Mass spectrometric studies of the composition of the lower thermosphere during summer 1967.
Lower thermosphere composition over New Mexico, discussing rocket flight mass spectrometer measurements during summer 1967
Kasprzak, W. T.↗
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Program for advanced study in public science policy and administration Semiannual report, Feb. - Sep. 1969
Program for Advanced Study in Public Science Policy and Administration at University of New Mexico
Source record↗
Rocket observations of the corona on March 7, 1970
Coronal observations from Aerobee 150 rocket after total solar eclipse of 7 March 1970 in Mexico, combining coronagraph flight record with ground photography
Koomen, M. J.↗
Atlantic tropical cyclone statistics
Climatology of tropical storms in North Atlantic Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico
Crutcher, H. L.↗
NOAA's oceanography studies under the Earth Resources Survey Program
Some results are presented of Earth Resources Survey Program studies conducted on: (1) Defining and developing methods of suppressing system noise and cloud contamination in satellite measurements of infrared window radiation. (2) Relating sea surface temperature patterns in the Gulf Stream and Gulf of Mexico to associated thermal front structure with aid of infrared data from Nimbus or ITOS. (3) Testing the feasibility of mapping sea surface roughness and low level wind speed over tropical oceans by means of ATS imagery in sun glitter zones. (4) Microwave radiometer measurements from aircraft and their usefulness and limitations for all-weather mapping of surface roughness, sea ice conditions, and possible surface temperature. (5) Evaluation of scanning radiometer data from ITOS for purposes of mapping snow and ice conditions.
Mcclain, E. P.↗
The identification of archaeological sites by false color infrared aerial photography
The study of color infrared photography of Tehuacan Valley, Mexico was made to determine the applicability of remotely sensed data to archeology. Photography was interpreted without prior knowledge of the area, followed by a field check to determine accuracy of the original interpretations and to evaluate causes of successes and failures. Results indicate that the visibility of sites depends primarily on its environmental situation, and also that the delineation of environments and microenvironments is especially easy with this type of film. Furthermore, the age and size of the sites are not necessarily the deciding factors in their discernment.
Gumerman, G. J.↗
Salinity surveys using an airborne microwave radiometer
The Barnes PRT-5 infrared radiometer and L-band channel of the multifrequency microwave radiometer are used to survey the distribution of surface water temperature and salinity. These remote sensors were flown repetitively in November 1971 over the outflow of the Mississippi River into the Gulf of Mexico. Data reduction parameters were determined through the use of flight data obtained over a known water area. With these parameters, the measured infrared and microwave radiances were analyzed in terms of the surface temperature and salinity.
Paris, J. F.↗
Detection of oil spills using 13.3 GHz radar scatterometer
The results of an analysis of 13.3-GHz single polarized scatterometer data collected during NASA/MSC Mission 135, flown on March 16, 1970 are reported. Data were gathered over a crude oil spill on the Gulf of Mexico off the Mississippi Delta. With the aid of RC-8 camera photographs, the scattering cross section was correlated with the extent of the oil spill. The scattering cross section at higher incidence angles decreased by 5 db to 10 db in the presence of the oil spill. This was attributed to oil's damping of small gravity and capillary waves. The composite scattering theory and the scatterometer acquired data were used to obtain an expression of radar scattering over ocean surfaces with oil spills. The study demonstrates that the presence and extent of oil spills can be detected using high frequency radar systems.
Krishen, K.↗
Surface truth measurements of optical properties of the waters in the northern Gulf of California
Gemini and Apollo flight photographs of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, and especially of the Colorado River delta and the northwestern Gulf of California, are considered. The clearly discernible water coloration in the imagery led to the suggestion that remote sensing techniques may be usefully applied in such areas to determine bathymetric information. Measurements of the optical properties of the water in this region obtained in March 1971 showed that generally low transmissivities prevailed and at no station did the beam transmittance for the total water column exceed 2.5 x 10 to the -8th power. It was concluded that any correlation between water depth and spectral radiance at the surface must result from secondarily related phenomena.
Austin, R. W.↗
Coastal and estuarine applications of multispectral photography
An evaluation of multispectral photographic techniques for optical penetration of water in the northeastern United States and the Gulf of Mexico coastal waters is presented. The spectral band (493 to 543 nanom), when exposed to place the water mass at about unit density on the photographic emulsion, was found to provide the best water penetration, independent of altitude or time of day, as long as solar glitter from the surface of the water is avoided. An isoluminous color technique was perfected, which eliminates the dimension of brightness from a multispectral color presentation.
Yost, E.↗
Man's effects on the estuarine environment
Color slides taken over a number of years were used to illustrate the effects of industrialization and the encroachment of over population on the estuarine environment in the Gulf of Mexico. Photography from the Gemini, Apollo, and aircraft program were included.
Childs, L. F.↗
Transition region response of the symmetric double probe and its application in the lower ionosphere
The technique is discussed of the symmetric double-probe which readily lends itself to the in situ measurement of plasma temperature in the ionospheric D-region because it can lead to meaningful results under relatively high collision frequencies where the Langmuir probe has been observed to fail. It is shown that the modification to the original collision-free double-probe theory of Johnson and Malter for the determination of electron temperature is never greater than + or - 12%, with a value of (8 + or - 2)% nominally applicable in the case of D-region diagnostics. This technique was successfully operated on a Nike-Cajun payload flown at mid-day from White Sands, New Mexico to an apogee of 78.5 km. The associated electronics and deployed double-probe configuration are presented, and a current-voltage characteristic collected in the ascent stage at 73.7 km is briefly discussed. The values of electron temperature indicated by the sampled data are approximately 30% higher than those predicted by theory for the anticipated state of thermal equilibrium with the ambient neutrals.
Szuszczewicz, E. P.↗
Photogrammetric and photometric investigation of a smoke plume viewed from space.
Use of detailed analyses of an Apollo 6 stereographic photograph of a smoke plume which originated in southern Arizona and crossed over into Mexico to illustrate how high-resolution photography can aid meteorologists in evaluating specific air pollution events. Photogrammetric analysis of the visible smoke plume revealed that the plume was 8.06 miles long and attained a maximum width of 4000 ft, 3.0 miles from the 570-ft chimney emitting the effluent. Stereometric analysis showed that the visible top of the plume rose nearly 2400 ft above stack top, attaining 90% of this total rise 1.75 miles downwind from the source. Photometric analysis of the plume revealed a field of plume optical density that portrayed leptokurtic and bimodal distributions rather than a true Gaussian distribution. A horizontal eddy diffusivity of about 650,000 sq cm/sec and a vertical eddy diffusivity of 230,000 sq cm/sec were determined from the plume dimensions. Neutron activation analysis of plume samples revealed the elemental composition of the smoke to be copper, arsenic, selenium, indium and antimony, with trace amounts of vanadium and scandium.
Randerson, D.↗
Positive ions and the winter anomaly.
A coordinated rocket program to study winter variability in D-region ionization was conducted at White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, during the winter of 1970-1971. Parachute-borne blunt probes that measure positive-ion and electron conductivities were flown, in conjunction with other experiments, on Jan. 22 and 26 and Feb. 1, 1971. Both A1 and A3 radiowave absorption techniques were used to indicate anomalous winter days. The two rocket shots in January occurred on such days of high absorption. The first of these was one of quiet solar activity, whereas the second was preceded by a major solar proton event on January 24. The third flight occurred on a normal winter day. We tentatively conclude that we have observed two days of 'anomalous' winter absorption of very different character, one possibly related to a solar disturbance, and one probably entirely induced by meteorological effects. The former day was probably characterized by inhibition of the formation of negative ions due to increased detachment and the latter by decreased ionization loss rate.
Mitchell, J. D.↗
Photometric intensity and polarization measurements of the solar corona.
Use of a satellite photometric observatory (SPO) to measure the solar corona from Miahuatlan, Mexico during the Mar. 7, 1970, total eclipse of the sun. The SPO is equipped with a 24-in. Cassegrainian telescope, a four-channel photoelectric photometer, a Wollaston prism, and a rotating half-wave plate. Simultaneous measurements were made of the two orthogonal components of coronal light in the B and R bands of the UBVRI system. A 1-minute arc aperture was scanned from the lunar disk center out to five solar radii in a series of spirals of gradually increasing radius. For the first time, simultaneous multicolor intensity, degree, and angle of polarization profiles are computed from photoelectric measurements. Comparison of the variations of the measurements for each spiral scan yield a detailed picture of the intensity and polarization features in the K corona.
Mcdougal, D. S.↗
Measurements of turbulence profiles in the troposphere.
During a series of balloon flights in southeastern New Mexico new data was obtained on microthermal atmospheric turbulence structure from the surface to altitudes of 12 to 15 km and the beginning of the tropopause region. It was possible to compute the temperature structure coefficient and the refractive-index-structure coefficient. The major significance of the data is the thermal evidence for turbulence and the strength of this effect in the upper-altitude regions.
Bufton, J. L.↗
ERTS computer compatible tape data processing and analysis. Appendix 1: The utility of imaging radars for the study of lake ice
There are no author-identified significant results in this report. Remotely sensed multispectral scanner and return beam vidicon imagery from ERTS-1 is being used for: (1) water depth measurements in the Virgin Islands and Upper Lake Michigan areas; (2) mapping of the Yellowstone National Park; (3) assessment of atmospheric effects in Colorado; (4) lake ice surveillance in Canada and Great Lakes areas; (5) recreational land use in Southeast Michigan; (6) International Field Year on the Great Lakes investigations of Lake Ontario; (7) image enhancement of multispectral scanner data using existing techniques; (8) water quality monitoring of the New York Bight, Tampa Bay, Lake Michigan, Santa Barbara Channel, and Lake Erie; (9) oil pollution detection in the Chesapeake Bay, Gulf of Mexico southwest of New Orleans, and Santa Barbara Channel; and (10) mapping iron compounds in the Wind River Mountains.
Polcyn, F. C.↗
Monitoring changing geologic features along the Texas Gulf Coast
The author has identified the following significant results. Water truth observations, NASA aerial photography from an altitude of 60,000 feet, and ERTS-1 imagery made off the South Texas coast showed a mutually consistent pattern of water turbidity in the Gulf of Mexico. At the time of the measurements, plumes of turbid water were being formed by ebb-tidal discharges from the bays through tidal passes and were being diverted southward by the coastwise drift. The occurrence of the bands of turbid and relatively clear water suggests the existence of large scale helical circulation cells having axes almost parallel to shore with the outer turbid band probably being a zone of surface divergence and bottom water upwelling. The impingement of a turbid water mass onto the shoreline suggests that some, and perhaps most, of the suspended sediment in nearshore waters may not have been stirred up from the nearshore sea floor but may have traveled long distances in the water mass, perhaps even having remained in suspension from the time of its entry into the Gulf tidal inlets such as Aransas Pass.
Hunter, R. E.↗