across the main Hawaiian Islands (Hawai’i Island, Moloka’i, Maui, O’ahu, Kaua’i). Sea surface temperature and normalized difference chlorophyll index measurements were derived in fishponds utilizing Landsat 8 Thermal Infrared Sensor Thermal Infrared Sensor and Sentinel-2 MultiSpectral Instrument between 2013 to 2023, while regional patterns in temperature and chlorophyll-a were observed via Aqua’s Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (2002-2021). Employing these sensors, we focused analysis around the 2015 and 2019 marine heatwaves in the Pacific. We observed a heat stress gradient across the archipelago, creating thermally sheltered and unsheltered fishponds, yet identified no notable localized relationships between temperature and chlorophyll-a. Additionally, we applied pre-determined thermal maxima for culturally significant fish species (Striped Mullet: Mugil cephalus; Milkfish: Chanos Chanos) to assess historical habitat suitability within fishponds. While the direct impacts of marine heatwaves on loko i’a ecology are unknown, temperature patterns observed in this study are cause for concern.

Raz Wachtel↗

NASA NTRS1991

Synergistic use of multispectral satellite data for monitoring land surface change

Observations by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) onboard the NOAA satellites were used to compute visible and near infrared reflectances and surface temperature, while passive microwave observations at 37 GHz frequency by the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) on board, respectively, the Nimbus-7 and DMSP-F8 satellites were used to compute polarization difference. These observations were analyzed along transects from rainforest to desert over northern Africa for the period 1979-1987, which included an unprecedented drought during 1984 over the Sahel zone. Model simulations were made to understand the interrelationship among multispectral data.

Choudhury, Bhaskar J.↗