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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,153 records · Page 64
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

Fast timing with induced current detectors

Vertically integrated (3D) combinations of sensors and electronics offer the ability to fabricate small, fine pitch pixels with very small total capacitance monolithically integrated with complex circuitry. The small capacitance, enabled by the fine pixel pitch and low interconnect capacitance available in 3D hybrid bonding, provides excellent signal/noise with moderate power. This combination enables fabrication of integrated sensors and electronics with both excellent position and time resolution. We describe the capabilities of such a system and the limitations imposed by geometry and power. Furthermore, we illustrate how a similar geometry can be used to provide very fast timing of x-ray arrival in a thick sensor by utilizing the transient induced current in a field of pixels.

3D integration↗
NASA NTRS1972

Material development for thermionic fuel-cladding systems.

Fuel-cladding systems capable of maintaining stable dimension and electron emission characteristics at high temperatures under irradiation are essential to the successful operation of nuclear thermionic power sources. Studies regarding two possible systems, involving tungsten clad uranium carbide and uranium oxide, are considered. Out-of-pile developmental efforts and the in-pile evaluation results for the two systems are described. Prototypical emitters have been tested for 8000 hours for the carbide system and 4000 hours for the oxide system.

Yang, L.↗
NASA NTRS1978

A mechanical, thermal and electrical packaging design for a prototype power management and control system for the 30 cm mercury ion thruster

A prototype electric power management and thruster control system for a 30 cm ion thruster is described. The system meets all of the requirements necessary to operate a thruster in a fully automatic mode. Power input to the system can vary over a full two to one dynamic range (200 to 400 V) for the solar array or other power source. The power management and control system is designed to protect the thruster, the flight system and itself from arcs and is fully compatible with standard spacecraft electronics. The system is easily integrated into flight systems which can operate over a thermal environment ranging from 0.3 to 5 AU. The complete power management and control system measures 45.7 cm (18 in.) x 15.2 cm (6 in.) x 114.8 cm (45.2 in.) and weighs 36.2 kg (79.7 lb). At full power the overall efficiency of the system is estimated to be 87.4 percent. Three systems are currently being built and a full schedule of environmental and electrical testing is planned.

Sharp, G. R.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Electron-doping-induced destabilization of the dimerized insulating state in monolayer IrTe 2

The ability to tune the electronic phases of two-dimensional (2D) materials through external perturbations provides a powerful route to engineer functional nanoscale systems. In particular, the ground state of monolayer (ML) 1T-IrTe 2 is highly sensitive to the interplay between local chemical bonding and global electronic topology, leading to a unique 2 × 1 dimerized insulating phase. Here, we present an angle-resolved photoemission study on the evolution of the electronic structure in ML IrTe 2 induced by in situ Rb adsorption. We find that Rb adsorption suppresses the 2 × 1 dimerized phase in ML IrTe 2 , inducing a clear insulator-to-metal transition. This transition is characterized by a reconstruction of the band topology toward a bilayer-like metallic configuration. Combined with first-principles calculations, our results demonstrate that the collapse of the insulating state originates from Ir valence change and suppression of Fermi surface nesting-driven instabilities. Our findings establish ML IrTe 2 as a model system for investigating instability-driven phase control in 2D materials and highlight its potential for tunable electronic applications.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1993

Production of electronic grade lunar silicon by disproportionation of silicon difluoride

Waldron has proposed to extract lunar silicon by sodium reduction of sodium fluorosilicate derived from reacting sodium fluoride with lunar silicon tetrafluoride. Silicon tetrafluoride is obtained by the action of hydrofluoric acid on lunar silicates. While these reactions are well understood, the resulting lunar silicon is not likely to meet electronic specifications of 5 nines purity. Dale and Margrave have shown that silicon difluoride can be obtained by the action of silicon tetrafluoride on elemental silicon at elevated temperatures (1100-1200 C) and low pressures (1-2 torr). The resulting silicon difluoride will then spontaneously disproportionate into hyperpure silicon and silicon tetrafluoride in vacuum at approximately 400 C. On its own merits, silicon difluoride polymerizes into a tough waxy solid in the temperature range from liquid nitrogen to about 100 C. It is the silicon analog of teflon. Silicon difluoride ignites in moist air but is stable under lunar surface conditions and may prove to be a valuable industrial material that is largely lunar derived for lunar surface applications. The most effective driver for lunar industrialization may be the prospects for industrial space solar power systems in orbit or on the moon that are built with lunar materials. Such systems would require large quantities of electronic grade silicon or compound semiconductors for photovoltaics and electronic controls. Since silicon is the most abundant semimetal in the silicate portion of any solar system rock (approximately 20 wt percent), lunar silicon production is bound to be an important process in such a solar power project. The lunar silicon extraction process is discussed.

Agosto, William N.↗
DOE OSTI2017

Work function and surface stability of tungsten-based thermionic electron emission cathodes

Materials that exhibit a low work function and therefore easily emit electrons into vacuum form the basis of electronic devices used in applications ranging from satellite communications to thermionic energy conversion. W–Ba–O is the canonical materials system that functions as the thermionic electron emitter commercially used in a range of high-power electron devices. However, the work functions, surface stability, and kinetic characteristics of a polycrystalline W emitter surface are still not well understood or characterized. In this study, we examined the work function and surface stability of the eight lowest index surfaces of the W–Ba–O system using density functional theory methods. We found that under the typical thermionic cathode operating conditions of high temperature and low oxygen partial pressure, the most stable surface adsorbates are Ba–O species with compositions in the range of Ba 0.125 O–Ba 0.25 O per surface W atom, with O passivating all dangling W bonds and Ba creating work function-lowering surface dipoles. Wulff construction analysis reveals that the presence of O and Ba significantly alters the surface energetics and changes the proportions of surface facets present under equilibrium conditions. In conclusion, analysis of previously published data on W sintering kinetics suggests that fine W particles in the size range of 100-500 nm may be at or near equilibrium during cathode synthesis and thus may exhibit surface orientation fractions well described by the calculated Wulff construction.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Gridded thermionic gun and integral superconducting ballistic bunch compression cavity

Electron-Ion colliders such as the Medium energy Electron Ion Collider (MEIC) being developed by JLAB require high current electrons with low energy spread for electron cooling of the collider ring. Accelerator techniques for improving bunch charge, average current, emittance, and energy spread are required for Energy Recovery Linacs (ERLs) and Circulator Rings (CR) for next generation colliders for nuclear physics experiments. Example candidates include thermionic-cathode electron guns with RF accelerating structures. Thermionic cathodes are known to produce high currents and have excellent lifetime. The success of the IR and THz Free-Electron Laser (FEL) designed and installed by Advanced Energy Systems at the Fritz Haber Institute (FHI) of the Max Planck Society in Berlin [1,2] demonstrates that gridded thermionic cathodes and rf systems be considered for next generation collider technology. In Phase 1 Advanced Energy Systems (AES) developed and analyzed a design concept using a superconducting cavity pair and gridded thermionic cathode. Analysis included Beam Dynamics and thermal analysis to show that a design of this type is feasible. The latest design goals for the MEIC electron cooler were for electron bunches of 420 pC at a frequency of 952.6 MHz with a magnetic field on the cathode of 2kG. This field magnetizes the beam imparting angular momentum that provides for helical motion of the electrons in the cooling solenoid. The helical motion increases the interaction time and improves the cooling efficiency. A coil positioned around the cathode providing 2kG field was developed. Beam dynamics simulations were run to develop the particle dynamics near the cathode and grid. Lloyd Young added capability to Tstep to include space charge effects between two plates and include image charge effects from the grid. He also added new pepper-pot geometry capability to account for honeycomb grids. These additions were used to develop the beam dynamics for this gun. The general design is a modified ballistic compression cavity pair with two independently powered cells [3]. The first is a cathode cell that includes the thermionic cathode and grid to provide for beam bunching. The second is a full cell with independent phasing and field levels designed to minimize energy spread. The primary goal for Phase II is to manufacture a superconducting gun with a thermionic cathode and imbedded coil. The system developed here is applicable to many high current electron accelerators. The analysis and design constraints imposed by the magnetized cathode make the cathode system developed here more complicated and limited than one without the magnetized beam constraints. High power ERLs would benefit by a gun with the capabilities shown here, 400 mA or more of current. ERLs hold great promise for electron cooling experiments, advanced light sources and Free Electron Lasers. This high current electron injector is a technological advance that will place the requirements for an ERL capable of providing quality bunches needed for cooling within the MEIC circulator ring within reach. This injector would have application to future ERLs around the world.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
NASA NTRS1992

Beamed microwave power transmission and its application to space

The general principles and special components of beamed microwave power transmission systems are outlined and their application to the space program are discussed. The beamed system is defined as starting with a dc source of power at the transmitting end, converting it to a microwave beam for transmission through space, and ending with the dc power output at the receiving end. An experimentally measured and certified dc-to-dc efficiency of 54 percent has been achieved, using this definition. The application discussed is that of a LEO to GEO transportation system that depends upon vehicles propelled by electric thrusters whose power is supplied by a microwave beam originating at the earth's surface. The advantages of the all-electronic system over a chemically propelled system are enumerated. The principles of space propulsion, particularly as they relate to electric propulsion, are outlined. Key components of the system and environmental considerations are discussed.

Brown, William C.↗
DOE OSTI2015

Regimes of enhanced electromagnetic emission in beam-plasma interactions

The ways to improve the efficiency of electromagnetic waves generation in laboratory experiments with high-current relativistic electron beams injected into a magnetized plasma are discussed. It is known that such a beam can lose, in a plasma, a significant part of its energy by exciting a high level of turbulence and heating plasma electrons. Beam-excited plasma oscillations may simultaneously participate in nonlinear processes resulting in a fundamental and second harmonic emissions. It is obvious, however, that in the developed plasma turbulence the role of these emissions in the total energy balance is always negligible. In this paper, we investigate whether electromagnetic radiation generated in the beam-plasma system can be sufficiently enhanced by the direct linear conversion of resonant beam-driven modes into electromagnetic ones on preformed regular inhomogeneities of plasma density. Due to the high power of relativistic electron beams, the mechanism discussed may become the basis for the generator of powerful sub-terahertz radiation.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS2006

Silicon Carbide Technology

Silicon carbide based semiconductor electronic devices and circuits are presently being developed for use in high-temperature, high-power, and high-radiation conditions under which conventional semiconductors cannot adequately perform. Silicon carbide's ability to function under such extreme conditions is expected to enable significant improvements to a far-ranging variety of applications and systems. These range from greatly improved high-voltage switching for energy savings in public electric power distribution and electric motor drives to more powerful microwave electronics for radar and communications to sensors and controls for cleaner-burning more fuel-efficient jet aircraft and automobile engines. In the particular area of power devices, theoretical appraisals have indicated that SiC power MOSFET's and diode rectifiers would operate over higher voltage and temperature ranges, have superior switching characteristics, and yet have die sizes nearly 20 times smaller than correspondingly rated silicon-based devices [8]. However, these tremendous theoretical advantages have yet to be widely realized in commercially available SiC devices, primarily owing to the fact that SiC's relatively immature crystal growth and device fabrication technologies are not yet sufficiently developed to the degree required for reliable incorporation into most electronic systems. This chapter briefly surveys the SiC semiconductor electronics technology. In particular, the differences (both good and bad) between SiC electronics technology and the well-known silicon VLSI technology are highlighted. Projected performance benefits of SiC electronics are highlighted for several large-scale applications. Key crystal growth and device-fabrication issues that presently limit the performance and capability of high-temperature and high-power SiC electronics are identified.

Neudeck, Philip G.↗
NASA NTRS2018

Ammonia Vent of the External Active Thermal Control System (EATCS) Radiator #3 Flow Path #2 on the International Space Station (ISS)

The External Active Thermal Control System (EATCS) provides cooling for all pressurized modules and the main Power Distribution Electronics (PDE) on the International Space Station (ISS). There are 2 EATCS loops (Loop A and Loop B) which includes 3 deployable radiators. Each deployable radiator contains 2 flow paths to provide heat rejection.Telemetry monitoring identified a coolant (liquid ammonia) leak in EATCS Loop B. Robotic External Leak Locator (RELL) scans found higher concentrations of vaporous ammonia near the EATCS Loop B Radiator #3 Flow Path #2. On May 3, 2017, the EATCS Loop B Radiator #3 Flow Path #2 was isolated and vented. As of the data to date, the ammonia leak has ceased. The purpose of this presentation is to discuss the analysis for venting the EATCS Loop B Radiator #3 Flow Path #2. Venting analysis is performed to determine the worst case time to empty the flow path and maximum thrusts imposed on the ISS. Flight controllers and engineers in the Mission Control Center (MCC) uses this data to develop operational procedures and perform the vent safely. It was predicted that the worst case time to empty the EATCS Loop B Radiator #3 Flow Path #2 was ~ 60 minutes. The predicted maximum thrusts were ~ 11 lbf (49 N) at the start of the vent and ~10 lbf (45 N) after the system reaches saturation.The vent was successfully performed and took ~ 20 minutes to empty the EATCS Loop B Radiator #3 Flow Path #2. Using telemetry from the day of the vent, analysis determined the time to empty the EATCS Loop B Radiator #3 Flow Path #2 would be ~13 minutes. The predictive analysis used worst case inputs and assumptions which bounded the actual results. Telemetry is not available to correlate actual thrust with the predicted maximum thrusts. However, by using Russian Thrusters for ISS attitude control, attitude control telemetry indicated the flight attitude was maintained.

Cowan, Darnell T.↗
NASA NTRS1994

SLR 2000

SLR 2000 is a concept for a totally automated subcentimeter SLR system presently being studied at GSFC. If funding permits, a prototype would be installed and tested at the Goddard Geophysical and Astronomical Observatory (GCAO) in FY98 and a small number of automated stations would be fielded by the year 2000. Unlike present systems, the "SLR 2000" system is being designed to: 1) operate autonomously without the need for onsite operators; 2) present no hazards (i.e., optical, electrical, and/or chemical) to personnel in the vicinity or to overflying aircraft; and 3) have a mean time between failures (MTBF) of at least three months. It is assumed that the systems are located at "friendly" sites where some level of security is provided and where certain low level service functions (e.g. commercial power, communications, heat pump service cleaning, etc.) are available or can be contracted for locally on an as-needed basis. The main system consists of two parts - an optical head and electronics rack. The optical head contains the laser transmitter and power supply, transmit/receive switch, optical telescope, tracking angle sensor (intensified CCD camera), detector and power supply, two angular encoders, azimuth and elevation motors, and a protective dome. The optical head mounts directly to the top of a concrete pier which contains the geodetic monument and forms part of the environmental housing for the hardware and servicing personnel. It is equipped with electronic levels for leveling the mount and monitoring its stability.

Degnan, John J.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Investigation of Nanoparticle Degradation in Hydrogen Fuel Cell Systems through Automated Electron Microscopy

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) are promising devices for the deployment of hydrogen-powered heavy-duty vehicles, providing a higher efficiency for similar driving range and fueling time than the existing ones. However, PEMFCs still encounter durability challenges mainly due to catalyst degradation in the cathode. Mitigating these performance losses requires a better understanding of the degradation mechanisms under heavy-duty accelerated stress tests (ASTs) [1]. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) are key tools for the analysis of Pt and PtCo nanoparticle size, spatial distribution and composition [2]. Electron tomography is also used to determine the rate and type of degradation of catalyst nanoparticles as a function of their position on the carbon support. In this work, automated data acquisition software, paired with a custom Python code, have been used to study the effect of different accelerated stress tests (ASTs) on nanoparticle coarsening [2]. Figure 1 shows high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF)-STEM images and EDS maps comparing the cathodes of membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) following an electrocatalyst AST performed under H2/N2 with that of the heavy-duty AST performed under H2/air. We will discuss how AST conditions affect considerably the spatial distribution of the nanoparticles across the electrode between the membrane and microporous layer. Although the median particle size increased more in the MEA aged under the heavy-duty AST, as determined using a high-throughput image analysis, the quantitative EDS measurements demonstrate that the electrocatalyst AST resulted in more Pt and Co dissolution from the cathode, which is another important indicator of electrocatalyst degradation. We will further present the impact of the relative humidity (% RH) on the degradation mechanisms demonstrated using the same approach. Electron tomography has been used to distinguish the Pt nanoparticles residing on the carbon support surface (exterior) from those within the pore structure (interior) in order to determine the relative stability of interior and exterior nanoparticles. As shown in Figure 2, we will compare the Pt catalyst particle size at the beginning of test (BOT) and end of test (EOT), and discuss the importance of automating the electron tomography workflow, i.e. acquisition, reconstruction, and visualization, to increase sampling and determine the standard deviation of these measurement. The outlook for utilizing low-dose cryo-tomography for limiting damage to the catalyst, support, and especially proton-conducting ionomer will also be discussed [3].

Amichi, Lynda↗
NASA NTRS2005

Actuated Hybrid Mirror Telescope

The figure depicts the planned Actuated Hybrid Mirror Telescope (AHMT), which is intended to demonstrate a new approach to the design and construction of wide-aperture spaceborne telescopes for astronomy and Earth science. This technology is also appropriate for Earth-based telescopes. The new approach can be broadly summarized as using advanced lightweight mirrors that can be manufactured rapidly at relatively low cost. More specifically, it is planned to use precise replicated metallic nanolaminate mirrors to obtain the required high-quality optical finishes. Lightweight, dimensionally stable silicon carbide (SiC) structures will support the nanolaminate mirrors in the required surface figures. To enable diffraction- limited telescope performance, errors in surface figures will be corrected by use of mirror-shape-control actuators that will be energized, as needed, by a wave-front-sensing and control system. The concepts of nanolaminate materials and mirrors made from nanolaminate materials were discussed in several previous NASA Tech Briefs articles. Nanolaminates constitute a relatively new class of materials that can approach theoretical limits of stiffness and strength. Nanolaminate mirrors are synthesized by magnetron sputter deposition of metallic alloys and/or compounds on optically precise master surfaces to obtain optical-quality reflector surfaces backed by thin shell structures. As an integral part of the deposition process, a layer of gold that will constitute the reflective surface layer is deposited first, eliminating the need for a subsequent and separate reflective-coating process. The crystallographic textures of the nanolaminate will be controlled to optimize the performance of the mirror. The entire deposition process for making a nanolaminate mirror takes less than 100 hours, regardless of the mirror diameter. Each nanolaminate mirror will be bonded to its lightweight SiC supporting structure. The lightweight nanolaminate mirrors and SiC supporting structures will be fabricated from reusable master molds. The mirror-shape-control actuators will be low-power, high-capacitance lead magnesium niobate electrostrictive actuators that will be embedded in the SiC structures. The mode of operation of these actuators will be such that once power was applied, they will change in length and once power was removed, they will maintain dimensional stability to nanometer precision. This mode of operation will enable the use of low-power, minimally complex electronic control circuitry. The wave-front-sensing and control system will be designed and built according to a two-stage architecture. The first stage will be implemented by a Shack- Hartmann (SH) sensor subsystem, which will provide a large capture range. The second, higher-performance stage will be implemented by an image-based wave-front-sensing subsystem that will include a phase-retrieval camera (PRC), and will utilize phase retrieval and other techniques to measure wavefront error directly. Phase retrieval is a process in which multiple images of an unresolved object are iterated to estimate the phase of the optical system that acquired the images. The combination of SH and phase-retrieval sensors will afford the virtues of both a dynamic range of 105 and an accuracy of <10 nm.

Hickey, Gregory↗
DOE OSTI2022

SULI Research Report Paper

The Intelligence and Space Research Group 4 (ISR-4) at the Los Alamos National Laboratory focuses on signal processing and developing space electronics for various national security missions. The Space and Atmospheric Burst Reporting System (SABRS) is a sensing payload designed for nuclear detonation detection. As the sensors from previous payloads become obsolete, the requirement for a novel payload design increases. SABRS Prime is the successor to the previous SABRS payloads and is scheduled for delivery in 2028. As part of the SABRS Prompt Gamma Instrument Interface Board, high frequency signals from silicon photomultiplier tubes need to be split and subsequently transmitted to the Analog to Digital Converter. Prior to developing the Space Grade Instrument Interface Board, evaluation modules with Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components are evaluated and tested under rigorous conditions. Verification of power levels and gain specifications are some of the important steps taken during the evaluation stage. Working on the Signal Splitting Board has enabled me to work with various schematic software applications and learn more about the processes behind designing space grade electronic components. In addition, I conducted research on efficiency improvements for space-based power systems. Changes in design approaches were found to be the most significant sources of improvement. Being able to interact with researchers and peers across various scientific disciplines has given me a better insight into my future pursuits. Working in a R&D environment has cemented my decision to work on space applications for Quantum Sensing and pursue a PhD in Electrical Engineering. The SULI internship program at the Los Alamos National Laboratory has helped me develop the skillset of a researcher, understand the rigorous processes behind developing space grade hardware, and improve my critical thinking abilities to support the development of reliable instrumentation for deep space missions.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗
DOE OSTI2016

Broadband microwave characteristics of a novel coaxial gridded hollow cathode argon plasma

The interaction between microwave and large area plasma is crucially important for space communication. Gas pressure, input power, and plasma volume are critical to both the microwave electromagnetic wave phase shift and electron density. This paper presents a novel type of large coaxial gridded hollow cathode plasma having a 50 cm diameter and a 40 cm thickness. Microwave characteristics are studied using a microwave measurement system that includes two broadband antennae in the range from 2 GHz to 18 GHz. The phase shift under varying gas pressure and input power is shown. In addition, the electron density n{sub e}, which varies from 1.2 × 10{sup 16} m{sup −3} to 8.7 × 10{sup 16} m{sup −3} under different discharge conditions, is diagnosed by the microwave system. The measured results accord well with those acquired by Langmuir Probe measurement and show that the microwave properties in the large volume hollow cathode discharge significantly depend on the input power and gas pressure.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2014

A mode converter to generate a Gaussian-like mode for injection into the VENUS electron cyclotron resonance ion source

A number of superconducting electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion sources use gyrotrons at either 24 or 28 GHz for ECR heating. In these systems, the microwave power is launched into the plasma using the TE{sub 01} circular waveguide mode. This is fundamentally different and may be less efficient than the typical rectangular, linearly polarized TE{sub 10} mode used for launching waves at lower frequencies. To improve the 28 GHz microwave coupling in VENUS, a TE{sub 01}-HE{sub 11} mode conversion system has been built to test launching HE{sub 11} microwave power into the plasma chamber. The HE{sub 11} mode is a quasi-Gaussian, linearly polarized mode, which should couple strongly to the plasma electrons. The mode conversion is done in two steps. First, a 0.66 m long “snake” converts the TE{sub 01} mode to the TE{sub 11} mode. Second, a corrugated circular waveguide excites the HE{sub 11} mode, which is launched directly into the plasma chamber. The design concept draws on the development of similar devices used in tokamaks and stellerators. The first tests of the new coupling system are described below.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

A 20-kW DC Oak Ridge Converter with Integrated AC & DC Sources for Grid Services and Energy Storage Systems

This paper proposes a wireless power transfer (WPT) platform with integrated energy conversion that has the capability for 1) recharging the energy storage systems (ESSs) from the grid systems, including renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, etc., 2) off grid systems recharging the ESSs from dc grid systems, 3) grid recharging of electric vehicles (EVs), and 4) off grid recharging of EVs from ESSs. The unique aspect of the method is the use of multi-interface power electronic converter for the grid and ESSs and EVs that can support a range of applications with ac / dc and dc / dc energy conversion ability in a single converter system. The key enabling technology to achieve these functionalities is Oak Ridge Converter (ORC) with polyphase coupler coil system both developed at ORNL. This new technology enables higher power density WPT systems while allowing the coils to interface from ac grid at 60 Hz frequency or dc source directly merging with 85 kHz operating frequency of switching component. The experimental results of the proposed system are presented for 20 kW output power with the system overall efficiency around 95.4% from dc source and 93% overall efficiency from ac grid achieving 9-10% current total harmonic distortion (THD) and 0.98-0.99 power factor (PF).

Asa, Erdem↗