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At least 1,135 records · Page 63
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Relationships Between Precipitation Properties and Large-Scale Conditions During Subsidence at the Eastern North Atlantic Observatory

Three years of reanalysis and ground-based observations collected at the Eastern North Atlantic (ENA) observatory are analyzed to document the properties of rain and boundary layer clouds, and their relationship with the large-scale environment during general subsidence conditions and following cold front passages. Clouds in the wake of cold fronts exhibit on average a 10% higher propensity to precipitate and higher rain-to-cloud fraction than cloud found in general subsidence conditions. Similarities in the seasonal cycle of rain and of large-scale properties suggest that the large-scale conditions created by the cold front passage are responsible for the unique properties of the rain forming in its wake. The identification of monotonic relationships between rain-to-cloud fraction and rain rate with surface forcing and boundary layer stability parameters as well as between virga base height with stability and humidity measures further supports that large-scale conditions impact precipitation variability. Likewise, these relationships between the large-scale and rain properties are less clear than those established between cloud and rain properties suggesting that cloud macrophysics have a more direct impact on the properties of rain than the large-scale environment. The applicability of previously documented relationships between rain properties and cloud thickness is tested and the relationships adjusted to accommodate the complex shallow clouds and melting precipitation observed to occur in the ENA region. Furthermore, establishing these relationships opens up opportunities for parametrization development and suggest that a realistic representation of precipitation properties in models relies on the accurate representation of both clouds and the large-scale environment.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Multipoint Observations of Dispersive Scale Alfvénic Field‐Line Resonances Associated With Substorm Auroral Beads

We present a case study of the field-aligned current (FAC) systems that transpire within the high-altitude auroral acceleration region of an “auroral bead” initiated double oval substorm observed on 23 February 2001 by the Cluster fleet. Conjunctive Cluster measurements and auroral images from IMAGE reveal that auroral bead current system formation and evolution is a multi-scale, injection-mediated process. The FACs at large scales vary on substorm evolution time scales (~minutes) in response to the injection and evolution of hotter denser magnetospheric plasma. Embedded within the large-scale FACs are intense short-scale (≲ few 10s of km) currents comprising dispersive scale Alfvén wave (DAW) fluctuations. The DAWs are a complex mixture of ingoing and reflected components that regularly interfere to form a broad spectrum of kinetic (dispersive) scale Alfvénic field-line resonances (KFLRs). The Alfvénic currents appear as a nested series of upward and downward FAC densities with amplitudes reaching a few 100 nA/m 2 . Energized field-aligned or counterstreaming electrons near keV energies and below are observed with parallel skews that vary in concert with variations in the DAW current sense. Positive correlations between DAW electric field energy densities and the energies of energized H + , He + , and O + outflow are observed, indicative of ion energization within the DAW fields. Due to their L-shell location (L~5.8–7.0) and associations with injections, the KFLRs are interpreted as the high-altitude auroral zone analog of KFLRs observed in the equatorial inner magnetosphere.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

A Scale‐Dependent Analysis of the Barotropic Vorticity Budget in a Global Ocean Simulation

Abstract The climatological mean barotropic vorticity budget is analyzed to investigate the relative importance of surface wind stress, topography, planetary vorticity advection, and nonlinear advection in dynamical balances in a global ocean simulation. In addition to a pronounced regional variability in vorticity balances, the relative magnitudes of vorticity budget terms strongly depend on the length‐scale of interest. To carry out a length‐scale dependent vorticity analysis in different ocean basins, vorticity budget terms are spatially coarse‐grained. At length‐scales greater than 1,000 km, the dynamics closely follow the Topographic‐Sverdrup balance in which bottom pressure torque, surface wind stress curl and planetary vorticity advection terms are in balance. In contrast, when including all length‐scales resolved by the model, bottom pressure torque and nonlinear advection terms dominate the vorticity budget (Topographic‐Nonlinear balance), which suggests a prominent role of oceanic eddies, which are of km in size, and the associated bottom pressure anomalies in local vorticity balances at length‐scales smaller than 1,000 km. Overall, there is a transition from the Topographic‐Nonlinear regime at scales smaller than 1,000 km to the Topographic‐Sverdrup regime at length‐scales greater than 1,000 km. These dynamical balances hold across all ocean basins; however, interpretations of the dominant vorticity balances depend on the level of spatial filtering or the effective model resolution. On the other hand, the contribution of bottom and lateral friction terms in the barotropic vorticity budget remains small and is significant only near sea‐land boundaries, where bottom stress and horizontal viscous friction generally peak.

Khatri, Hemant↗
DOE OSTI2024

A Machine Learning Bias Correction on Large–Scale Environment of High–Impact Weather Systems in E3SM Atmosphere Model

Large–scale dynamical and thermodynamical processes are common environmental drivers of high–impact weather systems causing extreme weather events. However, such large–scale environmental conditions often display systematic biases in climate simulations, posing challenges to evaluating high–impact weather systems and extreme weather events. In this paper, a machine learning (ML) approach was employed to bias correct the large–scale wind, temperature, and humidity simulated by the atmospheric component of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) at ~1° resolution. The usefulness of the ML approach for extreme weather analysis was demonstrated with a focus on three high–impact weather systems, including tropical cyclones (TCs), extratropical cyclones (ETCs), and atmospheric rivers (ARs). We show that the ML model can effectively reduce climate bias in large–scale wind, temperature, and humidity while preserving their responses to imposed climate change perturbations. The bias correction is found to directly improve water vapor transport associated with ARs, and representations of thermodynamical flows associated with ETCs. When the bias–corrected large–scale winds are used to drive a synthetic TC track forecast model over the Atlantic basin, the resulting TC track density agrees better with that of the TC track model driven by observed winds. In addition, the ML model insignificantly interferes with the mean climate change signals of large–scale storm environments as well as the occurrence and intensity of three weather systems. This study suggests that the proposed ML approach can be used to improve the downscaling of extreme weather events by providing more realistic large–scale storm environments simulated by low–resolution climate models.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Exploring the parameter space of MagLIF implosions using similarity scaling. I. Theoretical framework

Magneto-inertial fusion concepts, such as the magnetized liner inertial fusion (MagLIF) platform, constitute an alternative path for achieving ignition and significant fusion yields in the laboratory. The space of experimental input parameters defining a MagLIF load is highly multi-dimensional, and the implosion itself is a complex event involving many physical processes. In the first paper of this series, we develop a simplified analytical model that identifies the main physical processes at play during a MagLIF implosion. Using non-dimensional analysis, we determine the most important dimensionless parameters characterizing MagLIF implosions and provide estimates of such parameters using typical fielded or experimentally observed quantities for MagLIF. Here, we then show that MagLIF loads can be “incompletely” similarity scaled, meaning that the experimental input parameters of MagLIF can be varied such that many (but not all) of the dimensionless quantities are conserved. Based on similarity-scaling arguments, we can explore the parameter space of MagLIF loads and estimate the performance of the scaled loads. Then, in the follow-up papers of this series, we test the similarity-scaling theory for MagLIF loads against simulations for two different scaling “vectors,” which include current scaling and rise-time scaling.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

MULTIFRACTAL AND MONOFRACTAL SCALING IN A LABORATORY MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC TURBULENCE EXPERIMENT

Both multifractal and monofractal scaling of structure function exponents are observed in the turbulent magnetic fluctuations of the Swarthmore Spheromak Experiment plasma. Structure function and probability distribution function (PDF) analysis exhibits multifractal scaling exponents in low frequency, inertial range fluctuations of the turbulence but monofractal scaling in higher frequency, dissipation range fluctuations. The transition from multifractal to monofractal scaling occurs rapidly suggesting a dissipation mechanism that is insensitive to turbulent structure scale size. Structure functions and PDFs are presented for both temporal and spatial measurements. Variations in the magnetic helicity in the plasma are also shown to modify multifractal scaling characteristics of the inertial range, but do not affect the monofractal scaling of the dissipation range.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

Characterizing the pressure smoothing scale of the intergalactic medium

The thermal state of the intergalactic medium (IGM) at z < 6 constrains the nature and timing of cosmic reionization events, but its inference from the Lyα forest is degenerate with the 3D structure of the IGM on ∼100 kpc scales, where, analogous to the classical Jeans argument, the pressure of the T ≃ 10{sup 4} K gas supports it against gravity. We simulate the IGM using smoothed particle hydrodynamics, and find that, at z < 6, the gas density power spectrum does not exhibit the expected filtering scale cutoff, because dense gas in collapsed halos dominates the small-scale power masking pressure smoothing effects. We introduce a new statistic, the real-space Lyα flux, F{sub real}, which naturally suppresses dense gas, and is thus robust against the poorly understood physics of galaxy formation, revealing pressure smoothing in the diffuse IGM. The F{sub real} power spectrum is accurately described by a simple fitting function with cutoff at λ{sub F}, allowing us to rigorously quantify the pressure smoothing scale for the first time: we find λ{sub F} = 79 kpc (comoving) at z = 3 for our fiducial thermal model. This statistic has the added advantage that it directly relates to observations of correlated Lyα forest absorption in close quasar pairs, recently proposed as a method to measure the pressure smoothing scale. Our results enable one to quantify the pressure smoothing scale in simulations, and ask meaningful questions about its dependence on reionization and thermal history. Accordingly, the standard description of the IGM in terms of the amplitude T{sub 0} and slope γ of the temperature–density relation T=T{sub 0}(ρ/ ρ-bar ){sup γ−1} should be augmented with a third pressure smoothing scale parameter λ{sub F}.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Ultra-large-scale cosmology in next-generation experiments with single tracers

Future surveys of large-scale structure will be able to measure perturbations on the scale of the cosmological horizon, and so could potentially probe a number of novel relativistic effects that are negligibly small on sub-horizon scales. These effects leave distinctive signatures in the power spectra of clustering observables and, if measurable, would open a new window on relativistic cosmology. We quantify the size and detectability of the effects for the most relevant future large-scale structure experiments: spectroscopic and photometric galaxy redshift surveys, intensity mapping surveys of neutral hydrogen, and radio continuum surveys. Our forecasts show that next-generation experiments, reaching out to redshifts z≃4, will not be able to detect previously undetected general-relativistic effects by using individual tracers of the density field, although the contribution of weak lensing magnification on large scales should be clearly detectable. We also perform a rigorous joint forecast for the detection of primordial non-Gaussianity through the excess power it produces in the clustering of biased tracers on large scales, finding that uncertainties of σ(f{sub NL})∼1−2 should be achievable. We study the level of degeneracy of these large-scale effects with several tracer-dependent nuisance parameters, quantifying the minimal priors on the latter that are needed for an optimal measurement of the former. Finally, we discuss the systematic effects that must be mitigated to achieve this level of sensitivity, and some alternative approaches that should help to improve the constraints. The computational tools developed to carry out this study, which requires the full-sky computation of the theoretical angular power spectra for O(100) redshift bins, as well as realistic models of the luminosity function, are publicly available at http://intensitymapping.physics.ox.ac.uk/codes.html.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Analyzing the cosmic variance limit of remote dipole measurements of the cosmic microwave background using the large-scale kinetic Sunyaev Zel'dovich effect

Due to cosmic variance we cannot learn any more about large-scale inhomogeneities from the primary cosmic microwave background (CMB) alone. More information on large scales is essential for resolving large angular scale anomalies in the CMB. Here we consider cross correlating the large-scale kinetic Sunyaev Zel'dovich (kSZ) effect and probes of large-scale structure, a technique known as kSZ tomography. The statistically anisotropic component of the cross correlation encodes the CMB dipole as seen by free electrons throughout the observable Universe, providing information about long wavelength inhomogeneities. We compute the large angular scale power asymmetry, constructing the appropriate transfer functions, and estimate the cosmic variance limited signal to noise for a variety of redshift bin configurations. The signal to noise is significant over a large range of power multipoles and numbers of bins. We present a simple mode counting argument indicating that kSZ tomography can be used to estimate more modes than the primary CMB on comparable scales. A basic forecast indicates that a first detection could be made with next-generation CMB experiments and galaxy surveys. This paper motivates a more systematic investigation of how close to the cosmic variance limit it will be possible to get with future observations.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

The effect of Electron Cyclotron Heating on density fluctuations at ion and electron scales in ITER Baseline Scenario discharges on the DIII-D tokamak

Experiments simulating the ITER Baseline Scenario on the DIII-D tokamak show that torque-free pure electron heating, when coupled to plasmas subject to a net co-current beam torque, affects density fluctuations at electron scales on a sub-confinement time scale, whereas fluctuations at ion scales change only after profiles have evolved to a new stationary state. Modifications to the density fluctuations measured by the Phase Contrast Imaging diagnostic (PCI) are assessed by analyzing the time evolution following the switch-off of Electron Cyclotron Heating (ECH), thus going from mixed beam/ECH to pure neutral beam heating at fixed β N . Within 20 ms after turning off ECH, the intensity of fluctuations is observed to increase at frequencies higher than 200 kHz; in contrast, fluctuations at lower frequency are seen to decrease in intensity on a longer time scale, after other equilibrium quantities have evolved. Non-linear gyro-kinetic modeling at ion and electron scales scales suggest that, while the low frequency response of the diagnostic is consistent with the dominant ITG modes being weakened by the slow-time increase in flow shear, the high frequency response is due to prompt changes to the electron temperature profile that enhance electron modes and generate a larger heat flux and an inward particle pinch. Furthermore, these results suggest that electron heated regimes in ITER will feature multi-scale fluctuations that might affect fusion performance via modifications to profiles.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Nonlinear modeling of the scaling law for the m/n = 3/2 error field penetration threshold

The scaling law for the m/n=3/2 error field (EF) penetration threshold is predicted numerically based on nonlinear single-fluid and two-fluid modeling using the TM1 code. The simulated penetration threshold of radial magnetic field b r at the plasma edge is scaled to the electron density n e , temperature T e , viscous time τ μ , toroidal field B t and the natural frequency ω in the form of b r /B t ∝n e αn T e αT τ μ αμ B t αB ω αω by scanning these parameters separately. Here, α n , α T , α μ , α B and α ω are the scaling coefficients on n e , T e , τ μ , B t and ω, respectively. Single-fluid modeling shows that the 3/2 EF threshold scales as b r /B t ∝n e 0.56 T e 0.6 τ μ -0.59 B t -1.15 ω, which is similar with the analytical scaling law in both the Rutherford and visco-resistive regimes. Yet, two-fluid modeling shows that the scaling law differs significantly in particular regarding the dependence on plasma rotation. In detail, the scaling coefficient α n on density decreases from 0.67 to 0.56 and α T on temperature decreases from 0.67 to 0.32, while α μ on viscous time is around -0.45 and α B on toroidal field decreases slightly from -1.15 to -1, when the ratio |ω E /ω *e | between plasma rotation frequency ω E and diamagnetic drift frequency ω *e varies from 0 to 10. Scans of the plasma rotation reveals that the penetration threshold linearly depends on the perpendicular rotation frequency (or natural frequency) ω ⊥e =ω E +ω *e , and there is a minimum in the required field amplitude when ω ⊥e 0. In addition, the enduring mystery of non-zero penetration threshold at zero plasma natural frequency in EF experiments is resolved by two-fluid simulations. We report that the very small island and smooth bifurcation in EF penetration near zero frequency is hard to detect in the experiment, leading to a finite penetration threshold within the capability of the experimental measurements.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Escape and finite-size scaling in diffusion-controlled annihilation

In this paper, we study diffusion-controlled single-species annihilation with a finite number of particles. In this reaction-diffusion process, each particle undergoes ordinary diffusion, and when two particles meet, they annihilate. We focus on spatial dimensions d>2 where a finite number of particles typically survive the annihilation process. Using scaling techniques we investigate the average number of surviving particles, M, as a function of the initial number of particles, N. In three dimensions, for instance, we find the scaling law M ~ N 1/3 in the asymptotic regime N»1. We show that two time scales govern the reaction kinetics: the diffusion time scale, T ~ N 2/3 , and the escape time scale, τ ~ N 4/3 . The vast majority of annihilation events occur on the diffusion time scale, while no annihilation events occur beyond the escape time scale.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

A Physical Basis for M s -Yield Scaling in Hard Rock and Implications for Late-Time Damage of the Source Medium

Surface wave magnitude M s for a compilation of 72 nuclear tests detonated in hard rock media for which yields and burial depths have been reported in the literature is shown to scale with yield W as a + b × log[W], where a = 2.50 ± 0.08 and b = 0.80 ± 0.05. While the exponent b is consistent with an M s scaling model for fully coupled, normal containment-depth explosions, the intercept a is offset 0.45 magnitude units lower than the model. The cause of offset is important to understand in terms of the explosion source. Hard rock explosions conducted in extensional and compressional stress regimes show similar offsets, an indication that the tectonic setting in which an explosion occurs plays no role causing the offset. The scaling model accounts for the effects of source medium material properties on the generation of 20-s period Rayleigh wave amplitudes. Aided by thorough characterizations of the explosion and tectonic release sources, an extensive analysis of the 1963 October 26 Shoal nuclear test detonated in granite 27 miles southeast of Fallon NV shows that the offset is consistent with the predictions of a material damage source model related to non-linear stress wave interactions with the free surface. This source emits Rayleigh waves with polarity opposite to waves emitted by the explosion. The Shoal results were extended to analyse surface waves from the 1962 February 15 Hardhat nuclear test, the 1988 September 14 Soviet Joint Verification Experiment, and the anomalous 1979 August 18 northeast Balapan explosion which exhibits opposite polarity, azimuth-independent source component U1 compared to an explosion. Modelling these tests shows that Rayleigh wave amplitudes generated by the damage source are nearly as large as or larger than amplitudes from the explosion. As such, destructive interference can be drastic, introducing metastable conditions due to the sensitivity of reduced amplitudes to Rayleigh wave initial phase angles of the explosion and damage sources. This meta-stability is a likely source of scatter in M s -yield scaling observations. The agreement of observed scaling exponent b with the model suggests that the damage source strength does not vary much with yield, in contrast to explosions conducted in weak media where Ms scaling rates are greater than the model predicts, and the yield dependence of the damage source strength is significant. This difference in scaling behaviour is a consequence of source medium material properties.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Smaller stellar disc scale lengths in rich environments

Abstract We investigate the dependence of stellar disc scale lengths on environment for a sample of Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 galaxies with published photometric bulge-disc decompositions. We compare disc scale lengths at fixed bulge mass for galaxies in an isolated field environment to galaxies in X-ray rich and X-ray poor groups. At low bulge mass, stellar disc scale lengths in X-ray rich groups are smaller compared to discs in both X-ray poor groups and in isolated field environments. This decrease in disc scale length is largely independent of halo mass, though shows some dependence on group-centric distance. We also find that stellar disc scale lengths are smaller in X-ray rich environments for a subset of star-forming galaxies and for galaxies of different morphological types. We note that disc scale lengths of low mass galaxies are known to have large systematic uncertainties, however we focus on differences between samples with the same measurement biases. Our results show that stellar disc scale lengths depend on X-ray brightness, a tracer of IGM density, suggesting a role for hydrodynamic processes such as ram-pressure stripping and/or starvation.

Demers, Melanie L.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Controlling and leveraging small-scale information in tomographic galaxy–galaxy lensing

ABSTRACT The tangential shear signal receives contributions from physical scales in the galaxy–matter correlation function well below the transverse scale at which it is measured. Since small scales are difficult to model, this non-locality has generally required stringent scale cuts or new statistics for cosmological analyses. Using the fact that uncertainty in these contributions corresponds to an uncertainty in the enclosed projected mass around the lens, we provide an analytic marginalization scheme to account for this. Our approach enables the inclusion of measurements on smaller scales without requiring numerical sampling over extra free parameters. We extend the analytic marginalization formalism to retain cosmographic (shear-ratio) information from small-scale measurements that would otherwise be removed due to modelling uncertainties, again without requiring the addition of extra sampling parameters. We test the methodology using simulated likelihood analysis of a Dark Energy Survey Year 5-like galaxy–galaxy lensing and galaxy clustering datavector. We demonstrate that we can remove parameter biases due to the presence of an unmodelled one-halo contamination of the galaxy–galaxy lensing signal, and use the shear-ratio information on small scales to improve cosmological parameter constraints.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Understanding Hydraulic Fracturing: A Multi-Scale Problem

Despite the impact that hydraulic fracturing has had on the energy sector, the physical mechanisms that control its efficiency and environmental impacts remain poorly understood in part because the length scales involved range from nano-meters to kilo-meters. We characterize flow and transport in shale formations across and between these scales using integrated computational, theoretical, and experimental efforts. At the field scale, we use discrete fracture network modeling to simulate production at a well site whose fracture network is based on a site characterization of a shale formation. At the core scale, we use triaxial fracture experiments and a finite-element discrete-element fracture propagation model with a coupled fluid solver to study dynamic crack propagation in low permeability shale. We use lattice Boltzmann pore-scale simulations and microfluidic experiments in both synthetic and real micromodels to study pore-scale flow phenomenon such as multiphase flow and mixing. A mechanistic description and integration of these multiple scales is required for accurate predictions of production and the eventual optimization of hydrocarbon extraction from unconventional reservoirs.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Deconfinement, gradient, and cooling scales for pure SU(2) lattice gauge theory

Here we investigate the approach of pure SU(2) lattice gauge theory with the Wilson action to its continuum limit using the deconfining phase transition, the gradient flow and the cooling flow to set the scale. For the gradient and cooling scales we explore three different energy observables and two distinct reference values for the flow time. When the aim is to follow scaling towards the continuum limit, one gains at least a factor of 100 in computational efficiency by relying on the gradient instead of the deconfinement scale. Using cooling instead of the gradient flow one gains another factor of at least 34 in computational efficiency on the gradient flow part without any significant loss in the accuracy of scale setting. Concerning our observables, the message is to keep it simple. The Wilson action itself performs as well as or even better than the other two observables explored. Two distinct fitting forms for scaling are compared, of which one connects to asymptotic scaling. Differences of the obtained estimates show that systematic errors of length ratios, though only about 1%, can be considerably larger than statistical errors of the same observables.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2018

Device design and flow scaling for liquid sheet jets

We present a design and experimental study of microfluidic converging nozzles which creates a stable liquid sheet jet. The sheet jets formed by the nozzles can be varied between order 10 μm to submicron thicknesses (a measured minimum thickness of 560 nm). A parametric study of the jet structure was performed here including 51-fold variation of Reynolds number, 20-fold variation of Weber number, 89-fold variation of capillary number, and 12-fold variation of nozzle exit aspect ratio. These studies benefited from variation of working liquids, nozzle geometry, 10-fold variation of flow rate, and 7.1-fold variation of key length scales. Navier-Stokes simulations of internal fluid flow were also performed to identify key physical phenomena. These studies were used to propose and test physical scaling theories for jet thickness, length, and width of the primary sheet. The scaling theories are also informed by classic studies of colliding jets with similar flow structures. For sheet thickness, we present two scaling approaches: one relying on internal fluid flow calculations and the other based solely on nozzle geometry. For sheet length and width, scaling theories are presented based on the nozzle geometry and essential dimensionless flow parameters. The scalings do not require numerical simulation of external flow and exhibit efficient collapse across the parameter space. Together, the fabrication method and scaling theories provide a clear path to the rapid and efficient design of liquid sheet jets.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗