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Results for “ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERACTIONS”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,135 records · Page 63
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

Experimental Evidence of Radiation Reaction in the Collision of a High-Intensity Laser Pulse with a Laser-Wakefield Accelerated Electron Beam

The dynamics of energetic particles in strong electromagnetic fields can be heavily influenced by the energy loss arising from the emission of radiation during acceleration, known as radiation reaction. When interacting with a high-energy electron beam, today’s lasers are sufficiently intense to explore the transition between the classical and quantum radiation reaction regimes. We present evidence of radiation reaction in the collision of an ultrarelativistic electron beam generated by laser-wakefield acceleration ( ϵ > 500 MeV ) with an intense laser pulse (a 0 > 10). We measure an energy loss in the postcollision electron spectrum that is correlated with the detected signal of hard photons (γ rays), consistent with a quantum description of radiation reaction. The generated γ rays have the highest energies yet reported from an all-optical inverse Compton scattering scheme, with critical energy ϵ crit > 30 MeV.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2020

75 Years of Drift: The changing meaning of phasor [History]

The origin of what electrical engineers call a phasor diagram is explored, and traced to a treatise by William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) and Peter Tait. The diagram was mechanical in origin, and gave a geometrical way to visualize and calculate the interactions of sinusoidal motions. Originally, the words radius vector were used in association with the diagram. Later authors used vector. As work on electromagnetic fields expanded, the word phasor was introduced to replace it. That change came about as a result of a deliberate effort (in 1944) to have a clear and unambiguous term of art. Since then, the meaning of the word has changed, and the geometrical interpretation has fallen out of favor. Unfortunately, clarity and unambiguity have suffered as a result. Newer meanings are examined. The measurement of phase angle in the electric power system is described. An Appendix on the work of Steinmetz shows that he did not favor the phasor representation.

Vector, Phasor, Phasor Measurement Unit↗
DOE OSTI2024

Observation of millihertz-level cooperative Lamb shifts in an optical atomic clock

Collective couplings of atomic dipoles to a shared electromagnetic environment produce a wide range of many-body phenomena. We report on the direct observation of resonant electric dipole-dipole interactions in a cubic array of atoms in the many-excitation limit. The interactions produce spatially dependent cooperative Lamb shifts when spectroscopically interrogating the millihertz-wide optical clock transition in strontium-87. We show that the ensemble-averaged shifts can be suppressed below the level of evaluated systematic uncertainties for optical atomic clocks. Additionally, we demonstrate that excitation of the atomic dipoles near a Bragg angle can enhance these effects by nearly an order of magnitude compared with nonresonant geometries. Our work demonstrates a platform for precise studies of the quantum many-body physics of spins with long-range interactions mediated by propagating photons.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗
DOE OSTI2016

Photoproduction of $\eta$ $\pi$ pairs off nucleons and deuterons

Quasi-free photoproduction of πη-pairs has been investigated from threshold up to incident photon energies of 1.4 GeV, respectively up to photon-nucleon invariant masses up to 1.9 GeV. Total cross sections, angular distributions, invariant-mass distributions of the πη and meson-nucleon pairs, and beam helicity asymmetries have been measured for the reactions γp → pπ 0 η, γn → nπ 0 η, γp → nπ + η, and γn → pπ – η from nucleons bound inside the deuteron. For the γp initial-state data for free protons have also been analyzed. Finally, the total cross sections for quasi-free production of π 0 η pairs from nucleons bound in 3He nuclei have been investigated in view of final state interaction (FSI) effects. The experiments were performed at the tagged photon beam facility of the Mainz MAMI accelerator using an almost 4π covering electromagnetic calorimeter composed of the Crystal Ball and TAPS detectors. The shapes of all differential cross section data and the asymmetries are very similar for protons and neutrons and agree with the conjecture that the reactions are dominated by the sequential Δ *3/2 – → ηΔ(1232) → πηN decay chain, mainly with Δ(1700)3/2 – and Δ(1940)3/2 – . The ratios of the magnitude of the total cross sections also agree with this assumption. Furthermore, the absolute magnitudes of the cross sections are reduced by FSI effects with respect to free proton data.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Black Holes and Other Clues to the Quantum Structure of Gravity

Bringing gravity into a quantum-mechanical framework is likely the most profound remaining problem in fundamental physics. The “unitarity crisis” for black hole evolution appears to be a key facet of this problem, whose resolution will provide important clues. Investigating this raises the important structural question of how to think about subsystems and localization of information in quantum gravity. Paralleling field theory, the answer to this is expected to be an important ingredient in the mathematical structure of the theory. Perturbative gravity results indicate a structure different from that of quantum field theory, but suggest an avenue to defining subsystems. If black holes do behave similarly to familiar subsystems, unitarity demands new interactions that transfer entanglement from them. Such interactions can be parameterized in an effective approach, without directly addressing the question of the fundamental dynamics, whether that is associated with quantum spacetime, wormholes, or something else. Since such interactions need to extend outside the horizon, that raises the question of whether they can be constrained, or might be observed, by new electromagnetic or gravitational wave observations of strong gravity regions. This note overviews and provides connections between these developments.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

The Search for Spatial Extension in High-latitude Sources Detected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope

Here, we present a search for spatial extension in high-latitude ($| b| \gt 5^\circ $) sources in recent Fermi point source catalogs. The result is the Fermi High-Latitude Extended Sources Catalog, which provides source extensions (or upper limits thereof) and likelihood profiles for a suite of tested source morphologies. We find 24 extended sources, 19 of which were not previously characterized as extended. These include sources that are potentially associated with supernova remnants and star-forming regions. We also found extended γ-ray emission in the vicinity of the Cen A radio lobes and—at GeV energies for the first time—spatially coincident with the radio emission of the SNR CTA 1, as well as from the Crab Nebula. We also searched for halos around active galactic nuclei, which are predicted from electromagnetic cascades induced by the e + e – pairs that are deflected in intergalactic magnetic fields. These pairs are produced when γ-rays interact with background radiation fields. We do not find evidence for extension in individual sources or in stacked source samples. This enables us to place limits on the flux of the extended source components, which are then used to constrain the intergalactic magnetic field to be stronger than 3 × 10 –16 G for a coherence length λ ≳ 10 kpc, even when conservative assumptions on the source duty cycle are made. This improves previous limits by several orders of magnitude.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Electron and neutrino scattering off the deuteron in a relativistic framework

Here, we build a relativistic model to perform calculations of exclusive, semiexclusive, and inclusive unpolarized cross sections and various polarization observables in electron and neutrino scattering experiments with deuteron targets. The strong interaction dynamics is defined by an explicit dynamical unitary representation of the Poincaré group, where representations of space translations and rotations in the interacting and noninteracting representations are the same. The Argonne V18 potential is used to construct a relativistic nucleon-nucleon interaction reproducing the experimental deuteron binding energy and nucleon-nucleon scattering observables. Our formalism does not include the pion production channel and neglects two-body contributions in the electromagnetic as well as in the weak nuclear current operator. We show that it is applicable to processes at kinematics, where the internal two-nucleon energy remains below the pion production threshold but the magnitude of the three-momentum transfer extends at least to several GeV.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Cosmic Muon Induced EM Showers in NO$\nu$A

Being a $\nu _e$ appearance experiment, NO$\nu$A finds signal $\nu _e$ events by detecting electrons in the final state of ( $\nu _e$ -CC) interaction. This requires correct modeling and reconstruction of electrons. The biggest background to $\nu _e$ -CC signal events is from $\nu _\mu $ -NC events where $\pi ^0$ from hadronic showers decay into energetic photons which can fake electron-induced electromagnetic (EM) showers. To reduce the background, the particle identification algorithm should be able to correctly identify an EM shower as either from an electrons or from a $\pi ^0$ . Intrinsic beam $\nu _e$ events and $\nu _\mu $ -CC events where muon track is very short, also contribute to the background. Cosmic muons produce EM showers through interaction with detector media or via decay into electrons. These showers, once being isolated, can provide a test sample of pure EM showers. EM shower modelling and reconstruction efficiency in the NO$\nu$A detectors can be better understood and quantified using such a sample.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Towards a fully kinetic 3D electromagnetic particle-in-cell model of streamer formation and dynamics in high-pressure electronegative gases

Streamer and leader formation in high pressure devices is dynamic process involving a broad range of physical phenomena. These include elastic and inelastic particle collisions in the gas, radiation generation, transport and absorption, and electrode interactions. Accurate modeling of these physical processes is essential for a number of applications, including high-current, laser-triggered gas switches. Towards this end, we present a new 3D implicit particle-in-cell simulation model of gas breakdown leading to streamer formation in electronegative gases. The model uses a Monte Carlo treatment for all particle interactions and includes discrete photon generation, transport, and absorption for ultra-violet and soft x-ray radiation. Central to the realization of this fully kinetic particle treatment is an algorithm that manages the total particle count by species while preserving the local momentum distribution functions and conserving charge [D. R. Welch, T. C. Genoni, R. E. Clark, and D. V. Rose, J. Comput. Phys. 227, 143 (2007)]. The simulation model is fully electromagnetic, making it capable of following, for example, the evolution of a gas switch from the point of laser-induced localized breakdown of the gas between electrodes through the successive stages of streamer propagation, initial electrode current connection, and high-current conduction channel evolution, where self-magnetic field effects are likely to be important. We describe the model details and underlying assumptions used and present sample results from 3D simulations of streamer formation and propagation in SF{sub 6}.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Design of single-mode waveguides for enhanced light-sound interaction in honeycomb-lattice silicon slabs

We present the design of two waveguides (ladder and slot-ladder waveguides) implemented in a silicon honeycomb photonic-phononic crystal slab, which can support slow electromagnetic and elastic guided modes simultaneously. Interestingly, the photonic bandgap extends along the first Brillouin zone; so with an appropriate design, we can suppress propagation losses that arise coupling to radiative modes. From the phononic point of view, we explain the slow elastic wave effect by considering the waveguide as a chain of coupled acoustic resonators (coupled resonant acoustic waveguide), which provides the mechanism for slow elastic wave propagation. The ladder waveguide moreover supports guided phononic modes outside the phononic bandgap, similar to photonic slab modes, resulting in highly confined phononic modes propagating with low losses. Such waveguides could find important applications to the observation of optomechanical and electrostriction effects, as well as to enhanced stimulated Brillouin scattering and other opto-acoustical effects in nanoscale silicon structures. We also suggest that they can be the basis for a “perfect” photonic-phononic cavity in which damping by coupling to the surroundings is completely forbidden.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2013

Positive parity states and some electromagnetic transition properties of even-odd europium isotopes

The positive-parity low-spin states of even-odd Europium isotopes ({sup 151-155}Eu) were studied within the framework of the interacting boson-fermion model. The calculated positive low-spin state energy spectra of the odd Eu isotope were found to agree quite well with the experimental data. The B(E2) values were also calculated and it was found that the calculated positive-parity low-spin state energy spectra of the odd-A Eu isotopes agree quite well with the experimental data.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Electromagnetic Pulse Excitation of Finite-Long Dissipative Conductors over a Conducting Ground Plane in the Frequency Domain.

This report details the modeling results for the response of a finite-length dissipative conductor interacting with a conducting ground to a hypothetical nuclear device with the same output energy spectrum as the Fat Man device. We use a frequency-domain method based on transmission line theory and implemented it in a code we call ATLOG - Analytic Transmission Line Over Ground. Select results are compared to ones computed using the circuit simulator Xyce. Intentionally Left Blank

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2017

Electromagnetic Pulse Excitation of Finite-Long Dissipative Conductors over a Conducting Ground Plane in the Time Domain

This report details the modeling results for the response of a finite-length dissipative conductor interacting with a conducting ground to a hypothetical nuclear device with the same output energy spectrum as the Fat Man device. We use a time-domain method based on transmission line theory that allows accounting for time-varying air conductivities. We implemented such method in a code we call ATLOG - Analytic Transmission Line Over Ground. Results are compared the frequency-domain version of ATLOG previously developed and to the circuit simulator Xyce in some instances. Intentionally Left Blank

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2016

Stimulated Brillouin scattering in the field of a two-dimensionally localized pumping wave

Stimulated Brillouin scattering of electromagnetic waves in the field of a two-dimensionally localized pump wave at arbitrary scattering angles in the regime of forward scattering is analyzed. Spatial variations in the amplitudes of interacting waves are studied for different values of the pump field and different dimensions of the pump wave localization region. The intensity of scattered radiation is determined as a function of the scattering angle and the dimensions of the pump wave localization region. It is shown that the intensity increases with increasing scattering angle.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Electromagnetic structure of pion

In this work, we analyze the electromagnetic structure of the pion, an elementary particle composed by a quark-antiquark bound state, by considering the calculation of its electromagnetic radius and its electromagnetic form factor in low and intermediate energy range. Such observables are determined by means of a theoretical model that takes into account the constituent quark and antiquark of the pion, in the formalism of the light-front field theory. In particular, it is considered a nonsymmetrical vertex for such a model, in which we have calculated the electromagnetic form factor of the pion in an optimized way, by varying its regulator mass, so that we can obtain the best value for the pion electromagnetic radius when compared with the experimental one. The theoretical calculations are also compared with the most recent experimental data involving the pion electromagnetic form factor and the results show very good agreement.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2013

The effect of initial conditions on the electromagnetic radiation generation in type III solar radio bursts

Extensive particle-in-cell simulations of fast electron beams injected in a background magnetised plasma with a decreasing density profile were carried out. These simulations were intended to further shed light on a newly proposed mechanism for the generation of electromagnetic waves in type III solar radio bursts [D. Tsiklauri, Phys. Plasmas, 18, 052903 (2011)]. The numerical simulations were carried out using different density profiles and fast electron distribution functions. It is shown that electromagnetic L and R modes are excited by the transverse current, initially imposed on the system. In the course of the simulations, no further interaction of the electron beam with the background plasma could be observed.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2017

High-power tunable laser driven THz generation in corrugated plasma waveguides

The excitation of Terahertz (THz) radiation by the interaction of an ultrashort laser pulse with the modes of a miniature corrugated plasma waveguide is considered. Here, the axially corrugated waveguide supports the electromagnetic modes with appropriate polarization and subluminal phase velocities that can be phase matched to the ponderomotive potential associated with the laser pulse, making significant THz generation possible. This process is studied via full format Particle-in-Cell simulations that, for the first time, model the nonlinear dynamics of the plasma and the self-consistent evolution of the laser pulse in the case where the laser pulse energy is entirely depleted. It is found that the generated THz is characterized by lateral emission from the channel, with a spectrum that may be narrow or broad depending on the laser intensity. A range of realistic laser pulse and plasma parameters is considered with the goal of maximizing the conversion efficiency of optical energy to THz radiation. As an example, a fixed drive pulse (0.55 J) with a spot size of 15 μm and a duration of 15 fs produces a THz radiation of 37.8 mJ of in a 1.5 cm corrugated plasma waveguide with an on axis average density of 1.4 × 10 18 cm –3 .

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2011

WHEELS OF FIRE. IV. STAR FORMATION AND THE NEUTRAL INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM IN THE RING GALAXY AM0644-741

We combine data from the Australia Telescope National Facility and Swedish ESO Submillimeter Telescope to investigate the neutral interstellar medium (ISM) in AM0644-741, a large and robustly star-forming ring galaxy. The galaxy's ISM is concentrated in the 42 kpc diameter starburst ring, but appears dominated by atomic gas, with a global molecular fraction (f{sub mol}) of only 0.062 {+-} 0.005. Apart from the starburst peak, the gas ring appears stable against the growth of gravitational instabilities (Q{sub gas} = 3-11). Including the stellar component lowers Q overall, but not enough to make Q < 1 everywhere. High star formation efficiencies (SFEs) follow from the ring's low H{sub 2} content. AM0644-741's star formation law is highly peculiar: H I obeys a Schmidt law while H{sub 2} is uncorrelated with star formation rate density. Photodissociation models yield low volume densities in the ring, especially in the starburst quadrant (n {approx} 2 cm{sup -3}), implying a warm neutral medium dominated ISM. At the same time, the ring's pressure and ambient far-ultraviolet radiation field lead to the expectation of a predominantly molecular ISM. We argue that the ring's high SFE, low f{sub mol} and n, and peculiar star formation law follow from the ISM's {approx}> 100 Myr confinement time in the starburst ring, which amplifies the destructive effects of embedded massive stars and supernovae. As a result, the ring's molecular ISM becomes dominated by small clouds, causing M{sub H{sub 2}} to be significantly underestimated by {sup 12}CO line fluxes: in effect, X{sub CO} >> X{sub Gal} despite the ring's {>=}solar metallicity. The observed H I is primarily a low-density photodissociation product, i.e., a tracer rather than a precursor of massive star formation. Such an 'over-cooked' ISM may be a general characteristic of evolved starburst ring galaxies.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗