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At least 1,135 records · Page 63
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1990

Influence of free stream turbulence on a trailing line vortex

Low-speed wind tunnel experiments have been conducted to investigate the influence of free stream turbulence on the mean behavior of a trailing line vortex. Perforated plates and screens were used to produce turbulence levels ranging between 0.03 percent and 5 percent of the free stream velocity in the vicinity of the vortex generator. Smoke was used to provide a visual image of the vortex and photographic and videotape records were taken. Experiments have shown that high turbulence levels cause vortices to meander but with little evidence of structural change. At lower turbulence intensities, some types of vortex oscillations were observed which suggest possible instabilities.

Ash, Robert L.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Dragging force on galaxies due to streaming dark matter

It has been reported that galaxies in large regions (approx. 10(exp 2) Mpc), including some clusters of galaxies, may be streaming coherently with velocities up to 600 km/sec or more with respect to the rest frame determined by the microwave background radiation. On the other hand, it is suggested that the dominant mass component of the universe is dark matter. Because we can only speculate the motion of dark matter from the galaxy motions, much attention should be paid to the correlation of velocities between the observed galaxies and cold dark matter. So the authors investigated whether such coherent large-scale streaming velocities are due to dark matter or only to baryonic objects which may be formed by piling up of gases due to some explosive events. It seems that, although each galaxy will not follow the motion of dark matter, clusters of galaxies may represent the velocity field of dark matter. The origin of the velocity field of dark matter would be due to the initial adiabatic perturbations and, in fact, the observed peculiar velocities of clusters are within the allowed region constrained from the isotropy of the microwave background radiation.

Hara, Tetsuya↗
NASA NTRS1991

Free-stream turbulence and concave curvature effects on heated, transitional boundary layers

An experimental investigation of the transition process on flat-plate and concave curved-wall boundary layers for various free-stream turbulence levels was performed. Results show that for transition of a flat-plate, the two forms of boundary layer behavior, identified as laminar-like and turbulent-like, cannot be thought of as separate Blasius and fully-turbulent profiles, respectively. Thus, simple transition models in which the desired quantity is assumed to be an average, weighted on intermittency, of the theoretical laminar and fully turbulent values is not expected to be successful. Deviation of the flow identified as laminar-like from theoretical laminar behavior is shown to be due to recovery after the passage of a turbulent spot, while deviation of the flow identified as turbulent-like from the full-turbulent values is thought to be due to incomplete establishment of the fully-turbulent power spectral distribution. Turbulent Prandtl numbers for the transitional flow, computed from measured shear stress, turbulent heat flux and mean velocity and temperature profiles, were less than unity. For the curved-wall case with low free-stream turbulence intensity, the existence of Gortler vortices on the concave wall within both laminar and turbulent flows was established using liquid crystal visualization and spanwise velocity and temperature traverses. Transition was found to occur via a vortex breakdown mode. The vortex wavelength was quite irregular in both the laminar and turbulent flows, but the vortices were stable in time and space. The upwash was found to be more unstable, with higher levels of u' and u'v', and lower skin friction coefficients and shape factors. Turbulent Prandtl numbers, measured using a triple-wire probe, were found to be near unity for all post-transitional profiles, indicating no gross violation of Reynolds analogy. No evidence of streamwise vortices was seen in the high turbulence intensity case.

Kim, J.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Streaming effect of wall oscillation to boundary layer separation

This paper presents a preliminary theoretical result on the time averaged streaming effect of local forcing excitation to the boundary layer separation from smooth surface. The problem is formulated as a periodic disturbance to a basic steady breakaway separating flow, for which the data are taken from a numerical triple-deck solution. The ratio of Strouhal number St and Reynolds number Re plays an important role, both being assumed sufficiently high. The analytical and numerical results show that this streaming effect is quite strong at proper values of St/Re exp 1/4, which may delay or even suppress the separation.

Wu, X. H.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Boundary layer receptivity to unsteady free-stream pressure gradients

A linear triple-deck theory is applied to an examination of the response of a boundary layer to short-scale variations in an unsteady free-stream disturbance field. Two-dimensional incompressible flows are considered, and a locally-parallel Blasius mean flow is assumed. A simple pulsating pressure source and a traveling pressure field in the free-stream are modeled by introducing appropriate pressure sources in the upper deck of the triple-deck structure. The modification in unsteady thickness is obtained for these cases, the results are related to the Tollmien-Schlichting instability wave, and the generation of unstable Tollmien-Schlichting waves for both experiments modeled is confirmed.

Heinrich, Roland A. E.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Interactive numerical flow visualization using stream surfaces

Particle traces and ribbons are often used to depict the structure of three-dimensional flowfields, but images produced using these models can be ambiguous. Stream surfaces offer a more visually intuitive method for the depiction of flowfields, but interactive response is needed to allow the user to place surfaces which reveal the essential features of a given flowfield. FLORA, a software package which supports the interactive calculation and display of stream surfaces on silicon graphics workstations, is described. Alternative methods for the integration of particle traces are examined, and calculation through computational space is found to provide rapid results with accuracy adequate for most purposes. Rapid calculation of traces is teamed with progressive refinement of appoximated surfaces. An initial approximation provides immediate user feedback, and subsequent improvement of the surface ensures that the final image is an accurate representation of the flowfield.

Hultquist, J. P. M.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Multifractal structure of speed fluctuations in recurrent streams at 1 AU and near 6 AU

This paper demonstrates the existence of multifractal structure in the velocity fluctuations associated with recurrent streams at 1 AU and near 6 AU. There is a significant evolution of the multifractal spectrum from 1 AU to 6 AU. At 1 AU the fluctuations on all scales in the indicated range are related to the local speed gradients associated with the stream structure. Near 6 AU the multifractal structure of the speed fluctuations approaches the universal form for intermittent turbulence for moments when q is greater than 5, and it has approximately the value expected for a set of discontinuities for q = 2.

Burlaga, L. F.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Supercritical blade design on stream surfaces of revolution with an inverse method

A method to solve the inverse problem of supercritical blade-to-blade flow on stream surfaces of revolution with variable radius and variable stream surface thickness in a relative system is described. Some aspects of shockless design and of leading edge resolution in the numerical procedure are depicted. Some supercritical compressor cascades were designed and their complete flow field results were compared with computations of two different analysis methods.

Schmidt, E.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Waste streams in a typical crewed space habitat: An update

A compilation of generation rates and chemical compositions of potential waste streams in a typical crewed space habitat, reported in a prior NASA Technical Memorandum and a related journal article, was updated. This report augments that compilation by the inclusion of the following new data: those data uncovered since completion of the prior report; those obtained from Soviet literature relevant to life support issues; and those for various minor human body wastes not presented previously (saliva, flatus, hair, finger- and toenails, dried skin and skin secretions, tears, and semen), but included here for purposes of completeness. These waste streams complement those discussed previously: toilet waste (urine, feces, etc.), hygiene water (laundry, shower/handwash, dishwasher water and cleansing agents), trash, humidity condensate, perspiration and respiration water, trace contaminants, and dust generation. This report also reproduces the latest information on the environmental control and life support system design parameters for Space Station Freedom.

Golub, M. A.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Probe shapes for streamwise momentum and cross-stream turbulence intensity

When the highly turbulent flowfields at the edges of jets, in augmentors, and in other jet-mixing devices are surveyed with conventional pitot probes, the values indicated by the instruments may contain a significant increment brought about by the dynamics of the eddies. Although the influence of turbulence on the measurements is usually negligible in streams where the turbulence level is 1 percent or less, the effect of turbulence on static and total pressure measurements can be around 20 percent when the turbulence level exceeds 40 percent. This paper describes a theoretical study that develops probe shapes that directly measure the time-averaged total pressure based on the streamwise component of the velocity vector to obtain a direct measurement of the streamwise momentum. The difference between the time-averaged pressure indicated by such a probe and one that measures the total head based on the entire velocity vector yields the cross-stream turbulence intensity.

Rossow, Vernon, J.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Sea level differences across the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio extension

The sea level differences between the Sargasso Sea and the slope waters across the Gulf Stream region, averaged between 73 and 61 deg W, and the comparable areas across the Kuroshio extension region, averaged between 143 and 156 deg E, were estimated using the Geosat altimeter data obtained between November 1986 and December 1988. The sea-level differences between the two regions showed a strong correlation between the northwest Atlantic and Pacific, dominated by annual cycles that peak in late-September to mid-October, with about 9 cm (the Gulf Stream region) and about 6.9 cm (Kuroshio region) amplitudes.

Zlotnicki, Victor↗
NASA NTRS1992

Multifractal structure of the magnetic field and plasma in recurrent streams at 1 AU

The existence of multifractal structure in the fluctuations of the magnetic field strength, temperature, and density in the recurrent flows at 1 AU is demonstrated. The multifractal scaling is observed over the range of periods from 2 to 32 hr for the magnetic field and density and from 2 to 16 hr for the temperature. The lower cutoff of 2 hr is related to the use of hour averages; it does not have physical significance. The upper cutoff of 32 hr (16 hr) represents the transition to the mesoscale regime in which the fluctuations are determined by the stream structure. Thus the multifractal structure represents fluctuations superimposed on the corotating stream profile and the heliospheric plasma sheet profile. The multifractal structure is interpreted as a texture superimposed on the mesoscale profiles, the structure of the texture being related to the mesoscale structure itself.

Burlaga, L. F.↗
NASA NTRS1990

A defect stream function formulation for compressible turbulent boundary layers

Progress to date on the development of a method for turbulent, wall-bounded flow which uses the defect stream function formulation in the outer layer and an analytic law of the wall and wake formulation in the inner region is reviewed. This two-formulation approach avoids the need to computationally resolve the high-gradient inner layer. One of the most appealing recent developments is the transformation of the compressible governing equation for the defect stream function into a linear, second-order differential equation which has analytic solutions for many problems of practical interest. Numerical and analytic results for incompressible and compressible flows are shown to be in excellent agreement with experimental results. In this paper the two-formulation approach is applied to primitive-variable computations. Excellent comparisons with experiment are presented for two compressible flat plate flows.

Barnwell, Richard W.↗
NASA NTRS1992

On associations of Apollo asteroids with meteor streams

Potential associations of Apollo asteroids with meteor streams are searched on the basis of the orbital parameters comparison. From all Apollo asteroids discovered through 1991 June those are only selected for further analysis whose orbits approach to less than 0.1 AU to the Earth's orbit. Their orbits are compared with precise photographic orbits of individual meteors from the Meteor Data Center in Lund. Results on the associations of asteroids with meteor streams are presented and discussed.

Porubcan, V.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Formation of the Leonid meteor stream and storm

It is well known that some meteor showers display a very high level of activity at certain times, the most famous being the Leonid shower with very spectacular displays at roughly 33 year intervals. This period being also the period of the parent comet of the stream, Comet Tempel-Tuttle. An investigation of the geometry of the comet and the Earth at the time of each high activity occurrence by Yeomans suggests that most of the meteoroids are found outside the cometary orbit and lagging the comet. The formation process of such a stream by numerically integrating the orbits of dust particles ejected from the comet and moving under the influence of gravity and radiation pressure are simulated. The intersection of these dust particles with the Earth is also considered and it is concluded that about 12 percent of the ejected particles may be observed and that of those observable, 63 percent will be outside the cometary orbit and behind the comet.

Wu, Zidian↗
NASA NTRS1993

Surface velocity fields of Ice Streams D and E derived from repeat satellite imagery

Sequential Landsat TM images were used to map in detail the surface velocity of Ice Streams D and E by tracking small ice features in coregistered images. The majority of both ice streams have now been mapped for velocity, and in most areas, approximate strain-rates are also determined. Tracking was accomplished semiautomatically using an image-to-image cross-correlation technique. Measurement density is roughly four per sq km in regions with distinct surface features (crevasses, snow dunes, etc.), and with cloud-free image coverage.

Scambos, Ted A.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Receptivity of a laminar boundary layer to the interaction of a three-dimensional roughness element with time-harmonic free-stream disturbances

Receptivity of a laminar boundary layer to the interaction of time-harmonic free-stream disturbances with a 3D roughness element is studied. The 3D nonlinear triple-deck equations are solved numerically to provide the basic steady-state motion. At high Reynolds numbers, the governing equations for the unsteady motion are the unsteady linearized 3D triple-deck equations. These equations can only be solved numerically. In the absence of any roughness element, the free-stream disturbances, to the first order, produce the classical Stokes flow, in the thin Stokes layer near the wall (on the order of our lower deck). However, with the introduction of a small 3D roughness element, the interaction between the hump and the Stokes flow introduces a spectrum of all spatial disturbances inside the boundary layer.

Tadjfar, M.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Characterization of length and velocity scales of free stream turbulence and investigation of their effects on surface heat transfer

The main objective of this research is to address two important but unresolved problems: (1) the measurement of vertical and transverse length scales via space correlations for all Reynolds stress components and velocity-temperature correlations, both in the free stream and within the boundary layer using the existing triple and quad-wire probes; and (2) to relate the character of the free stream turbulence to the character of the turbulence within the boundary layer in order to determine the effect on surface heat transfer.

Yavuzkurt, Savash↗