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At least 1,117 records · Page 62

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DOE OSTI2022

A 50-kW Bidirectional Step-up / Step-down DC/DC Oak Ridge Converter for Wireless Charger Applications

This study presents a novel bidirectional concept by using Oak Ridge Converter (ORC) for wireless energy conversion (WEC) technologies such as wireless electric vehicle (EV) chargers, wireless mobile or energy storage systems (MESS / ESS), etc. The presented system can be deployed in a bidirectional wireless power transfer (WPT) structure for different input voltages by using two different operating frequencies. The proposed concept here achieves zero voltage switching (ZVS) in during step-up and step-down configurations. The system overall theoretical design and experimental test results are presented for 50 kW power transfer in both bidirectional operations modes. The laboratory demonstration of the system is presented for the three-phase bidirectional system with 6 inches of airgap between the coils and output of 560 VDC with 95.4% dc-to-dc efficiency.

Asa, Erdem↗

DOE OSTI2023

The Distributed Grid Sensing Services (DGSS) platform: A scalable and decentralized sensor dissemination network

In this paper, a scalable, decentralized sensor-oriented, communication blueprint will be introduced. The proposed architecture has been specifically designed to support the mass deployment of sensors while enabling data consumers to access the underlying data streams using a distributed systems approach. With the proposed approach, sensors and data clients can be decoupled from the physical communication infrastructure and migrated into a modern, software-defined infrastructure ecosystem that can be configured to suit the end application’s demands. In its current iteration, the blueprint defines the interactions, processes, and expected outcomes that each individual component within the architecture must fulfill in order to support the overall ecosystem’s needs. Within this work, such assemble of services is referred the databus, and represents the heart of the Distributed Grid Sensing Services (DGSS) architecture, a multi-year project that aims to design, implement and test a dedicated sensor dissemination network that can support the needs of the extended grid state. It is our expectation, that the proposed blueprint presented in this paper will serve as a future guide to our implementation efforts

Sebastian Cardenas, David J.↗

DOE OSTI2023

Status and Challenges of the Interaction Region Magnets for HL-LHC

About one hundred magnets of six different types shall be installed in the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) in the years 2026-2028 at CERN. The magnets design, construction and test are based on CERN collaborations with institutes and industrial partners in USA, Spain, Italy, Japan and China. Three types of correctors are based on Nb-Ti technology and feature conductor peak fields in the 2 to 4 T range: for all of them the prototype phase has been successfully completed. The production is well advanced for the superferric correctors, and is starting for the canted cosine theta correctors and for the nested correctors. The separation and recombination Nb-Ti dipoles D1 and D2, with a 4.5-6 T bore field range, are both in the prototype phase after the completion of the short model program. The most challenging magnet, the Nb 3 Sn quadrupole with conductor peak field above 11 T, is in the prototype phase at CERN and halfway through the production phase in the USA. In this paper we will give, for each type of magnet, an overview of the main achievements obtained so far and we will outline the technical points still needing validation from the prototype program.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

DOE OSTI2020

Advanced Models and Fast Simulation Algorithms for MARS Plants

With the successful commercialization of modular multilevel converters (MMC) and rapid increase in photovoltaic (PV) penetration and energy storage systems (ESS), one of the research areas being explored dynamically is integration of PV systems and ESS systems to MMCs. On this front, an integrated development of PV plants, ESS, and alternating- and direct-current (ac/dc) systems through Multi-Port Autonomous Reconfigurable Solar (MARS) plant is proposed and being researched upon. However, simulation of MARS systems on traditional existing software takes very long time (order of days) due to the presence of a large number of states and non-linear devices. Therefore, development of fast high fidelity models is of paramount importance to test the hardware design, control design and planning of power system expansions. In this context, two research objectives are addressed in this paper: firstly, an ultra fast single- or multi- CPU simulation algorithm to simulate the MARS system based on state-space models, hybrid discretization algorithm with a relaxation technique that reduces the imposed computational burden and a multi-rate method is presented. Secondly, a reduced order model of MARS is also presented. Both the developed techniques are validated with respect to reference PSCAD/EMTDC model.

Marthi, Phani Ratna Vanamali↗

DOE OSTI2024

Surrogate Distributed Radiological Sources—Part II: Aerial Measurement Campaign

In this second part of a multipaper series, we present results from outdoor aerial measurements of surrogate distributed gamma-ray sources. Here we detail the design, manufacture, and testing of 300 individual ~7 mCi Cu-64 sealed sources at the Washington State University (WSU) research reactor and their deployment in various source patterns (each comprising up to 100 point sources) during the aerial measurement campaign. We show the results of two such measurements, in which approximate source shapes and qualitative source intensities can be seen from the count rate versus position plots, even without performing reconstructions. We also detail our efforts in ground-truthing the deployed sources and comparing measured gamma-ray data to model predictions. In particular, we compare measured versus expected count data using the Poisson deviance formalism of Part I to evaluate whether the fielded surrogate point-source arrays “look like” their truly continuous distributed source analogs. More generally, we find that the point-source array technique provides high source placement accuracy, relative ease of quantifying the true source configuration, scalability to source dimensions of ≲100 m, ease of reconfiguration and removal, and relatively low dose to personnel. Finally, we consider potential improvements and generalizations of the point-source array technique for future measurement campaigns.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2022

A Prototype High-Voltage Pulsed Power Supply for Control of the ITER Shattered Pellet Injection System Flyer Plate Valve

A high-voltage pulsed power supply (HVPPS) has been designed, prototyped, and tested for driving an eddy current actuated propellant valve for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) disruption mitigation system. The high-voltage (HV) dc supply output voltage is software programmable, and the energy storage capacitor bank can be readily reconfigured as 200, 400, 600, and 800 μ F, enabling testing and optimization of both the valve drive and valve systems. Multiple system parameters are monitored before, during, and after each firing of the valve. The system parameters are both displayed and stored for further analysis. Control of the setup, firing sequence, and data collection is automated using a LabVIEW-based control program. The programmability and reconfigurability of this system collectively provide a flexible and robust platform for system refinement and optimization. In this article, a summary of the system will be provided including operational sequences, HV switching and associated triggering methods and circuits, and results measured while firing a solid frozen pellet. Additionally, planned refinement activities toward meeting all requirements for ITER integration will be discussed.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2022

Quantum Networks for Resilient Power Grids: Theory and Simulated Evaluation

Quantum networks are considered the future of secure communication in the coming quantum era. Yet there lack significant efforts on developing practical quantum networks for power grids. Here, in this paper, we establish a quantum network-based power grid (QNetGrid) framework and develops a real-time, reliable, flexible, programmable, and cost-effective QNetGrid software testbed containing repeater-based quantum communication, quantum routing, real software-defined networking (SDN) switches, and real-time networked microgrids (NMs) operations. It makes the following contributions: 1) a repeater and routing based quantum network simulator (QNSim) is developed, 2) repeaters with and without quantum memories are respectively simulated in QNSim, 3) different routing scenarios in QNetGrid are investigated, 4) a real-time QNetGrid software testbed is built in RTDS incorporating QNSim and real SDN switches, and 5) various test cases are designed, and experimental results produced with the QNetGrid testbed provide valuable insights for building quantum networks in power grids.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2021

Bidirectional LCC-LCC -Compensated 20 kW Wireless Power Transfer System for Medium-Duty Vehicle Charging

This paper presents the design and demonstration of a bidirectional 20 kW wireless charging system (WCS) with a significantly large airgap (11 inches) and asymmetrical input-output voltage levels. Analytical and experimental sensitivity analyses of the WCS resonant tank were conducted to verify the optimal operating region under the load and frequency variation. The inverter and rectifier were designed with switching components, the charging pads were designed with double-D (DD) coils, and the tuning networks were designed with an LCC-LCC tuning circuit. The grid and vehicle side tuning circuits were designed separately to achieve a ~1:2 gain for the asymmetrical input (800 V dc ) and output (350 V dc ) voltage. The proposed WCS was designed, simulated, and tested to verify the efficiency, power transfer capacity, and sensitivity under load variation. The experimental results show that, at 20-kW output power, the achieved grid to vehicle dc-dc efficiency was 96.1%, and vehicle to grid dc-dc efficiency was 96.2%. The proposed system is the largest-airgap bidirectional WCS with the highest efficiency and power density.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Joint effects of climate, tree size, and year on annual tree growth derived from tree–ring records of ten globally distributed forests

Tree rings provide an invaluable long-term record for understanding how climate and other drivers shape tree growth and forest productivity. However, conventional tree-ring analysis methods were not designed to simultaneously test effects of climate, tree size, and other drivers on individual growth. This has limited the potential to test ecologically relevant hypotheses on tree growth sensitivity to environmental drivers and their interactions with tree size. Here, we develop and apply a new method to simultaneously model nonlinear effects of primary climate drivers, reconstructed tree diameter at breast height (DBH), and calendar year in generalized least squares models that account for the temporal autocorrelation inherent to each individual tree's growth. We analyze data from 3811 trees representing 40 species at 10 globally distributed sites, showing that precipitation, temperature, DBH, and calendar year have additively, and often interactively, influenced annual growth over the past 120 years. Growth responses were predominantly positive to precipitation (usually over ≥3-month seasonal windows) and negative to temperature (usually maximum temperature, over ≤3-month seasonal windows), with concave-down responses in 63% of relationships. Climate sensitivity commonly varied with DBH (45% of cases tested), with larger trees usually more sensitive. Trends in ring width at small DBH were linked to the light environment under which trees established, but basal area or biomass increments consistently reached maxima at intermediate DBH. Accounting for climate and DBH, growth rate declined over time for 92% of species in secondary or disturbed stands, whereas growth trends were mixed in older forests. These trends were largely attributable to stand dynamics as cohorts and stands age, which remain challenging to disentangle from global change drivers. By providing a parsimonious approach for characterizing multiple interacting drivers of tree growth, our method reveals a more complete picture of the factors influencing growth than has previously been possible.

generalized least squares (GLS)↗

DOE OSTI2023

SuperNeuro: A Fast and Scalable Simulator for Neuromorphic Computing

In many neuromorphic workflows, simulators play a vital role for important tasks such as training spiking neural networks, running neuroscience simulations, and designing, implementing, and testing neuromorphic algorithms. Currently available simulators cater to either neuroscience workflows (e.g., NEST and Brian2) or deep learning workflows (e.g., BindsNET). Problematically, the neuroscience-based simulators are slow and not very scalable, and the deep learning-based simulators do not support certain functionalities that are typical of neuromorphic workloads (e.g., synaptic delay). In this paper, we address this gap in the literature and present SuperNeuro, which is a fast and scalable simulator for neuromorphic computing capable of both homogeneous and heterogeneous simulations as well as GPU acceleration. We also present preliminary results that compare SuperNeuro to widely used neuromorphic simulators such as NEST, Brian2, and BindsNET in terms of computation times. We demonstrate that SuperNeuro can be approximately 10×--300× faster than some of the other simulators for small sparse networks. On large sparse and large dense networks, SuperNeuro can be approximately 2.2×--3.4× faster than the other simulators, respectively.

Date, Prasanna↗

DOE OSTI2024

Idaho National Laboratory Quality Of Service Dataset

The code is designed to run tests to generate and collect data from a Wi-Fi network using OPENWRT or a simulated a 5G network using Open5gs and UERANSIM. The tests simulate the network performing downloads or uploads of various files with a varying number of concurrent users. The tests use tcpdump to collect the network traffic but only stores the summarized data. The summarized datasets will be included.

Krome, Cameron [Idaho National Laboratory (INL), I↗

DOE OSTI2025

nys_psy (NYgrid Model Translation to the Sienna framework) (SWR-25-63)

This repository contains the translation of the NYgrid model, developed by the Anderson Energy Lab at Cornell University, into the Sienna Framework. The baseline model is based on 2019 data. The 2040 version of the model features a unified, correlated dataset of various generation and load profiles spanning 22 years. The methodology used to generate these data is detailed in the following paper The scripts for data generation are available in the ny-clcpa2050 repository. Note: While this test system is designed to simulate the power flow of the New York State transmission system, it does not represent the actual transmission network.

Liu, Vivienne [National Renewable Energy Laborator↗

DOE OSTI2022

Therapeutic Targeting of LIF Overcomes Macrophage-mediated Immunosuppression of the Local Tumor Microenvironment

Abstract Purpose: Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a multifunctional cytokine with numerous reported roles in cancer and is thought to drive tumor development and progression. Characterization of LIF and clinical-stage LIF inhibitors would increase our understanding of LIF as a therapeutic target. Experimental Design: We first tested the association of LIF expression with transcript signatures representing multiple processes regulating tumor development and progression. Next, we developed MSC-1, a high-affinity therapeutic antibody that potently inhibits LIF signaling and tested it in immune competent animal models of cancer. Results: LIF was associated with signatures of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) across 7,769 tumor samples spanning 22 solid tumor indications. In human tumors, LIF receptor was highly expressed within the macrophage compartment and LIF treatment drove macrophages to acquire immunosuppressive capacity. MSC-1 potently inhibited LIF signaling by binding an epitope that overlaps with the gp130 receptor binding site on LIF. MSC-1 showed monotherapy efficacy in vivo and drove TAMs to acquire antitumor and proinflammatory function in syngeneic colon cancer mouse models. Combining MSC-1 with anti-PD1 leads to strong antitumor response and a long-term tumor-free survival in a significant proportion of treated mice. Conclusions: Overall, our findings highlight LIF as a therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy.

Oncology↗

DOE OSTI2025

Generalizable, fast, and accurate DeepQSPR with fastprop

Abstract Quantitative Structure–Property Relationship studies (QSPR), often referred to interchangeably as QSAR, seek to establish a mapping between molecular structure and an arbitrary target property. Historically this was done on a target-by-target basis with new descriptors being devised to specifically map to a given target. Today software packages exist that calculate thousands of these descriptors, enabling general modeling typically with classical and machine learning methods. Also present today are learned representation methods in which deep learning models generate a target-specific representation during training. The former requires less training data and offers improved speed and interpretability while the latter offers excellent generality, while the intersection of the two remains under-explored. This paper introduces , a software package and general Deep-QSPR framework that combines a cogent set of molecular descriptors with deep learning to achieve state-of-the-art performance on datasets ranging from tens to tens of thousands of molecules. provides both a user-friendly Command Line Interface and highly interoperable set of Python modules for the training and deployment of feedforward neural networks for property prediction. This approach yields improvements in speed and interpretability over existing methods while statistically equaling or exceeding their performance across most of the tested benchmarks. is designed with Research Software Engineering best practices and is free and open source, hosted at github.com/jacksonburns/fastprop.

Burns, Jackson W. (ORCID:0000000206579426)↗

DOE OSTI2023

Experimental Verification of An Electro-Hydraulic Actuation System Driven by An Integrated Electro-Hydraulic Unit

This paper proposes an electro-hydraulic actuator (EHA) system, and a novel-designed electro-hydraulic unit (EHU) consisting of a fixed-displacement hydraulic gear machine and a variable-speed electric machine. The novel EHU design integrates an electric machine and a hydraulic machine in a single housing, targeting optimal compactness, power density, and component reduction. The EHA system features an open circuit design, where hydraulic hoses connect the EHU with a tank, a valve manifold, and the hydraulic cylinder. In this way, the proposed EHA technology can be used to implement distributed hydraulic actuation in a vehicle without requiring changes to the hydraulic actuators or at the overall layout of the hydraulic components with respect to the original vehicle design. A dedicated test rig is developed to verify the performance of the proposed EHA system. Here, the efficiency of the EHA is measured in a steady state and under a realistic duty cycle of a commercial compact loader. The efficiency of the EHA system based on the measurements on the test rig can reach 54% with up to 20 kN load and 6 kW power level. Furthermore, the EHU is implemented on the reference machine to drive the boom function. Preliminary results on the performance of the EHU show an efficiency of up to 68% under different loading conditions.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2023

Increased range and contrast in fog with circularly polarized imaging

Fogs, low lying clouds, and other highly scattering environments pose a challenge for many commercial and national security sensing systems. Current autonomous systems rely on optical sensors for navigation whose performance is degraded by highly scattering environments. In our previous simulation work, we have shown that polarized light can penetrate through a scattering environment such as fog. We have demonstrated that circularly polarized light maintains its initial polarization state better than linearly polarized light, even through large numbers of scattering events and thus ranges. This has recently been experimentally verified by other researchers. In this work, we present the design, construction, and testing of active polarization imagers at short-wave infrared and visible wavelengths. We explore multiple polarimetric configurations for the imagers, focusing on linear and circular polarization states. The polarized imagers were tested at the Sandia National Laboratories Fog Chamber under realistic fog conditions. Here, we show that active circular polarization imagers can increase range and contrast in fog better than linear polarization imagers. We show that when imaging typical road sign and safety retro-reflective films, circularly polarized imaging has enhanced contrast throughout most fog densities/ranges compared to linearly polarized imaging and can penetrate over 15 to 25 m into the fog beyond the range limit of linearly polarized imaging, with a strong dependence on the interaction of the polarization state with the target materials.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2023

Oxamniquine derivatives overcome Praziquantel treatment limitations for Schistosomiasis

Human schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. japonicum. Praziquantel (PZQ) is the method of choice for treatment. Due to constant selection pressure, there is an urgent need for new therapies for schistosomiasis. Previous treatment of S. mansoni included the use of oxamniquine (OXA), a drug that is activated by a schistosome sulfotransferase (SULT). Guided by data from X-ray crystallography and Schistosoma killing assays more than 350 OXA derivatives were designed, synthesized, and tested. We were able to identify CIDD-0150610 and CIDD-0150303 as potent derivatives in vitro that kill (100%) of all three Schistosoma species at a final concentration of 71.5 μM. We evaluated the efficacy of the best OXA derivates in an in vivo model after treatment with a single dose of 100 mg/kg by oral gavage. The highest rate of worm burden reduction was achieved by CIDD -150303 (81.8%) against S. mansoni, CIDD-0149830 (80.2%) against S. haematobium and CIDD-066790 (86.7%) against S. japonicum. We have also evaluated the ability of the derivatives to kill immature stages since PZQ does not kill immature schistosomes. CIDD-0150303 demonstrated (100%) killing for all life stages at a final concentration of 143 μM in vitro and effective reduction in worm burden in vivo against S. mansoni. To understand how OXA derivatives fit in the SULT binding pocket, X-ray crystal structures of CIDD-0150303 and CIDD-0150610 demonstrate that the SULT active site will accommodate further modifications to our most active compounds as we fine tune them to increase favorable pharmacokinetic properties. Treatment with a single dose of 100 mg/kg by oral gavage with co-dose of PZQ + CIDD-0150303 reduced the worm burden of PZQ resistant parasites in an animal model by 90.8%. Therefore, we conclude that CIDD-0150303, CIDD-0149830 and CIDD-066790 are novel drugs that overcome some of PZQ limitations, and CIDD-0150303 can be used with PZQ in combination therapy.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2021

Magnetic Gears for a Marine Hydrokinetic Generator Component Model

The goal of this project is to design, fabricate, and test a hermetically sealed 50 kilowatt (kW) multistage magnetically geared generator (MGG). The Component Content Model provides data submitters with an easy and consistent means of uploading data and associated meta data about a component that is currently under development. The data fields include generic information about the component, technology classifications, current costs and performance, proposed target goals, and the environment that the component is operated in. These data are important to DOE and will be used to develop data products that provide quantitative information to guide and support programmatic decisions. Data will also be used by DOE in general assessments of MHK component readiness, performance, costs, and proposed plans. The ultimate goal is to use these data to perform research and tailor programs to best benefit the industry.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗