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At least 1,135 records · Page 63

Serial Propellant Tank Pressure Behavior in Artemis I Orion-ESM Propulsion System

An oscillatory pressure behavior was observed throughout the Orion-ESM propulsion system during the Artemis I mission. This behavior was attributed to propellant oscillations within the serial line connecting the two propellant tanks for each commodity. A linearized dynamic model of the serial propellant tank system was derived to explain this behavior. The model showed excellent agreement with the flight data, with the predicted system natural frequencies matching the flight data within 1 percent.

Propellant Tank↗

Behaviors of Lunar Regolith Simulant Under Varying Gravitational Conditions

Understanding the behavior of regolith in varying gravity conditions is critical for space exploration and future missions. In this work, the gravity-driven hopper flow of lunar regolith simulant in different gravitational accelerations (terrestrial, lunar) is first observed experimentally. Numerical simulations (DEM) are then developed to understand the role which cohesive inter-particle forces play in such gravity-driven flow, using the theoretical framework of granular Bond number. Qualitative comparison between a terrestrial experiment and numerical simulation validated this framework. Following that, we numerically studied the dynamic behavior under varying gravitational conditions (from terrestrial to lunar to asteroid gravitational accelerations). We find that this behavior is extremely sensitive to the interplay of the gravity conditions and the attractive/cohesive forces among particles. The numerical and experimental results show that the complex interaction of these forces can drastically change the dynamics of the material producing effects relevant for variable gravity applications.

Soft Matter↗

EnsembleGraph: Interactive Visual Analysis of Spatial-Temporal Behavior for Ensemble Simulation Data

We present a novel visualization framework—EnsembleGraph— for analyzing ensemble simulation data, in order to help scientists understand behavior similarities between ensemble members over space and time. A graph-based representation is used to visualize individual spatiotemporal regions with similar behaviors, which are extracted by hierarchical clustering algorithms. A user interface with multiple-linked views is provided, which enables users to explore, locate, and compare regions that have similar behaviors between and then users can investigate and analyze the selected regions in detail. The driving application of this paper is the studies on regional emission influences over tropospheric ozone, which is based on ensemble simulations conducted with different anthropogenic emission absences using the MOZART-4 (model of ozone and related tracers, version 4) model. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method by visualizing the MOZART-4 ensemble simulation data and evaluating the relative regional emission influences on tropospheric ozone concentrations. Positive feedbacks from domain experts and two case studies prove efficiency of our method.

ensemble simulation↗

The R&D PERFROI Project on Thermal Mechanical and Thermal Hydraulics Behaviors of a Fuel Rod Assembly during a Loss of Coolant Accident

The safety principle in case of a LOCA is to preserve the short and long term coolability of the core. The associated safety requirements are to ensure the resistance of the fuel rods upon quench and post-quench loads and to maintain a coolable geometry in the core. An R&D program has been launched by IRSN with the support of EDF, to perform both experimental and modeling activities in the frame of the LOCA transient, on technical issues such as: - flow blockage within a fuel rods bundle and its potential impact on coolability, - fuel fragment relocation in the ballooned areas: its potential impact on cladding PCT (Peak Cladding Temperature) and on the maximum oxidation rate, - potential loss of cladding integrity upon quench and post-quench loads. The PERFROI project (2014-2019) focusing on the first above issue, is structured in two axes: 1. axis 1: thermal mechanical behavior of deformation and rupture of cladding taking into account the contact between fuel rods; specific research at LaMCoS laboratory focus on the hydrogen behavior in cladding alloys and its impact on the mechanical behavior of the rod; and, 2. axis 2: thermal hydraulics study of a partially blocked region of the core (ballooned area taking into account the fuel relocation with local over power), during cooling phase by water injection; More detailed activities foreseen in collaboration with LEMTA laboratory will focus on the characterization of two phase flows with heat transfer in deformed structures.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Typical aqueous rare earth element behavior in co-produced Brines, Wyoming

Normalization of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) is important to remove the distracting effects of the Oddo–Harkins rule and provide a meaningful baseline. Normalizations for rocks are well developed and include chondritic meteorites, UCC, PM, PAAS, and NASC. However normalizations for aqueous REEs are limited to oceanic regions such as the North Pacific Deep Water or North Atlantic Surface Water. This leaves water in contact with continental lithologies without a suitable normalization. We present a preliminary continental aqueous REE normalization derived from 38 deep basin hydrocarbon brines in Wyoming. The REEs in these waters are seven orders of magnitude more dilute than NASC but with significant europium enrichment. Gromet 1984 reports NASC Eu/Eu* is 0.2179, whereas in the normalization offered here, Eu/Eu* is 3.868. These waters also are free from the distracting reduction-oxidation cerium behavior found in ocean normalizations. Because these samples exhibit both the uniform behavior of NASC and the absolute concentration of seawater, a normalization based upon them offers a unique combination of the advantages of both. We used single-peak gaussian analysis to quantify the mean values for each REE and estimate the distribution variability. Additional sample collection during the last year revealed that the Powder River Basin (PRB) is atypical relative to the other sampled basins of Wyoming. Those other basins are the Wind River Basin (WRB) Green River Basin (GRB) and Wamsutter Area (WA). A pre-normalization gadolinium anomaly (Gd/Gd*) of between 4 and 23 with a mean of 11.5, defines the PRB samples. Other basins in this study range from 1 to 7 with a mean of 2.8. Finally, we present a preliminary model for ligand-based behavior of REEs in these samples. This model identifies bicarbonate, bromide, and chloride as forming significant complexes with REEs contributing to REE solubility. The ligand model explains observed REEs in the sampled Cretaceous and Paleocene clastic reservoirs. However, the presence of more REEs than predicted in six samples suggests that there is an additional, unconsidered ligand contributing to REE dissolution. Further work will identify this ligand, which appears to be confined to calcium-cemented and dolostone systems.

02 PETROLEUM↗

Behavior specification, finding main, and call graph visualizations

A process transforms compiled software into a semantic form. The process transforms the code into a semantic form. The process analyzes behavior functionality by processing precise programming behavior abstractions stored in a memory and classifies the code as malware based on the code behavior. Another method identifies the starting point of execution of a compiled program. The method calculates a complexity measure by calculating the number of potential execution paths of local functions; identifies the number of arguments passed to local functions; and identifies the starting point of execution of the compiled program. Another method provides interactive, dynamic visualization of a group of related functions wherein a user can explore the rendered graph and select a specific function and display functions that are color coded by their ancestral relation and their function call distance to the selected function.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Complementary workflows for identifying one-hop network behavior and multi-hop network dependencies

A network analysis tool evaluates network flow information in complementary workflows to identify one-hop behavior of network assets and also identify multi-hop dependencies between network assets. In one workflow (e.g., using association rule learning), the network analysis tool can identify significant one-hop communication patterns to and/or from network assets, taken individually. Based on the identified one-hop behavior, the network analysis tool can discover patterns of similar communication among different network assets, which can inform decisions about deploying patch sets, mitigating damage, configuring a system, or detecting anomalous behavior. In a different workflow (e.g., using deep learning or cross-correlation analysis), the network analysis tool can identify significant multi-hop communication patterns that involve network assets in combination. Based on the identified multi-hop dependencies, the network analysis tool can discover functional relationships between network assets, which can inform decisions about configuring a system, managing critical network assets, or protecting critical network assets.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Emerging Technologies for Improved Plug Load Management Systems: Learning Behavior Algorithms and Automatic and Dynamic Load Detection

Plug loads are responsible for a significant portion of the energy consumed in commercial buildings, yet their distributed and ever-changing nature makes them one of the most challenging building end uses to manage. Plug load management systems exist today that utilize smart plugs to meter and control devices at the outlet level, however, their uptake has been relatively slow in part due to the significant labor required for installation and maintenance. Learning behavior algorithms and automatic and dynamic load detection have been identified as two technology areas that could accelerate the adoption of plug load management systems by reducing these labor demands and providing additional energy efficiency and non-energy benefits. Learning behavior algorithms learn occupant behavior and adjust plug load management systems accordingly, allowing for the automatic creation of optimized control schedules. Automatic and dynamic load detection allows a plug load management system to identify devices as they are plugged in to a building and keeps the system up to date as devices are moved throughout a building. In this paper, we present our findings with respect to the current state of these two technologies based on a review of existing research and patents, as well as a series of interviews with companies working in the plug load space. We have found that, as of now, no commercialized solutions exist for these plug load technologies and that more work is needed to bring them to market. In addition, we summarize our findings related to the technology challenges, market barriers, drivers, and opportunities for these technologies moving forward.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗

The Effect of Antagonistic Behavior in Reinforcement Learning

The significant achievements of deep reinforcement learning (RL) have motivated researchers to also investigate its shortcomings. Such work has shown that typical methods in deep RL tend to produce brittle policies that overfit to the training environment. In this paper, we introduce the notion of purely antagonistic behavior in value-based agents, where the objective is not to maximize reward but to minimize the victim’s value over time. This notion is motivated by the scenario in which an antagonistic human architect, without access to the environment’s reward function, wants to build an RL agent that can impede another well-trained RL victim agent. First, we formalize a notion of antagonistic behavior in RL. Then, we provide experiments that show how a purely antagonistic agent performs compared to a well-trained victim that learns directly from the game’s rewards. Our results suggest that if one’s goal is to find vulnerabilities in well-trained agents, direct access to the environment’s rewards is not necessary, and antagonistic behavior can be measured independently from environment wins and losses.

Fujimoto, Ted C.↗

Initial Developments in Modeling Graphite Behavior

Graphite is used in High Temperature Reactor designs as a moderator, reflector and core material responsible for protecting the fuel and maintaining structural stability. From a safety perspective, it is imperative to be able to predict how graphite will behave under reactor operating conditions which may compromise the core’s structural integrity or fuel’s safety performance. The following report summarizes recent modeling work undertaken at Idaho National Laboratory which focuses on graphite degradation behavior. One phenomenon which is explored in this report and can cause significant degradation to graphite properties is oxidation. Oxidation behavior in graphite is highly temperature dependent. At low temperatures, oxygen can fully penetrate a component and cause a homogeneous damage profile. At high temperatures, only the graphite near the surface of a component is affected. Understanding and modeling this temperature dependence is essential to predicting graphite behavior. In this report, three graphite models are discussed. The first model is used to investigate strength loss after low temperature oxidation. It does this by generating an approximate graphite microstructure then determining the required load to cause crack propagation. It has been shown that the model reproduces the quasi brittle stress versus strain relationship observed in graphite. Strength loss results from the model are shown to match experimental values. The second model investigates strength loss under high temperature oxidation conditions. This model is more applicable to full scale graphite components where the oxidation damage is often inhomogeneous throughout a component. The third model computes stresses in graphite under reactor conditions. Specifically, the model incorporates the effect of creep, irradiation dose, thermal strains, and oxidation in order to predict internal stresses in a component. All of these models are implemented in the Multiphysics Object-Oriented Simulation Environment (MOOSE), an open source, parallel finite element framework.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

A Real-Time Data Dashboard for Monitoring Travel Behavior

When running a smartphone app-based travel behavior study, it is important to keep participants engaged in contributing data. Long study durations and/or large samples make it difficult to engage participants in reporting their travel behavior. We developed a dashboard web application called 'emdash' to facilitate and ease the data collection maintenance task. It allows deployers to view trip trajectories, track which participants are uploading data, and generate report ready plots. Emdash can also be useful for deployers to identify ways to best encourage a particular transportation mode shift and to provide feedback and reporting to participants. Using the dashboard, a single admin was able to support a classic travel study with 80 participants. The dashboard is currently deployed in a two-year electric bike (e-bike) pilot study called CanBikeCO, conducted in six locations across Colorado, USA. CanBikeCO targets carbon emissions reduction and equity improvement by evaluating changes to participants' travel behavior when they are offered free e-bikes. Each CanBikeCO location has access to their own version of emdash to help them monitor and support participants. After testing and gathering feedback, we made improvements to the dashboard's usability and scalability, and proposed a method to make detecting data issues easier. Improvements include configurable options and limiting the volume of data sent to the dashboard as study size and duration increase.

ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS,MATHEMATICS AND COMPUT↗

High-Fidelity Modeling of Curbside Driving Behavior in SUMO: Preprint

Recent advances in mobility technologies have considerably increased the need for curbside use and congestion at curb-lanes. At airports and in dense urban centers, the growing adoption of Transportation Network Companies (TNCs), such as Uber and Lyft, has led to an increase in curbside traffic due to the reduction in the use public transit and other shared modes. In dense city areas, the curbside demand and congestion were further augmented by the growing use of e-commerce, which requires home-delivery of goods. To model vehicles' curbside interactions realistically, there is a need for high-fidelity simulation models that can represent the complex interplay of vehicles as they complete pick-up or drop-off trips. Vehicles' curbside behaviors are usually not modeled with high-fidelity in microscopic simulators such Simulation of Urban of Mobility (SUMO). This paper presents such a high-resolution model for vehicle curbside behavior in SUMO, using SUMO's Traci interface. Simulations results demonstrate that the improved curbside behavior captures vehicles' curbside maneuvering more accurately than the default SUMO curbside model, and increases the curbside utilization and capacity.

ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

Modeling the Fundamental Radiation Chemistry of the Organic Diluent, and the Effect of Metal Ion Complexation on the Radiochemical Behavior of Active Compounds

All used nuclear fuel (UNF) reprocessing technologies must operate efficiently in the presence of an intense, multi-component (predominantly alpha, beta, and gamma) radiation field. Consequently, radiation-induced degradation of reprocessing systems is of concern, as it negatively impacts process performance over time due to the destruction of both active compounds (ligands, phase modifiers, holdback agents, etc.) and the formation of degradation products. Reprocessing solvent system radiolysis has been linked to changes in separation efficiency and physical properties of solvent mixtures, solvent-recycle longevity, crud formation, and other unexpected outcomes that impact the efficient recovery of valuable materials (e.g., the actinides) and the volume of hazardous radioactive waste for final disposal, i.e., in a geological repository. Consequently, a fundamental understanding of radiolytic processes and their effects on reprocessing solvent system performance is critical for: (i) the cost-effective development and innovation of separation technologies; (ii) the design and implementation of predictive radiation chemical models for process monitoring and lifetimes; and (iii) potentially the ability to exploit radiolytic phenomenon to our benefit, e.g., strategic radiolysis of active molecules to liberate specific degradation products that aid subsequent process stages. Despite extensive investigation into the radiolytic behavior of active solvent system compounds, little attention has been given to understanding (i) the radiation chemical behavior and modification of the organic diluent and (ii) the effect of metal ion complexation on the radiochemical behavior of active compounds.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗

Extreme Spectroscopy: In situ nuclear materials behavior from optical data

In the nuclear industry, materials are regularly exposed to high temperature or/and irradiation and a better knowledge and understanding of their behavior under such extreme conditions is a key-point for improvements and further developments. Nowadays, Raman spectroscopy begins to be well known as a promising technique in the post mortem and remote characterization of nuclear materials exposed to extreme conditions. On this topic, at ANIMMA 2013 conference, we have presented some results about its implementation in the study of model or real nuclear fuel. However, the strength of Raman spectroscopy as in situ characterization tool is mainly its ability to be implemented remotely through optical fibers. Aware of this, implementation of other optical techniques can be considered in order to gain information not only on the structural dynamics of materials but also on the electronic charge carrier populations. In this paper, we propose to present our last advances in Raman characterization of nuclear materials and enlarge to the in situ use of complementary optical spectroscopies. Emphasis will be made on the information that can be gained to the behavior of the model fuel depleted UO{sub 2} under extreme conditions of high temperature and ionic irradiation: - In Situ Raman identification of the radiolysis alteration products of UO{sub 2} in contact with water under ionic irradiation. - In Situ Raman recording of the damaged dynamic of UO{sub 2} under inert atmosphere. - In Situ Raman and photo-luminescence study of virgin and damaged UO2 at high temperature. - In Situ study of electronic charge carriers' behavior in U{sub x}Th{sub 1-x}O{sub 2} solid solutions by mean of Iono- and Thermo- luminescence under and post- ionic irradiation. (authors)

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Secondary creep behavior of Zr-4 claddings under LOCA conditions

The thermo-mechanical behavior of Zircaloy-4 fuel rods under Loss-Of-Coolant Accident (LOCA) conditions in water cooled reactors is investigated. A custom experimental setup is dedicated to the high-temperature creep ballooning study of 90 mm long cladding samples. Creep tests were performed under an inert environment (argon), for temperatures from 750 to 850 C. degrees and internal pressures ranging from 1 to 5 MPa. During its operating life, Zr-4 cladding is submitted to oxidation and hydriding. These parameters strongly influence the creep behavior of Zirconium alloys at high temperatures. A first campaign on as-received Zr-4 was performed. Creep-rates are computed using 2-Dimensional Digital Image Correlation (2D-DIC) and are correlated to local temperatures measured using Near Infra-Red thermography. As-received Zr-4 behavior laws are determined using Finite Element Model Updating (FEMU). Norton exponents and activation energies are determined for thermal-mechanical conditions of the performed tests. The results show that the effect of applied stress on the Norton exponent is evidenced in the study for both α-phase and (α + β)-phase domains. The determined stress exponent magnitudes are very consistent with literature data depending on the thermomechanical test conditions. The activation energy parameter is very sensitive to the thermo-mechanical conditions and remains valid within a limited temperature and stress ranges to the authors' knowledge. The beginning of the (α + β)-phase domain is clearly identified with the activation energy increase. Finally, steady-state creep is accurately modeled depending on ballooning thermo-mechanical conditions.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

Fundamental Study on Sorption Behavior of Europium to Mica Flakes - 19116

It is well known that biotite exists with flake form in actual underground environment, dominating sorption of cationic radionuclides in a geological disposal system consisting of crystalline rock. The behavior of sorption of radionuclides will differ depending on the difference in shape, while most of the previous studies have used powder biotite. This study focused on the influence of flake structure of phyllosilicate minerals such as biotite on the diffusion and sorption processes of radionuclides, examining the sorption behaviors of Eu on biotite, phlogopite and muscovite in flake form. These flakes (5 mm x 6 mm) were prepared for the sorption experiments and the initial concentrations of the Eu ions were set to 1 mM. The sorption experiments were conducted by mixing 0.4 g of biotite flakes and 4 mL at pH 5 for 7 days. As a result, the sorption amount of Eu increased little by little with internal diffusion in all minerals, respectively. The diffusion process of Eu into the layer structure could be also observed by secondary ion-microprobe mass spectrometry (SIMS) analysis. The apparent diffusion coefficient of Eu into each flake was estimated by fitting a 2-D diffusion model to the sorption data. The estimated diffusion values were clearly smaller than that of matrix diffusion in granite. Hence it was suggested that the so-called Kd-model, which is a local equilibrium model, is not always applicable to the estimation of the retardation effect (i.e., migration rate) of radionuclides in rock matrix. In other words, the migration rate might depend also on the diffusion process of radionuclide in the inside of phyllosilicate minerals in addition of the macro diffusion process in rock matrix. Besides, sorption amount and diffusion coefficient of biotite, phlogopite and muscovite were largely different. Not only the tetrahedral structure adjacent to the potassium but also the octahedral structure might affect the restraint of the interlayer ion (K ions) and the sorption behavior. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Behavior-based approach to misuse detection of a simulated SCADA system - 339

This paper presents the initial findings in applying a behavior-based approach for detection of unauthorized activities in a simulated Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system. Misuse detection of this type utilizes fault-free system telemetry to develop empirical models that learn normal system behavior. Future monitored telemetry sources that show statistically significant deviations from this learned behavior may indicate an attack or other unwanted actions. The experimental test bed consists of a set of Linux based enterprise servers that were isolated from a larger university research cluster. All servers are connected to a private network and simulate several components and tasks seen in a typical SCADA system. Telemetry sources included kernel statistics, resource usages and internal system hardware measurements. For this study, the Auto Associative Kernel Regression (AAKR) and Auto Associative Multivariate State Estimation Technique (AAMSET) are employed to develop empirical models. Prognostic efficacy of these methods for computer security used several groups of signals taken from available telemetry classes. The Sequential Probability Ratio Test (SPRT) is used along with these models for intrusion detection purposes. The different intrusion types shown include host/network discovery, DoS, brute force login, privilege escalation and malicious exfiltration actions. For this study, all intrusion types tested displayed alterations in the residuals of much of the monitored telemetry and were able to be detected in all signal groups used by both model types. The methods presented can be extended and implemented to industries besides nuclear that use SCADA or business-critical networks. (authors)

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Comparison of Gas Phase Fragmentation Behaviors of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Ligands in Lanthanide and Americium Metal Ligand Nitrate Clusters

Title (20 word): Comparison of Gas Phase Fragmentation Behaviors of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Ligands in Lanthanide and Americium Metal Ligand Nitrate Clusters Introduction (120 words): Transport of metal ions across the aqueous-organic phase boundary is an essential step in a hydrometallurgical nuclear fuel reprocessing strategy. The study of transport agents for nuclear fuel elements is imperative to guide the design of ligands that boost the separation efficiency of the recovery process from fission products. However, limited studies have been made on the chemistry of these transport agents when complexing with transuranic elements in gas-phase where all surrounding factors are essentially excluded. This work investigates the reagent ligand complexations to transuranic and other metals and their dissociations in the gas phase. Comparisons are made between 4f and 5f elements and between ligands. Methods (120 words): (N,N-diisobutylcarbamoylmethyl)phenyloctylphosphine oxide (CMPO) and N,N,N',N'-tetraoctyldiglycolamide (TODGA) have been selected to complex with metal nitrates. The actinide americium and lanthanides neodymium, samarium, and europium were investigated as part of this work. The lanthanides were selected to act as size and electron configuration analogues of the minor actinides. Metal complexes with two ligands and two nitrates ([M(NO3)2(CMPO)2]+, for example) are studied in Bruker micrOTOF-Q II mass spectrometer equipped with collision-induced dissociation capability. The comparisons of the mass spectra are made in groups of homogenous ligands and mixed TODGA-CMPO ligands clusters. Comparisons are also made based on the complexed metals (Am and lanthanides). Preliminary data (300 words): Collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry data are collected on two ligands complexed with metal nitrates where the two ligands are homogenous, with (CMPO)2 or (TODGA)2, or heterogeneous, with (TODGA)(CMPO). Several fragmentation patterns are observed among complexes with the CMPO ligand whereas the TODGA ligand commonly dissociates intact from the complex. Most of the metal complexes exhibit similar fragmentation patterns, but there are a few notable deviations in fragmentation patterns between the Am and Ln-bearing complexes. For the [M(CMPO)2(NO3)2]+ complexes, the initial loss of nitrate in the form of nitric acid is observed in all four complexes. However, [Am(CMPO)2(NO3)2]+ exhibits an additional fragmentation not found in the lanthanide complexes. Also, a significantly different ratio of the second nitric acid loss is found in the Am complex. These deviations may indicate the different interaction behaviors between actinides and lanthanides. The [M(TODGA)2(NO3)2]+ complexes exhibit the fragmentation as the loss of one TODGA ligand as an intact form and the loss of nitrate as nitric acid. The Am complex exhibits an additional fragmentation after losing the TOGDA ligand, which is not observed among the Ln complexes. The heterogeneous [M(TODGA)(CMPO)(NO3)2]+ complexes exhibit both similarities and differences between the Am and Ln complexes. For example, the heterogenous Am complex does not exhibit the loss of an intact TODGA ligand while all three Ln complexes do. This indicates that TODGA may bind more strongly to Am than Ln. Additionally, the intensity of the loss of CMPO ligand (as partially or whole) is found to be significantly larger than that of the loss of TODGA (as partially of whole) indicating that TODGA is bound to the metal significantly stronger than CMPO. Planned computational analysis will help understand the deviation in fragmentation behaviors between americium and lanthanide metal centers, or between TODGA and CMPO ligands. Novel aspect (20 words): Gas-phase actinide and lanthanide complex formation and fragmentation provide insight into the coordination environment differences of f-element metals.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗