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At least 1,135 records · Page 63
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Disentangling Alzheimer’s disease neurodegeneration from typical brain ageing using machine learning

Abstract Neuroimaging biomarkers that distinguish between changes due to typical brain ageing and Alzheimer’s disease are valuable for determining how much each contributes to cognitive decline. Supervised machine learning models can derive multivariate patterns of brain change related to the two processes, including the Spatial Patterns of Atrophy for Recognition of Alzheimer’s Disease (SPARE-AD) and of Brain Aging (SPARE-BA) scores investigated herein. However, the substantial overlap between brain regions affected in the two processes confounds measuring them independently. We present a methodology, and associated results, towards disentangling the two. T1-weighted MRI scans of 4054 participants (48–95 years) with Alzheimer’s disease, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or cognitively normal (CN) diagnoses from the Imaging-based coordinate SysTem for AGIng and NeurodeGenerative diseases (iSTAGING) consortium were analysed. Multiple sets of SPARE scores were investigated, in order to probe imaging signatures of certain clinically or molecularly defined sub-cohorts. First, a subset of clinical Alzheimer’s disease patients (n = 718) and age- and sex-matched CN adults (n = 718) were selected based purely on clinical diagnoses to train SPARE-BA1 (regression of age using CN individuals) and SPARE-AD1 (classification of CN versus Alzheimer’s disease) models. Second, analogous groups were selected based on clinical and molecular markers to train SPARE-BA2 and SPARE-AD2 models: amyloid-positive Alzheimer’s disease continuum group (n = 718; consisting of amyloid-positive Alzheimer’s disease, amyloid-positive MCI, amyloid- and tau-positive CN individuals) and amyloid-negative CN group (n = 718). Finally, the combined group of the Alzheimer’s disease continuum and amyloid-negative CN individuals was used to train SPARE-BA3 model, with the intention to estimate brain age regardless of Alzheimer’s disease-related brain changes. The disentangled SPARE models, SPARE-AD2 and SPARE-BA3, derived brain patterns that were more specific to the two types of brain changes. The correlation between the SPARE-BA Gap (SPARE-BA minus chronological age) and SPARE-AD was significantly reduced after the decoupling (r = 0.56–0.06). The correlation of disentangled SPARE-AD was non-inferior to amyloid- and tau-related measurements and to the number of APOE ε4 alleles but was lower to Alzheimer’s disease-related psychometric test scores, suggesting the contribution of advanced brain ageing to the latter. The disentangled SPARE-BA was consistently less correlated with Alzheimer’s disease-related clinical, molecular and genetic variables. By employing conservative molecular diagnoses and introducing Alzheimer’s disease continuum cases to the SPARE-BA model training, we achieved more dissociable neuroanatomical biomarkers of typical brain ageing and Alzheimer’s disease.

Hwang, Gyujoon↗
DOE OSTI2019

Caveat regarding CMS Merit-based Incentive Payment Systems incidental adrenal nodule measure

Current Medicare MIP measures encourage radiologists not to recommend follow-up for ≤ 1 cm adrenal nodules. However, a radiologist may be the first to discover a small, subclinical pheochromocytoma. As such, recognition of the enhancement pattern of pheochromocytoma is important to ensure detection and properly guide management, which begins with clinical and laboratory assessment for elevated catecholamines.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2015

CHERENCUBE: Concept definition and implementation challenges of a Cherenkov-based detector block for PET

Purpose: A new concept for a depth-of-interaction (DOI) capable time-of-flight (TOF) PET detector is defined, based only on the detection of Cherenkov photons. The proposed “CHERENCUBE” consists of a cubic Cherenkov radiator with position-sensitive photodetectors covering each crystal face. By means of the spatial distribution of the detected photons and their time of arrival, the point of interaction of the gamma-ray in the crystal can be determined. This study analyzes through theoretical calculations and Monte Carlo simulations the potential advantages of the concept toward reaching a Cherenkov-only detector for TOF-PET with DOI capability. Furthermore, an algorithm for the DOI estimation is presented and the requirements for a practical implementation of the proposed concept are defined. Methods: The Monte Carlo simulations consisted of a cubic crystal with one photodetector coupled to each one of the faces of the cube. The sensitive area of the detector matched exactly the crystal size, which was varied in 1 mm steps between 1 × 1 × 1 mm{sup 3} and 10 × 10 × 10 mm{sup 3}. For each size, five independent simulations of ten thousand 511 keV gamma-rays were triggered at a fixed distance of 10 mm. The crystal chosen was PbWO{sub 4}. Its scintillation properties were simulated, but only Cherenkov photons were analyzed. Photodetectors were simulated having perfect photodetection efficiency and infinite time resolution. For every generated particle, the analysis considered its creation process, parent and daughter particles, energy, origin coordinates, trajectory, and time and position of detection. The DOI determination is based on the distribution of the emission time of all photons per event. These values are calculated as a function of the coordinates of detection and origin for every photon. The common origin is estimated by finding the distribution with the most similar emission time-points. Results: Detection efficiency increases with crystal size from 8.2% (1 × 1 × 1 mm{sup 3}) to 58.6% (10 × 10 × 10 mm{sup 3}) and decreases applying a photon detection threshold of 5/10/20 photons to 6.3%/4.3%/0.7% and 49.3%/30.4%/2.8%, respectively. The detection rate in the six photodetectors is uniform due to the nearly isotropic cone emission. Most cones originated after a photoelectric effect interaction, with two dominating peaks for the kinetic energy of the electron at 422.99 and 441.47 keV. The detection distance between same-event photons defines the spatial resolution of the detector required for individual photon recognition, with 20% of the detected photons having their closest neighbor within a distance of 5% of the length of the cube. Same-event photons are detected within a time window whose width is determined by the crystal size, with values of 30 and 150 ps for a 1 × 1 × 1 mm{sup 3} and a 10 × 10 × 10 mm{sup 3} cube, respectively. The DOI reconstruction has an accuracy of approximately 23% of the length of the cube, with an average value of 2.2 mm for a 10 × 10 × 10 mm{sup 3} CHERENCUBE. Conclusions: The proposed concept requires a detector with high photodetection efficiency. The structure of the sensitive surface of the detector should be a two dimensional array of microcells, able to provide individual detection coordinates and time stamps. The microcell size determines the ability to recognize individual photons, influencing detection efficiency. The 3D DOI recognition relies on the accuracy of the time stamps and detection coordinates, without the need for a recognition of the projected patterns of photons. The refractive index of the material defines a detector intrinsic energy-based rejection of scattered PET events at the cost of reduced sensitivity.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
NASA NTRS1972

Speech therapy and voice recognition instrument

Characteristics of electronic circuit for examining variations in vocal excitation for diagnostic purposes and in speech recognition for determiniog voice patterns and pitch changes are described. Operation of the circuit is discussed and circuit diagram is provided.

Cohen, J.↗
NASA NTRS1975

CARETS: A prototype regional environmental information system. Volume 5: Interpretation, compilation and field verification procedures in the CARETS project

The production of the CARETS map data base involved the development of a series of procedures for interpreting, compiling, and verifying data obtained from remote sensor sources. Level II land use mapping from high-altitude aircraft photography at a scale of 1:100,000 required production of a photomosaic mapping base for each of the 48, 50 x 50 km sheets, and the interpretation and coding of land use polygons on drafting film overlays. CARETS researchers also produced a series of 1970 to 1972 land use change overlays, using the 1970 land use maps and 1972 high-altitude aircraft photography. To enhance the value of the land use sheets, researchers compiled series of overlays showing i cultural features, county boundaries and census tracts, surface geology, and drainage basins. In producing Level I land use maps from Landsat imagery, at a scale I of 1:250,000, interpreters overlaid drafting film directly on Landsat color composite transparencies and interpreted on the film. They found that such interpretation involves pattern and spectral signature recognition. In studies using Landsat imagery, interpreters identified numerous areas of change but also identified extensive areas of "false change," where Landsat spectral signatures but not land use had changed.

Field verification procedures↗
NASA NTRS1989

Machine parts recognition using a trinary associative memory

The convergence mechanism of vectors in Hopfield's neural network in relation to recognition of partially known patterns is studied in terms of both inner products and Hamming distance. It has been shown that Hamming distance should not always be used in determining the convergence of vectors. Instead, inner product weighting coefficients play a more dominant role in certain data representations for determining the convergence mechanism. A trinary neuron representation for associative memory is found to be more effective for associative recall. Applications of the trinary associative memory to reconstruct machine part images that are partially missing are demonstrated by means of computer simulation as examples of the usefulness of this approach.

Awwal, Abdul Ahad S.↗
NASA NTRS2004

The monitoring system for vibratory disturbance detection in microgravity environment aboard the international space station

Scientists in the Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications within the Microgravity Research Division oversee studies in important physical, chemical, and biological processes in microgravity environment. Research is conducted in microgravity environment because of the beneficial results that come about for experiments. When research is done in normal gravity, scientists are limited to results that are affected by the gravity of Earth. Microgravity provides an environment where solid, liquid, and gas can be observed in a natural state of free fall and where many different variables are eliminated. One challenge that NASA faces is that space flight opportunities need to be used effectively and efficiently in order to ensure that some of the most scientifically promising research is conducted. Different vibratory sources are continually active aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Some of the vibratory sources include crew exercise, experiment setup, machinery startup (life support fans, pumps, freezer/compressor, centrifuge), thruster firings, and some unknown events. The Space Acceleration Measurement System (SAMs), which acts as the hardware and carefully positioned aboard the ISS, along with the Microgravity Environment Monitoring System MEMS), which acts as the software and is located here at NASA Glenn, are used to detect these vibratory sources aboard the ISS and recognize them as disturbances. The various vibratory disturbances can sometimes be harmful to the scientists different research projects. Some vibratory disturbances are recognized by the MEMS's database and some are not. Mainly, the unknown events that occur aboard the International Space Station are the ones of major concern. To better aid in the research experiments, the unknown events are identified and verified as unknown events. Features, such as frequency, acceleration level, time and date of recognition of the new patterns are stored in an Excel database. My task is to carefully synthesize frequency and acceleration patterns of unknown events within the Excel database into a new file to determine whether or not certain information that is received i s considered a real vibratory source. Once considered as a vibratory source, further analysis is carried out. The resulting information is used to retrain the MEMS to recognize them as known patterns. These different vibratory disturbances are being constantly monitored to observe if, in any way, the disturbances have an effect on the microgravity environment that research experiments are exposed to. If the disturbance has little or no effect on the experiments, then research is continued. However, if the disturbance is harmful to the experiment, scientists act accordingly by either minimizing the source or terminating the research and neither NASA's time nor money is wasted.

Laster, Rachel M.↗
NASA NTRS1999

X-Ray Diffraction Techniques for a Field Instrument: Patterns of Lithologic Provences

Future exploration of Mars will attempt to shed light on the mineralogy of surface materials. Instruments deployed from remote platforms should have the capability to conduct both intensive analyses as well as rapid, reconnaissance surveys while they function in the martian environment as surrogate geologists. In order to accommodate the reconnaissance mode of analysis and to compensate for analytical limitations imposed by the space-flight conditions, data analysis methods are being developed that will permit interpretation of data by recognition of signatures or "fingerprints". Specifically, we are developing a technique which will allow interpretation of diffraction patterns by recognition of characteristic signatures of different lithologic provences. This technique allows a remote vehicle to function in a rapid-scan mode using the lithologic signature to determine where a more thorough analysis is needed. An x-ray diffraction pattern is characterized by the angular positions of diffracted x-rays, x-ray intensity levels and background radiation levels. These elements may be used to identify a generalized x-ray signature. Lithologic signatures are being developed in two ways. A signature is composed using the ideal powder diffraction indices from the mineral assembledge common to a specific lithologic provence. This is then confirmed using a laboratory diffraction pattern of a whole rock powder. Preliminary results comparing the diffraction signatures of the major mineral assembledges common to basalt, carbonate, and evaporite basin deposits indicate that lithologies are differentiable as a "fingerprint". Statistical analyses are being performed to establish the confidence levels of this technique.

Marshall, J.↗
DOE OSTI2018

Molecular association model of PPARα and its new specific and efficient ligand, pemafibrate: Structural basis for SPPARMα

Highlights: • Computationally constructed the structure of hPPARα in a complex with pemafibrate. • Structural basis for potent effects of pemafibrate predicted by in silico FMO method. • Computational results were confirmed by in vitro luciferase assay analysis. • Unlike fibrates, pemafibrate binds efficiently that makes it as a novel SPPARMα. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) is a ligand-activated transcription factor involved in the regulation of lipid homeostasis and improves hypertriglyceridemia. Pemafibrate is a novel selective PPARα modulator (SPPARMα) that activates PPARα transcriptional activity. Here, we computationally constructed the structure of the human PPARα in a complex with pemafibrate, along with that of hPPARα complexed with the classical fenofibrate, and studied their interactions quantitatively by using the first-principles calculations-based fragment molecular orbital (FMO) method. Comprehensive structural and protein-ligand binding elucidation along with the in vitro luciferase analysis let us to identify pemafibrate as a novel SPPARMα. Unlike known fibrate ligands, which bind only with the arm I of the Y-shaped ligand binding pocket, the Y-shaped pemafibrate binds to the entire cavity region. This lock and key nature causes enhanced induced fit in pemafibrate-ligated PPARα. Importantly, this selective modulator allosterically changes PPARα conformation to form a brand-new interface, which in turn binds to PPARα co-activator, PGC-1α, resulting in the full activation of PPARα. The structural basis for the potent effects of pemafibrate on PPARα transcriptional activity predicted by the in silico FMO methods was confirmed by in vitro luciferase assay for mutants. The unique binding mode of pemafibrate reveals a new pattern of nuclear receptor ligand recognition and suggests a novel basis for ligand design, offering cues for improving the binding affinity and selectivity of ligand for better clinical consequences. The findings explain the high affinity and efficacy of pemafibrate, which is expected to be in the clinical use soon.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1973

A study of morphology, provenance, and movement of desert sand seas in Africa, Asia, and Australia

The author has identified the following significant results. The assembling of photomosaics from color prints of ERTS images has made possible the recognition and description of san patterns, and these are to be the basis of a worldwide classification of sand bodies. Progress has been as rapid as the acquisition of the bulk composite images will permit and for some areas the mosaics are now nearly complete. A second step, which consists of the accumulation and analysis of regional wind data, to be plotted as overlays for the dune patterns, is now underway and should soon give tangible results. Other aspects of the project include the gathering of ground truth in the form of air photographs, needed to interpret geomorphic forms and the sampling of sand deposits for analyzing the texture and composition of sand bodies. A start has been made on these studies in several selected areas.

Mckee, E. D.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Structural signatures in EPR3 define a unique class of plant carbohydrate receptors

Abstract Receptor-mediated perception of surface-exposed carbohydrates like lipo- and exo-polysaccharides (EPS) is important for non-self recognition and responses to microbial associated molecular patterns in mammals and plants. In legumes, EPS are monitored and can either block or promote symbiosis with rhizobia depending on their molecular composition. To establish a deeper understanding of receptors involved in EPS recognition, we determined the structure of the Lotus japonicus ( Lotus ) exopolysaccharide receptor 3 (EPR3) ectodomain. EPR3 forms a compact structure built of three putative carbohydrate-binding modules (M1, M2 and LysM3). M1 and M2 have unique βαββ and βαβ folds that have not previously been observed in carbohydrate binding proteins, while LysM3 has a canonical βααβ fold. We demonstrate that this configuration is a structural signature for a ubiquitous class of receptors in the plant kingdom. We show that EPR3 is promiscuous, suggesting that plants can monitor complex microbial communities though this class of receptors.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Human IFIT3 Modulates IFIT1 RNA Binding Specificity and Protein Stability

Although interferon-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFIT proteins) inhibit infection of many viruses by recognizing their RNA, the regulatory mechanisms involved remain unclear. Here, in this paper, we report a crystal structure of cap 0 (m 7 GpppN) RNA bound to human IFIT1 in complex with the C-terminal domain of human IFIT3. Structural, biochemical, and genetic studies suggest that IFIT3 binding to IFIT1 has dual regulatory functions: (1) extending the half-life of IFIT1 and thereby increasing its steady-state amounts in cells; and (2) allosterically regulating the IFIT1 RNA-binding channel, thereby enhancing the specificity of recognition for cap 0 but not cap 1 (m 7 GpppNm) or 5'-ppp RNA. Mouse Ifit3 lacks this key C-terminal domain and does not bind mouse Ifit1. The IFIT3 interaction with IFIT1 is important for restricting infection of viruses lacking 2'-O methylation in their RNA cap structures. Our experiments establish differences in the regulation of IFIT1 orthologs and define targets for modulation of human IFIT protein activity.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1977

Speech as a pilot input medium

The speech recognition system under development is a trainable pattern classifier based on a maximum-likelihood technique. An adjustable uncertainty threshold allows the rejection of borderline cases for which the probability of misclassification is high. The syntax of the command language spoken may be used as an aid to recognition, and the system adapts to changes in pronunciation if feedback from the user is available. Words must be separated by .25 second gaps. The system runs in real time on a mini-computer (PDP 11/10) and was tested on 120,000 speech samples from 10- and 100-word vocabularies. The results of these tests were 99.9% correct recognition for a vocabulary consisting of the ten digits, and 99.6% recognition for a 100-word vocabulary of flight commands, with a 5% rejection rate in each case. With no rejection, the recognition accuracies for the same vocabularies were 99.5% and 98.6% respectively.

Plummer, R. P.↗
DOE OSTI2015

Genomic dissection of anthracnose resistance response in sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]

Sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is the fifth most important grain crop behind maize, wheat, rice, and barley. Today, it is of interest as a source of fermentable sugars for the production of renewable fuels and chemicals, and as a source of biomass for co-firing. The productivity and profitability of sorghum are limited by several biotic constraints, most notably anthracnose caused by the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum sublineolum . The most cost-effective and environmentally benign strategy to control anthracnose is through the incorporation of resistance genes. Over the last three years, our research efforts have been directed to identify new sources of resistance in temperate adapted and tropical germplasm, and to delimited genomic regions associated with the observe anthracnose resistant response. Three biparental mapping populations derived from the resistant lines SC112-14, QL3 and IS18760 were evaluated for anthracnose resistance response in Texas, Georgia, Florida and Puerto Rico. In parallel, three high density recombination maps were constructed and used to identify resistant loci. Anthracnose resistant response in line SC112-14 is controlled by a major locus on chromosome 5. Segregation analysis of 1,500 progenies delimited the resistance locus on chromosome 5 to a 23-kb region harboring three candidate genes, including Sobic.005G17230 identified by GWAS of the sorghum association panel (SAP). The latter gene belongs to a family of genes encoding F-box proteins indicating that this resistance response involved in signaling cascades and transcriptional reprograming, rather than recognition of pathotype-associated molecular patterns. In contrast, anthracnose resistant response in lines QL3 and IS18760 is controlled by multiple small-effect genes. Greenhouse evaluation of a representative subset of the three mapping populations against nine pathotypes found that lines susceptible in the field could be resistant to a single pathotype in the greenhouse. Thus, the activation of a resistance response system by a single pathotype could not provide a broader resistance response against multiple pathotypes. The screening of 1,801 sweet sorghum accessions from the National Plant Germplasm System identified 654 accessions with Brix value larger than 10, which in turn was used to select a subset of 233 accessions for evaluation of anthracnose resistant response. Even though most of the accessions were not completely infected by anthracnose, 28 accessions were completely resistant against pathotypes from Texas, Georgia, Florida and Puerto Rico. Genotyping-by-sequencing analysis of this subset identified 157,843 single nucleotide polymorphisms. Population structure analysis of the subset based on a subset of 2,345 unlinked SNPs found that the genetic diversity could be divided into four populations. The genetic relatedness among accessions within populations suggests most of the resistant germplasm may contain few different resistance sources. These resistance sources present in sweet sorghum germplasm could expedite the development of new resistant sweet sorghum cultivars and hybrids by avoiding time-consuming introgression breeding approaches with non-sweet sorghums serving as donor of the resistance alleles.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Genomic dissection of anthracnose resistance response in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is the fifth most important grain crop behind maize, wheat, rice, and barley. Today, it is of interest as a source of fermentable sugars for the production of renewable fuels and chemicals, and as a source of biomass for co-firing. The productivity and profitability of sorghum are limited by several biotic constraints, most notably anthracnose caused by the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum sublineolum. The most cost-effective and environmentally benign strategy to control anthracnose is through the incorporation of resistance genes. Over the last three years, our research efforts have been directed to identify new sources of resistance in temperate adapted and tropical germplasm, and to delimited genomic regions associated with the observe anthracnose resistant response. Three biparental mapping populations derived from the resistant lines SC112-14, QL3 and IS18760 were evaluated for anthracnose resistance response in Texas, Georgia, Florida and Puerto Rico. In parallel, three high density recombination maps were constructed and used to identify resistant loci. Anthracnose resistant response in line SC112-14 is controlled by a major locus on chromosome 5. Segregation analysis of 1,500 progenies delimited the resistance locus on chromosome 5 to a 23-kb region harboring three candidate genes, including Sobic.005G17230 identified by GWAS of the sorghum association panel (SAP). The latter gene belongs to a family of genes encoding F-box proteins indicating that this resistance response involved in signaling cascades and transcriptional reprograming, rather than recognition of pathotype-associated molecular patterns. In contrast, anthracnose resistant response in lines QL3 and IS18760 is controlled by multiple small-effect genes. Greenhouse evaluation of a representative subset of the three mapping populations against nine pathotypes found that lines susceptible in the field could be resistant to a single pathotype in the greenhouse. Thus, the activation of a resistance response system by a single pathotype could not provide a broader resistance response against multiple pathotypes. The screening of 1,801 sweet sorghum accessions from the National Plant Germplasm System identified 654 accessions with Brix value larger than 10, which in turn was used to select a subset of 233 accessions for evaluation of anthracnose resistant response. Even though most of the accessions were not completely infected by anthracnose, 28 accessions were completely resistant against pathotypes from Texas, Georgia, Florida and Puerto Rico. Genotyping-by-sequencing analysis of this subset identified 157,843 single nucleotide polymorphisms. Population structure analysis of the subset based on a subset of 2,345 unlinked SNPs found that the genetic diversity could be divided into four populations. The genetic relatedness among accessions within populations suggests most of the resistant germplasm may contain few different resistance sources. These resistance sources present in sweet sorghum germplasm could expedite the development of new resistant sweet sorghum cultivars and hybrids by avoiding time-consuming introgression breeding approaches with non-sweet sorghums serving as donor of the resistance alleles.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Genomic dissection of anthracnose resistance response in sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is the fifth most important grain crop behind maize, wheat, rice, and barley. Today, it is of interest as a source of fermentable sugars for the production of renewable fuels and chemicals, and as a source of biomass for co-firing. The productivity and profitability of sorghum are limited by several biotic constraints, most notably anthracnose caused by the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum sublineolum. The most cost-effective and environmentally benign strategy to control anthracnose is through the incorporation of resistance genes. Over the last three years, our research efforts have been directed to identify new sources of resistance in temperate adapted and tropical germplasm, and to delimited genomic regions associated with the observe anthracnose resistant response. Three biparental mapping populations derived from the resistant lines SC112-14, QL3 and IS18760 were evaluated for anthracnose resistance response in Texas, Georgia, Florida and Puerto Rico. In parallel, three high density recombination maps were constructed and used to identify resistant loci. Anthracnose resistant response in line SC112-14 is controlled by a major locus on chromosome 5. Segregation analysis of 1,500 progenies delimited the resistance locus on chromosome 5 to a 23-kb region harboring three candidate genes, including Sobic.005G17230 identified by GWAS of the sorghum association panel (SAP). The latter gene belongs to a family of genes encoding F-box proteins indicating that this resistance response involved in signaling cascades and transcriptional reprograming, rather than recognition of pathotype-associated molecular patterns. In contrast, anthracnose resistant response in lines QL3 and IS18760 is controlled by multiple small-effect genes. Greenhouse evaluation of a representative subset of the three mapping populations against nine pathotypes found that lines susceptible in the field could be resistant to a single pathotype in the greenhouse. Thus, the activation of a resistance response system by a single pathotype could not provide a broader resistance response against multiple pathotypes. The screening of 1,801 sweet sorghum accessions from the National Plant Germplasm System identified 654 accessions with Brix value larger than 10, which in turn was used to select a subset of 233 accessions for evaluation of anthracnose resistant response. Even though most of the accessions were not completely infected by anthracnose, 28 accessions were completely resistant against pathotypes from Texas, Georgia, Florida and Puerto Rico. Genotyping-by-sequencing analysis of this subset identified 157,843 single nucleotide polymorphisms. Population structure analysis of the subset based on a subset of 2,345 unlinked SNPs found that the genetic diversity could be divided into four populations. The genetic relatedness among accessions within populations suggests most of the resistant germplasm may contain few different resistance sources. These resistance sources present in sweet sorghum germplasm could expedite the development of new resistant sweet sorghum cultivars and hybrids by avoiding time-consuming introgression breeding approaches with non-sweet sorghums serving as donor of the resistance alleles.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
NASA NTRS1974

Summary of an integrated ERTS-1 project and its results at the Missouri Geological Survey

Use of the ERTS imagery involved the recognition and interpretation of various ground patterns. Analysis and application are tied to ongoing programs. Specific studies utilizing the imagery and NASA aircraft photography are: a statewide lake and dam inventory; assessment of flooding and floodprone areas along the Missouri portion of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers; land-use classification for several counties; structural features in selected areas; and Pleistocene features in northern Missouri. Though it has been suggested that repetitive coverage is not necessary for geologic studies, it is this specific feature along with the synoptic view of large portions of the State that provided the potential for the utilization of the ERTS imagery in Missouri. Other State agencies, Departments of Conservation, Agriculture, and Community Affairs, have expressed interest in the potential application of ERTS data in their respective fields.

Martin, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1976

A multilevel approach to sequential detection of pictorial features

The problem of detecting the local similarity between templates in a given class and a given image using a hierarchically ordered sequential decision rule is examined. It is proposed that the set of templates be partitioned and a 'representative template' be defined for each of the partitions. Several levels of partitioning are defined. Elimination of mismatching locations and termination of computation can take place at each level of detection. Each level of testing is over a more restrictive subset of the template class than the previous level. Criteria are given for selecting representative templates, the ordering of components of a template vector for error evaluation, and the threshold sequences to be used in deciding about a 'match'. Suboptimal solutions are given satisfying these criteria. Examples showing recognition of linear features in test patterns and photographs obtained by aerial and spaceborne sensors are provided.

Ramapriyan, H. K.↗