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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,153 records · Page 64
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DOE OSTI2015

Probing strong electroweak symmetry breaking dynamics through quantum interferometry at the LHC

Here, we present a new probe of strongly coupled electroweak symmetry breaking at the 14 TeV LHC by measuring a phase shift in the event distribution of the decay azimuthal angles in massive gauge boson scattering. One generically expects a large phase shift in the longitudinal gauge boson scattering amplitude due to the presence of broad resonances. This phase shift is observable as an interference effect between the strongly interacting longitudinal modes and the transverse modes of the gauge bosons. We find that even very broad resonances of masses up to 900 GeV can be probed at 3σ significance with a 3000 fb -1 run of the LHC by using this technique. We also present the estimated reach for a future 50 TeV proton-proton collider.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Drag suppression in anomalous chiral media

We study a heavy impurity moving longitudinal with the direction of an external magnetic field in an anomalous chiral medium. Such system would carry a non-dissipative current of chiral magnetic effect associated with the anomaly. We show, by generalizing Landau's criterion for super fluidity, that the "anomalous component" which gives rise to the anomalous transport will not contribute to the drag experienced by an impurity. We argue on a very general basis that those systems with a strong magnetic field would exhibit an interesting transport phenomenon$-$the motion of the heavy impurity is frictionless, in analogy to the case of a super fluid. Finally, we demonstrate and confirm our general results with two complementary examples: weakly coupled chiral fermion gases and strongly interacting chiral liquids.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Exotic rotational correlations in quantum geometry

In this paper, it is argued by extrapolation of general relativity and quantum mechanics that a classical inertial frame corresponds to a statistically defined observable that rotationally fluctuates due to Planck scale indeterminacy. Physical effects of exotic nonlocal rotational correlations on large scale field states are estimated. Their entanglement with the strong interaction vacuum is estimated to produce a universal, statistical centrifugal acceleration that resembles the observed cosmological constant.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Nucleon-to-Roper electromagnetic transition form factors at large Q 2

High-precision nucleon-resonance electroproduction data on a large kinematic domain of energy and momentum transfer have proven crucial in revealing novel features of strong interactions within the Standard Model and unfolding structural details of baryon excited states. Thus, in anticipation of new data reaching to unprecedented photon virtuality, we employ a quark-diquark approximation to the three-valence-quark bound-state problem to compute γ*p → R + and γ*n → R 0 transition form factors on Q 2 /m 2 N ϵ[0,12], where m N is the nucleon mass. Having simultaneously analyzed both charged and neutral channels, we also provide a quark-flavor separation of the transition form factors. Furthermore, the results should be useful in planning new-generation experiments.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Millicharged scalar fields, massive photons and the breaking of S U ( 3 ) C × U ( 1 ) EM

Under the assumption that the current epoch of the Universe is not special, i.e., is not the final state of a long history of processes in particle physics, the cosmological fate of SU (3) C × U (1) EM is investigated. Spontaneous symmetry breaking of U (1) EM at the temperature of the Universe today is carried out. The charged scalar field Φ EM which breaks the symmetry is found to be ruled out for the charge of the electron, q = e . Scalar fields with millicharges are viable and limits on their masses and charges are found to be q ≲ 10 –3 e and m ΦEM ≲ 10 –5 eV. Furthermore, it is possible that U (1) EM has already been broken at temperatures higher than T = 2.7 K given the nonzero limits on the mass of the photon. A photon mass of m γ = 10 –18 eV, the current upper limit, is found to require a spontaneous symmetry breaking scalar mass of m ΦEM ~ 10 –13 eV with charge q = 10 –6 e, well within the allowed parameter space of the model. Finally, the cosmological fate of the strong interaction is studied. SU (3) C is tested for complementarity in which the confinement phase of QCD + colored scalars is equivalent to a spontaneously broken SU (3) gauge theory. If complementarity is not applicable, SU (3) C has multiple symmetry breaking paths with various final symmetry structures. The stability of the colored vacuum at finite temperature in this scenario is nonperturbative and a definitive statement on the fate of SU (3) C is left open. Cosmological implications for the metastability of the vacua—electromagnetic, color, and electroweak—are discussed.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Benchmarking a nonequilibrium approach to photon emission in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

In this study, the production of photons through binary scattering processes is investigated for equilibrated hadronic systems. More precisely, a nonequilibrium hadronic transport approach to describe relativistic heavy-ion collisions is benchmarked with respect to photon emission. Cross sections for photon production in π + ρ → π + γ and π + π → ρ + γ scattering processes are derived from an effective chiral field theory and implemented into the hadronic transport approach, SMASH (Simulating Many Accelerated Strongly-interacting Hadrons). The implementation is verified by systematically comparing the thermal photon rate to theoretical expectations. Further, the impact of form factors is discussed, scattering processes mediated by ω mesons are found to contribute significantly to the total photon production. Several comparisons of the yielded photon rates are performed: to parametrizations of the very same rates as used in hydrodynamic simulations, to previous works relying on different cross sections for the production of direct photons from the hadronic stage, and to partonic rates. Finally, the impact of considering the finite width of the ρ meson is investigated, where a significant enhancement of photon production in the low-energy region is observed. This benchmark is the first step toward a consistent treatment of photon emission in hybrid hydrodynamics + transport approaches and toward a genuine dynamical description.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Importance of the Bulk Viscosity of QCD in Ultrarelativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions

In this study, we investigate the consequences of a nonzero bulk viscosity coefficient on the transverse momentum spectra, azimuthal momentum anisotropy, and multiplicity of charged hadrons produced in heavy ion collisions at LHC energies. The agreement between a realistic 3D hybrid simulation and the experimentally measured data considerably improves with the addition of a bulk viscosity coefficient for strongly interacting matter. Lastly, this paves the way for an eventual quantitative determination of several QCD transport coefficients from the experimental heavy ion and hadron-nucleus collision programs.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2018

Atom Pairing in Optical Superlattices

We study the pairing of fermions in a one-dimensional lattice of tunable double-well potentials using radio-frequency spectroscopy. The spectra reveal the coexistence of two types of atom pairs with different symmetries. Our measurements are in excellent quantitative agreement with a theoretical model, obtained by extending the Green’s function method of Orso et al., [Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 060402 (2005)], to a bichromatic 1D lattice with non-zero harmonic radial confinement. The predicted spectra comprise hundreds of discrete transitions, with symmetry-dependent initial state populations and transition strengths. Our work provides an understanding of the elementary pairing states in a superlattice, paving the way for new studies of strongly interacting many-body systems.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Nonperturbative Extraction of the Effective Mass in Neutron Matter

We carry out nonperturbative calculations of the single-particle excitation spectrum in strongly interacting neutron matter. These are microscopic quantum Monte Carlo computations of many-neutron energies at different densities as well as several distinct excited states. As input, we employ both phenomenological and chiral two- and three-nucleon interactions. We use the single-particle spectrum to extract the effective mass in neutron matter. With a view to systematizing the error involved in this extraction, we carefully assess the impact of finite-size effects on the quasiparticle dispersion relation. We find an effective-mass ratio that drops from 1 as the density is increased. We conclude by connecting our results with the physics of ultracold gases as well as with energy-density functional theories of nuclei and neutron-star matter.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Defect-Induced (Dis)Order in Relaxor Ferroelectric Thin Films

The effect of intrinsic point defects on relaxor properties of 0.68 $\mathrm{PbMg_{1/3}Nb_{2/3}O_{3}-0.32 PbTiO_{3}}$ thin films is studied across nearly 2 orders of magnitude of defect concentration via ex post facto ion bombardment. A weakening of the relaxor character is observed with increasing concentration of bombardment-induced point defects, which is hypothesized to be related to strong interactions between defect dipoles and the polarization. Finally, although more defects and structural disorder are introduced in the system as a result of ion bombardment, the special type of defects that are likely to form in these polar materials (i.e., defect dipoles) can stabilize the direction of polarization against thermal fluctuations, and in turn, weaken relaxor behavior.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2020

Search for Dark Matter Induced Deexcitation of 180 Ta m

Weak-scale dark matter particles, in collisions with nuclei, can mediate transitions between different nuclear energy levels. In particular, owing to sizeable momentum exchange, dark matter particles can enable de-excitation of nuclear isomers that are extremely long lived with respect to regular radioactive decays. In this paper, we utilize data from a past experiment with 180 Ta m to search for γ-lines that would accompany dark matter induced de-excitation of this isomer. Non-observation of such transitions above background yields the first direct constraint on the lifetime of 180 Ta m against DM-initiated transitions: T 1/2 > 1.3 × 10 14 a at 90% C.I. Using this result, we derive novel constraints on dark matter models with strongly interacting relics, and on models with inelastic dark matter particles. Existing constraints are strengthened by this independent new method. As a result, the obtained limits are also valid for the Standard Model γ-decay of 180 Ta m .

150 ≤ A ≤ 189↗
DOE OSTI2020

Studies of charm quark diffusion inside jets using PbPb and pp collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} =$ 5.02 TeV

The first study of charm quark diffusion with respect to the jet axis in heavy ion collisions is presented. The measurement is performed using jets with $p^{jet}_T > 60 GeV / c$ and $D^0$ mesons with $p^D_T > 4 GeV / c$ in lead-lead (Pb-Pb) and proton-proton ($pp$) collisions at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 5.02 TeV$, recorded by the CMS detector at the LHC. The radial distribution of $D^0$ mesons with respect to the jet axis is sensitive to the production mechanisms of the meson, as well as to the energy loss and diffusion processes undergone by its parent parton inside the strongly interacting medium produced in Pb-Pb collisions. When compared to Monte Carlo event generators, the radial distribution in $pp$ collisions is found to be well described by pythia, while the slope of the distribution predicted by sherpa is steeper than that of the data. In Pb-Pb collisions, compared to the $pp$ results, the $D^0$ meson distribution for $4 < p^D_T < 20 GeV / c$ hints at a larger distance on average with respect to the jet axis, reflecting a diffusion of charm quarks in the medium created in heavy ion collisions. At higher $p^D_T$, the Pb-Pb and $pp$ radial distributions are found to be similar.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Observation of Enhanced Double Parton Scattering in Proton-Lead Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$= 8.16 TeV

A study of prompt charm-hadron pair production in proton-lead collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}$ = 8.16 TeV is performed using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of about 30 nb -1 , collected with the LHCb experiment. Production cross sections for different pairs of charm hadrons are measured and kinematic correlations between the two charm hadrons are investigated. This is the first measurement of associated production of two charm hadrons in proton-lead collisions. The results confirm the predicted enhancement of double parton scattering production in proton-lead collisions compared to the single parton scattering production.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Rare Earth Engineering in R Mn 6 Sn 6 ( R = Gd–Tm, Lu) Topological Kagome Magnets

Exploration of the topological quantum materials with electron correlation is at the frontier of physics, as the strong interaction may give rise to new topological phases and transitions. Here we report that a family of kagome magnets RMn 6 Sn 6 manifest the quantum transport properties analogical to those in the quantum-limit Chern magnet TbMn 6 Sn 6 . The topological transport in the family, including quantum oscillations with nontrivial Berry phase and large anomalous Hall effect arising from Berry curvature field, points to the existence of Chern gapped Dirac fermions. Furthermore, our observation demonstrates a close relationship between rare-earth magnetism and topological electron structure, indicating the rare-earth elements can effectively engineer the Chern quantum phase in kagome magnets.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2021

Speed of Sound and Baryon Cumulants in Heavy-Ion Collisions

We present a method that may allow an estimate of the value of the speed of sound as well as its logarithmic derivative with respect to the baryon number density in matter created in heavy-ion collisions. To this end, we utilize well-known observables: cumulants of the baryon number distribution. In analyses aimed at uncovering the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter, cumulants gather considerable attention as their qualitative behaviour along the explored range of collision energies is expected to aid in detecting the QCD critical point. We show that the cumulants may also reveal the behavior of the speed of sound in the temperature and baryon chemical potential plane. We demonstrate the applicability of such estimates within two models of nuclear matter, and explore what might be understood from known experimental data.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Hidden Spin-Isospin Exchange Symmetry

The strong interactions among nucleons have an approximate spin-isospin exchange symmetry that arises from the properties of quantum chromodynamics in the limit of many colors, N c . However this large- N c symmetry is well hidden and reveals itself only when averaging over intrinsic spin orientations. Furthermore, the symmetry is obscured unless the momentum resolution scale is close to an optimal scale that we call Λ large-N c . We show that the large-N c derivation requires a momentum resolution scale of Λ large-N c ~ 500 MeV. We derive a set of spin-isospin exchange sum rules and discuss implications for the spectrum of 30 P and applications to nuclear forces, nuclear structure calculations, and three-nucleon interactions.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Visualization of Fast Ion Phase-Space Flow Driven by Alfvén Instabilities

Fast ion phase-space flow, driven by Alfven eigenmodes (AEs), is measured by an imaging neutral particle analyzer in the DIII-D tokamak. The flow firstly appears near the minimum safety factor at the injection energy of neutral beams, and then moves radially inward and outward by gaining and losing energy, respectively. The flow trajectories in phase space align well with the intersection lines of the constant magnetic moment surfaces and constant E – (ω/n)P ζ surfaces, where E, P ζ are energy and toroidal canonical momentum of ions; ω and n are angular frequencies and toroidal mode numbers of AEs. It is found that the flow is so destructive that the thermalization of fast ions is no longer observed in regions of strong interaction. Here, the measured phase-space flow is consistent with nonlinear hybrid kinetic-magnetohydrodynamics simulation. Calculations of the relatively narrow phase-space islands reveal that fast ions must transition between different flow trajectories to experience large-scale phase-space transport.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗