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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

Dynamic Capabilities of an Energy Storage-Embedded DFIG System

Power electronic-based wind turbine generators (WTGs) are capable of providing inertial response to the grid by releasing kinetic energy from the turbine blade; thus, as conventional power plants are retired, the reduction of online inertia can be compensated by designing frequency controls for the WTGs. Deployment of energy storage technology for renewable generations has been increased to have the renewables centralized with a system operator as an independent power supply by making up for their nature of generation. In addition, the cost of energy storage has dropped over time and global research activities on energy storage have been funded by private industries and governments. This paper investigates the opportunity of deploying an energy storage on a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based WTG to respond to the system frequency, and then explores dynamic capabilities of the energy storage-embedded DFIG to boost its contribution while the frequency response is being provided by the power system's online inertia; thus, enabling an effective delivery of ancillary services to the system. To do this, the dynamic models of DFIG and energy storage are combined and simulated under the different operating conditions of a DFIG, such as subsynchronous, synchronous, and supersynchronous operations, using the PSCAD.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2018

An Analysis Workflow-Aware Storage System for Multi-Core Active Flash Arrays

Here, the need for novel data analysis is urgent in the face of a data deluge from modern applications. Traditional approaches to data analysis incur significant data movement costs, moving data back and forth between the storage system and the processor. Emerging Active Flash devices enable processing on the flash, where the data already resides. An array of such Active Flash devices allows us to revisit how analysis workflows interact with storage systems. By seamlessly blending together the flash storage and data analysis, we create an analysis workflow-aware storage system, AnalyzeThis. Our guiding principle is that analysis-awareness be deeply ingrained in each and every layer of the storage, elevating data analyses as first-class citizens, and transforming AnalyzeThis into a potent analytics-aware appliance. To evaluate the AnalyzeThis system, we have adopted both emulation and simulation approaches. In particular, we have evaluated AnalyzeThis by implementing the AnalyzeThis storage system on top of the Active Flash Array's emulation platform. We have also implemented an event-driven AnalyzeThis simulator, called AnalyzeThisSim, which allows us to address the limitations of the emulation platform, e.g., performance impact of using multi-core SSDs. The results from our emulation and simulation platforms indicate that AnalyzeThis is a viable approach for expediting workflow execution and minimizing data movement.

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗
DOE OSTI2012

EVALUATING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF ENERGY STORAGE FOR MITIGATING THE STOCHASTIC, VARIABLE ATTRIBUTES OF RENEWABLES ON THE GRID

Energy storage has recently attracted significant interest as an enabling technology for integrating stochastic, variable renewable power into the electric grid. To meet the renewable portfolio standards targets imposed by 29 U.S. states and the District of Columbia, electricity production from wind technology has increased significantly. At the same time, wind turbines, like many renewables, produce power in a manner that is stochastic, variable, and non-dispatchable. These attributes introduce challenges to generation scheduling and the provision of ancillary services. To study the impacts of the stochastic variability of wind on regional grid operation and the role that energy storage could play to mitigate these impacts, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has developed a series of linked, complex techno-economic-environmental models to address these key questions: a. What are the future expanded balancing requirements necessary to accommodate enhanced wind turbine capacity, so as to meet the renewable portfolio standards in 2020? Specific analyses are conducted for the four North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) western sub-regions. b. What are the most cost-effective technological solutions for providing either fast ramping generation or energy storage to serve these balancing requirements? PNNL applied a stochastic approach to assess the future, expanded balancing requirements for the four western sub-regions with high wind penetration in 2020. The estimated balancing requirements are quantified for four sub-regions: Arizona-New Mexico-Nevada (AZNMNV), California-Mexico (CAMC), Northwest Power Pool (NWPP), and Rocky Mountain Power Pool (RMPP). Model results indicate that the new balancing requirements will span a spectrum of frequencies, from minute-to-minute variability (intra-hour balancing) to those indicating cycles over several hours (inter-hour balancing). The sharp ramp rates in the intra-hour balancing are of significant concern to grid operators. Consequently, this study focuses on analyzing the intra-hour balancing needs. A detailed, life-cycle cost (LCC) modeling effort was used to assess the cost competitiveness of different technologies to address the future, intra-hour balancing requirements. Technological solutions considered include combustion turbines, sodium sulfur (NaS) batteries, lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries, pumped-hydro energy storage (PHES), compressed air energy storage (CAES), flywheels, redox flow batteries, and demand response (DR). Hybrid concepts are also evaluated. For each technology, distinct power and energy capacity requirements are estimated. LCC results indicate that the most cost competitive technologies include electrochemical energy storage and Na-S and Li-Ion. This finding is consistent among the four sub-regions and is generally applicable to other regions.

arbitrage↗
DOE OSTI2013

Establishing a store baseline during interim storage of waste packages and a review of potential technologies for base-lining

Interim storage is an essential component of the waste management lifecycle, providing a safe, secure environment for waste packages awaiting final disposal. In order to be able to monitor and detect change or degradation of the waste packages, storage building or equipment, it is necessary to know the original condition of these components (the 'waste storage system'). This paper presents an approach to establishing the baseline for a waste-storage system, and provides guidance on the selection and implementation of potential base-lining technologies. The approach is made up of two sections; assessment of base-lining needs and definition of base-lining approach. During the assessment of base-lining needs a review of available monitoring data and store/package records should be undertaken (if the store is operational). Evolutionary processes (affecting safety functions), and their corresponding indicators, that can be measured to provide a baseline for the waste-storage system should then be identified in order for the most suitable indicators to be selected for base-lining. In defining the approach, identification of opportunities to collect data and constraints is undertaken before selecting the techniques for base-lining and developing a base-lining plan. Base-lining data may be used to establish that the state of the packages is consistent with the waste acceptance criteria for the storage facility and to support the interpretation of monitoring and inspection data collected during store operations. Opportunities and constraints are identified for different store and package types. Technologies that could potentially be used to measure baseline indicators are also reviewed. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2019

Analysis on the Influence of an Energy Storage System and its Impact to the Grid for a Wave Energy Converter

Reducing power fluctuations is essential for controlling the integration impacts of wave energy converter (WEC) plants in both distribution and transmission grids, and in stand-alone isolated power systems. This paper presents an analysis on the cost of and how a battery storage system can be used to further reduce the variation of power generated from the WEC due to the fluctuating nature of waves and its impact to the grid. The electrical power output from WEC-Sim simulations for the six sea states used in the Wave Energy Prize was analyzed to compute the peak power and power time history. The results were used to evaluate the battery storage capacity that is needed for a WEC system to provide reasonable power flow to the grid and estimate its cost based on the latest cost information for battery technologies published by the U.S. Energy Information Administration. Finally, a preliminary grid integration analysis was performed to demonstrate how WEC-generated power would contribute to a small island electricity system. As shown in the study, the instantaneous peak power is the primary cost driver for the battery storage and the power take-off system, and reducing the power fluctuations is essential for reducing the overall levelized cost of energy (LCOE). The power flow variation from WECs can be significantly reduced using battery storage without adding significant overall system costs, and the implementation of battery storage is essential for grid integration applications. There may also be additional opportunities to further investigate energy storage technologies that are specific to WEC applications to reduce these costs even further.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2025

From carbon to climate action: harnessing basalt for geological carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) storage onshore and offshore

Abating emissions and reducing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) are crucial in avoiding catastrophic climate change. Basalt reservoirs offer suitable CO 2 storage sites and are present onshore and offshore. This study compares the geological, economic and social aspects of CO 2 storage in both domains using two basalt formations from the Republic of Ireland: the Limerick Igneous Suite and the Druid Formation. Offshore reservoirs offer larger storage resources but are more expensive to develop. Nevertheless, both offer gigatonne-scale theoretical CO 2 storage. Reviewing public perception studies on wind energy demonstrates that the commonly held belief that offshore projects face less opposition owing to their distance from communities has been dispelled, while similar studies on carbon capture and removal show no preference for onshore or offshore development. Instead, a general scepticism towards carbon removal is observed, with concerns that it hinders broader decarbonization efforts. The desire of all stakeholders to be involved throughout project development is consistently observed. Lessons from offshore natural gas projects highlight the consequences of failing to engage with local communities. The Republic of Ireland has significant potential to deploy geological CO 2 storage in basalt reservoirs, but policy hurdles such as legal limits on storage volumes must be overcome to reconcile climate ambition and legislative capacity.

54 - ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES/GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ↗
DOE OSTI2024

Characterization of Pliocene and Miocene Formations in the Wilmington Graben, Offshore Los Angeles, for Large-Scale Geologic Storage of CO2

The project Characterization of Pliocene and Miocene Formations in the Wilmington Graben, Offshore Los Angeles, for Large-Scale Geologic Storage of CO2 is one of 9 site characterization projects that were implemented as part of ARRA (American Recovery and Reinvestment Act). Data from this project was used to improve resolution of data in NATCARB in the area of study. Data related to this study has already been incorporated in NATCARB Atlas. The Los Angeles Basin presents an opportunity for large-scale geologic CO2 storage. Due to its large population and historical and geologic setting as one of the most prolific oil and gas producing basins in the United States, the region is home to more than 12 major power plants and oil refineries that produce more than 5 million metric tons of fossil fuel-related CO2 emissions each year. GeoMechanics Technologies worked to characterize the Pliocene and Miocene sediments in the Wilmington Graben, offshore of Los Angeles, California, for high-volume CO2 storage. The Graben is located offshore of the Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbor area, making it accessible yet geologically isolated from the nearby Wilmington oilfield and onshore areas. These sediments span more than 5,000 feet of vertical interval with an estimated storage resource of more than 100 million metric tons of CO2. The project team analyzed and interpreted existing geologic data within the region, including detailed exploration well log data and 2-D and 3-D seismic data. New seismic lines were acquired to fill in current data gap areas and two new characterization wells were drilled and logged. This information was integrated with existing geologic interpretations for adjacent onshore areas to help characterize optimal areas for CO2 storage and seals to safely store CO2. Integrated 3-D geologic and geomechanical models for the Wilmington Graben were developed to simulate the fate and transport of injected CO2 in the subsurface and to assess risks. This project contributed to the understanding of injectivity, containment mechanisms, rate of dissolution and mineralization, and storage capacity of the Wilmington Graben and associated analogous basins. This effort also provided greater insight into the potential for offshore geologic formations to safely and permanently store CO2.

.las↗
DOE OSTI2024

Application of quantitative risk assessment to address stakeholder questions in geologic carbon storage

Ambitious international greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets demand a rapid transformation to a low-carbon economy. This transformation includes the accelerated adoption of carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (CCS) technology. However, as with any large-scale engineering enterprise, the widespread commercial-scale deployment of geologic carbon storage (GCS) raises important questions about technology and cost-effectiveness, safety, environmental risk, and long-term liability. Effectively assessing and managing risks and liability associated with GCS projects is a key technical need throughout the project life cycle-from site selection and permitting to monitoring design, operational risk management, and post-operational site closure. This presentation highlights recent advancements in tools for quantitative risk assessment, being developed by the National Risk Assessment Partnership (NRAP). NRAP is a multi-year, multinational laboratory research collaboration sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management. Our focus will be on these tools' applications in addressing critical stakeholder questions related to supporting permitting to ensure secure and environmentally protective storage; designing effective and efficient monitoring plans; evaluating the effectiveness of remedial actions and risk management alternatives; and informing liability assessment and investment decisions. This paper will detail the key functionality of NRAP’s Open-Source Integrated Assessment Model (NRAP-Open-IAM), a computational framework for assessing leakage risk and containment assurance. This model features streamlined workflows for calculating leakage risk profiles, delineating risk-based area of review, and assessing contingency plans and post-injection site care requirements. ORION is an open-source, observation-based ensemble forecasting toolkit to help operators assess the seismic hazard at a carbon storage site. The State of Stress Analysis Tool (SOSAT), designed to assess subsurface stress conditions and evaluate geomechanical risk resulting from CO2 injection in an area of interest will also be presented. We will also introduce a prototype model to evaluate storage project costs and liability associated with risk management. The Technoeconomic and Liability Evaluation for Storage (TALES) model uses results from forecasts of leakage and induced seismicity risk to estimate the lifecycle cost of managing risk. Finally, a preliminary example of how the NRAP Risk-based Adaptive Monitoring Plan (RAMP) tool can be used to design efficient and effective site monitoring plans and estimate the detectability of fluid leakage will be provided. The relevance of these tools for addressing key stakeholder questions amidst uncertainty will be emphasized.

decision support↗
DOE OSTI2013

Test report : Raytheon / KTech RK30 Energy Storage System

The Department of Energy Office of Electricity (DOE/OE), Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and the Base Camp Integration Lab (BCIL) partnered together to incorporate an energy storage system into a microgrid configured Forward Operating Base to reduce the fossil fuel consumption and to ultimately save lives. Energy storage vendors will be sending their systems to SNL Energy Storage Test Pad (ESTP) for functional testing and then to the BCIL for performance evaluation. The technologies that will be tested are electro-chemical energy storage systems comprising of lead acid, lithium-ion or zinc-bromide. Raytheon/KTech has developed an energy storage system that utilizes zinc-bromide flow batteries to save fuel on a military microgrid. This report contains the testing results and some limited analysis of performance of the Raytheon/KTech Zinc-Bromide Energy Storage System.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2012

National Assessment of Energy Storage for Grid Balancing and Arbitrage: Phase 1, WECC

To examine the role that energy storage could play in mitigating the impacts of the stochastic variability of wind generation on regional grid operation, the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) examined a hypothetical 2020 grid scenario in which additional wind generation capacity is built to meet renewable portfolio standard targets in the Western Interconnection. PNNL developed a stochastic model for estimating the balancing requirements using historical wind statistics and forecasting error, a detailed engineering model to analyze the dispatch of energy storage and fast-ramping generation devices for estimating size requirements of energy storage and generation systems for meeting new balancing requirements, and financial models for estimating the life-cycle cost of storage and generation systems in addressing the future balancing requirements for sub-regions in the Western Interconnection. Evaluated technologies include combustion turbines, sodium sulfur (Na-S) batteries, lithium ion batteries, pumped-hydro energy storage, compressed air energy storage, flywheels, redox flow batteries, and demand response. Distinct power and energy capacity requirements were estimated for each technology option, and battery size was optimized to minimize costs. Modeling results indicate that in a future power grid with high-penetration of renewables, the most cost competitive technologies for meeting balancing requirements include Na-S batteries and flywheels.

energy storage↗
DOE OSTI2014

Modular Undersea Compressed Air Energy Storage (UCAES) System

This project has been devoted to the design, optimization, and cost analysis of a unique power plant with integral energy storage. The proposed facility combines a novel underwater compressed air energy storage (UCAES) system with a customized gas turbine generator, providing exceptional power management and overall efficiency. Unlike conventional CAES, opportunities for underwater storage are plentiful and proximal to the power grid. The UCAES system provides coastal and island communities a practical means for managing the volatility of large-scale wind and solar power resources. The result is higher renewable energy absorption and improved electrical reliability with reduced fossil fuel consumption. The UCAES power plant is composed of three major subsystems: The underwater air containment system (ACS), the air transport pipe (ATP), and the land-based power conversion system (PCS). The underwater ACS is made up of modular concrete shell units, structurally optimized for minimal material usage while employing conventional production methods and equipment. Each shell is designed to receive and control loose fill or gravel, serving as the ballast. The static nature of the final structures make them an asset to marine habitats and includes features intended to permit safe and cost-effective deployment. The ATP Connects the ACS modules to each other and to the on-land power conversion system and utilizes high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe for low cost and long life. The PCS Houses the turbine-generator ‘expander modules’, with peak capacity of 12.3 MWe each, engineered from existing gas turbine equipment and includes electrically driven commercial 3-stage intercooled centrifugal compressors, each nominally drawing 6.6 MWe when matching the turbine flow requirements. The subsystems listed above are designed with the intent to serve as building-blocks to achieve a peak power output rating in the 40 to 120 MWe range, with 0.25 to 4 hours of energy storage capacity. The modular facility with integral energy storage provides some remarkable transient maneuvers and load-following features unachievable by competing technologies. The system can operate as a dispatchable power plant with a fuel-to-electric efficiency over 41%; substantially better that the average existing Hawaiian peak power generation assets. Optimal efficiency can be maintained while load-following due to modular PCS design and is operable with a range of liquid or gaseous fuels while meeting the most stringent California (CARB) emission standards. The system can operate as a peaking energy plant in discharge mode. Power ramp-up equivalent to 215% of continuous load rating within 1 second accomplished by simply turning off the electric compressor(s). Contrarily, the system can offer energy absorption during periods of grid surplus generation. The electric compressors may be sequenced on to absorb power within seconds. More moderate transitions are easily achieved with standard compressor control functions. The system offers unique features as compared to energy storage systems. ‘Round-trip efficiency’, as calculated by industry standard methods, is in the 90% range. The PCS equipment has a mean-time between overhauls of 80,000 hours, with maintenance costs of less than $0.005/kW-hr of electricity delivered. The underwater ACS structures and piping employ materials and designs specified to achieve a 75 year life. With the underwater containment modules qualified as a marine habitat, there would be no decommissioning costs. In conjunction with the engineering work invested in the design of the UCAES power plant, Brayton Energy has employed a team of manufacturing specialists, marine construction engineers, and power industry experts to create a comprehensive economic model that captures the many site-related variables and configuration options. The cost results and methodology have been validated by suppliers, engineers, and deployment specialists through a detailed case study on Hawaii. While creation of the parametric cost model was based on inputs specific to Hawaii, the proposed construction and deployment steps were chosen to be general enough to allow extrapolation across locations world-wide. Analysis of the proposed system shows it to be a viable option and addresses the principal challenges described by the Department of Energy by offering competitive costs, validated safety and reliability, consideration of the regulatory environment, and utilization of industry accepted practices and equipment. The UCAES system is recommended for immediate consideration in Hawaii. Estimation of time to complete planning, design, and construction of the facility is anticipated to take 3 to 5 years. Other coastal and island communities world-wide should realize similar benefits; as the results presented in this report are considered generally transferable to other locations.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2015

Enabling Co-Design of Multi-Layer Exascale Storage Architectures

Growing demands for computing power in applications such as energy production, climate analysis, computational chemistry, and bioinformatics have propelled computing systems toward the exascale: systems with 10 18 floating-point operations per second. These systems, to be designed and constructed over the next decade, will create unprecedented challenges in component counts, power consumption, resource limitations, and system complexity. Data storage and access are an increasingly important and complex component in extreme-scale computing systems, and significant design work is needed to develop successful storage hardware and software architectures at exascale. Co-design of these systems will be necessary to find the best possible design points for exascale systems. The goal of this work has been to enable the exploration and co-design of exascale storage systems by providing a detailed, accurate, and highly parallel simulation of exascale storage and the surrounding environment. Specifically, this simulation has (1) portrayed realistic application checkpointing and analysis workloads, (2) captured the complexity, scale, and multilayer nature of exascale storage hardware and software, and (3) executed in a timeframe that enables “what if'” exploration of design concepts. We developed models of the major hardware and software components in an exascale storage system, as well as the application I/O workloads that drive them. We used our simulation system to investigate critical questions in reliability and concurrency at exascale, helping guide the design of future exascale hardware and software architectures. Additionally, we provided this system to interested vendors and researchers so that others can explore the design space. We validated the capabilities of our simulation environment by configuring the simulation to represent the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility Blue Gene/Q system and comparing simulation results for application I/O patterns to the results of executions of these I/O kernels on the actual system.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2016

Efficient Discovery of Novel Multicomponent Mixtures for Hydrogen Storage: A Combined Computational/Experimental Approach

The objective of the proposed program is to discover novel mixed hydrides for hydrogen storage, which enable the DOE 2010 system-level goals. Our goal is to find a material that desorbs 8.5 wt.% H 2 or more at temperatures below 85°C. The research program will combine first-principles calculations of reaction thermodynamics and kinetics with material and catalyst synthesis, testing, and characterization. We will combine materials from distinct categories (e.g., chemical and complex hydrides) to form novel multicomponent reactions. Systems to be studied include mixtures of complex hydrides and chemical hydrides [e.g. LiNH 2+ NH 3 BH 3 ] and nitrogen-hydrogen based borohydrides [e.g. Al(BH 4 ) 3 (NH 3 ) 3 ]. The 2010 and 2015 FreedomCAR/DOE targets for hydrogen storage systems are very challenging, and cannot be met with existing materials. The vast majority of the work to date has delineated materials into various classes, e.g., complex and metal hydrides, chemical hydrides, and sorbents. However, very recent studies indicate that mixtures of storage materials, particularly mixtures between various classes, hold promise to achieve technological attributes that materials within an individual class cannot reach. Our project involves a systematic, rational approach to designing novel multicomponent mixtures of materials with fast hydrogenation/dehydrogenation kinetics and favorable thermodynamics using a combination of state-of-the-art scientific computing and experimentation. We will use the accurate predictive power of first-principles modeling to understand the thermodynamic and microscopic kinetic processes involved in hydrogen release and uptake and to design new material/catalyst systems with improved properties. Detailed characterization and atomic-scale catalysis experiments will elucidate the effect of dopants and nanoscale catalysts in achieving fast kinetics and reversibility. And, state-of-the-art storage experiments will give key storage attributes of the investigated reactions, validate computational predictions, and help guide and improve computational methods. In sum, our approach involves a powerful blend of: 1) H2 Storage measurements and characterization, 2) State-of-the-art computational modeling, 3) Detailed catalysis experiments, 4) In-depth automotive perspective.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2016

Hydrogen Storage in Metal-Organic Frameworks

The design and characterization of new materials for hydrogen storage is an important area of research, as the ability to store hydrogen at lower pressures and higher temperatures than currently feasible would lower operating costs for small hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. In particular, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) represent promising materials for use in storing hydrogen in this capacity. MOFs are highly porous, three-dimensional crystalline solids that are formed via linkages between metal ions (e.g., iron, nickel, and zinc) and organic molecules. MOFs can store hydrogen via strong adsorptive interactions between the gas molecules and the pores of the framework, providing a high surface area for gas adsorption and thus the opportunity to store hydrogen at significantly lower pressures than with current technologies. By lowering the energy required for hydrogen storage, these materials hold promise in rendering hydrogen a more viable fuel for motor vehicles, which is a highly desirable outcome given the clean nature of hydrogen fuel cells (water is the only byproduct of combustion) and the current state of global climate change resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels. The work presented in this report is the result of collaborative efforts between researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (LBNL), the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and General Motors Corporation (GM) to discover novel MOFs promising for H 2 storage and characterize their properties. Described herein are several new framework systems with improved gravimetric and volumetric capacity to strongly bind H 2 at temperatures relevant for vehicle storage. These materials were rigorously characterized using neutron diffraction, to determine the precise binding locations of hydrogen within the frameworks, and high-pressure H 2 adsorption measurements, to provide a comprehensive picture of H 2 adsorption at all relevant pressures. A rigorous understanding of experimental findings was further achieved via first-principles electronic structure calculations, which also supported synthetic efforts through predictions of additional novel frameworks with promising properties for vehicular H 2 storage. The results of the computational efforts also helped to elucidate the fundamental principles governing the interaction of H 2 with the frameworks, and in particular with exposed metal sites in the pores of these materials. Significant accomplishments from this project include the discovery of a metal-organic framework with a high H 2 binding enthalpy and volumetric capacity at 25 °C and 100 bar, which surpasses the metrics of any other known metal-organic framework. Additionally this material was designed to be extremely cost effective compared to most comparable adsorbents, which is imperative for eventual real-world applications. Progress toward synthesizing new frameworks containing multiple open coordination sites is also discussed, and appears to be the most promising future direction for hydrogen storage in these porous materials.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2016

Protocol for Uniformly Measuring and Expressing the Performance of Energy Storage Systems

This Protocol provides a set of “best practices” for characterizing energy storage systems (ESSs) and measuring and reporting their performance. It serves as a basis for assessing how an ESS will perform with respect to key performance attributes relevant to different applications. It is intended to provide a valid and accurate basis for the comparison of different ESSs. By achieving the stated purpose, the Protocol will enable more informed decision-making in the selection of ESSs for various stationary applications. The Protocol identifies general information and technical specifications relevant in describing an ESS and also defines a set of test, measurement, and evaluation criteria with which to express the performance of ESSs that are intended for energy-intensive and/or power-intensive stationary applications. An ESS includes a storage device, battery management system, and any power conversion systems installed with the storage device. The Protocol is agnostic with respect to the storage technology and the size and rating of the ESS. The Protocol does not apply to single-use storage devices and storage devices that are not coupled with power conversion systems, nor does it address safety, security, or operations and maintenance of ESSs, or provide any pass/fail criteria.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Aluminum Clad Spent Nuclear Fuel Task 4: Performance of Aluminum SNF in Dry Storage Experiment Test Plan

This document presents the activities to be performed in support of understanding the performance of aluminum spent nuclear fuel (ASNF) in dry storage. These activities will visually examine and acquire baseline samples of as-irradiated ATR fuel assembly components to determine fuel condition and the morphology of the aluminum oxyhydroxides present on the fuel external surfaces. Because the boehmite phase of oxyhydroxide is projected to be a significant contributor to radiolytic hydrogen production and general corrosion, being able to quantify its presence is of major importance to long term storage of aluminum spent nuclear fuel. Baseline samples will be taken from irradiated end adapters, removed from ATR SNF elements, stored in the ATR Canal. These will be transferred to Idaho National Laboratory (INL) Materials and Fuels Complex (MFC) to perform non-destructive and destructive testing to determine the degree of hydration of the wet-stored aluminum components prior to drying and air storage. Examination of the dry stored SNF at Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center (INTEC) in CPP-603 Irradiated Fuel Storage Facility (IFSF) will allow the opportunity to identify gross degradation and as conditions permit, sample the surface oxide on fueled and un-fueled portions of the stored assemblies. The information resulting from analysis of the ATR Canal samples will be used to support validation of surrogate samples prepared under Task 6, sample surrogate preparation, and used in Task 1, oxyhydroxide layer behavior and chemistry, Task 2, oxide layer radiolytic gas generation, and Task 5, oxide layer response to drying. Surface oxide samples collected from SNF in IFSF dry storage will SNF dry storage prediction modeling from Task 3, sealed and vented system episodic breathing and gas generation prediction.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2015

ARRA Energy Storage Demonstration Projects: Lessons Learned and Recommendations

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009 (Recovery Act) provided funding for 16 energy storage demonstration projects. The projects ranged in scope from feasibility studies and technology demonstrations to full-scale, operational energy storage plants. This investment had a significant positive impact on the grid-connected energy storage industry. The goal of this report is to summarize the lessons learned from the ARRA projects, and to make recommendations for future Department of Energy (DOE) investments. Information for this report primarily came from three sources: a questionnaire and interview with each project team; DOE energy storage program peer review presentations; and DOE reports required as part of the ARRA project. Some lessons learned were common to many projects. Development of standards, codes and protocols specific to energy storage systems will mitigate uncertainty over code compliance, streamline permitting, and should be a priority (especially related to safety). Removal of regulatory barriers that preclude optimal operation of an energy storage system with multiple applications would immediately enable further deployment (e.g., FERC standards preclude the marketing department from reliability activities). Maturity of the approach to monetization varies substantially between applications with frequency regulation as an ancillary service leading other applications. Finally, developers focused on ramp mitigation and time shifting envision a reference plant. This reference plant would scale up from the current demonstration systems and would lead to the deployment of 50 MW-scale peaker plants.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2018

High Performance Reduction/Oxidation Metal Oxides for Thermochemical Energy Storage (PROMOTES) /CSP

Thermochemical energy storage (TCES) offers the potential for greatly increased storage density relative to sensible-only energy storage. Moreover, heat may be stored indefinitely in the form of chemical bonds via TCES, accessed upon demand, and converted to heat at temperatures significantly higher than current solar thermal electricity production technology and is therefore well-suited to more efficient high-temperature power cycles. However, this potential has yet to be realized as no current TCES system satisfies all requirements. This project involves the design, development, and demonstration of a robust and innovative storage cycle based on redox-active metal oxides that are Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors (MIECs). We will develop, characterize, and demonstrate a first of its kind 100kWth particle-based TCES system for direct integration with combined-cycle Air Brayton based on the endothermic reduction and exothermic reoxidation of MIECs. Air Brayton cycles require temperatures in the range of 1000-1230 °C for smaller axial flow turbines and are therefore inaccessible to all but the most robust storage solutions such as metal oxides. The choice of MIECs, with exceptional tunability and stability over the specified operating conditions allows us to optimally target this high impact cycle and to introduce the innovation of directly driving the turbine with the reacting/heat recovery fluid. The potential for high temperature thermal storage has direct bearing on next-gen CSP, and an appropriate investment for SETO.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗