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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,117 records · Page 62
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2008

Displaying Composite and Archived Soundings in the Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System

This presentation describes work done by the Applied Meteorology Unit (AMU) to add composite soundings to the Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System (AWIPS). This allows National Weather Service (NWS) forecasters to compare the current atmospheric state with climatology. In a previous task, the AMU created composite soundings for four rawinsonde observation stations in Florida, for each of eight flow regimes. The composite soundings were delivered to the NWS Melbourne (MLB) office for display using the NSHARP software program. NWS MLB requested that the AMU make the composite soundings available for display in AWIPS. The AMU first created a procedure to customize AWIPS so composite soundings could be displayed. A unique four-character identifier was created for each of the 32 composite soundings. The AMIU wrote a Tool Command Language/Tool Kit (TclITk) software program to convert the composite soundings from NSHARP to Network Common Data Form (NetCDF) format. The NetCDF files were then displayable by AWIPS.

Barrett, Joe H., III↗
NASA NTRS2013

Wearable Technology

Wearable technology projects, to be useful, in the future, must be seamlessly integrated with the Flight Deck of the Future (F.F). The lab contains mockups of space vehicle cockpits, habitat living quarters, and workstations equipped with novel user interfaces. The Flight Deck of the Future is one element of the Integrated Power, Avionics, and Software (IPAS) facility, which, to a large extent, manages the F.F network and data systems. To date, integration with the Flight Deck of the Future has been limited by a lack of tools and understanding of the Flight Deck of the Future data handling systems. To remedy this problem it will be necessary to learn how data is managed in the Flight Deck of the Future and to develop tools or interfaces that enable easy integration of WEAR Lab and EV3 products into the Flight Deck of the Future mockups. This capability is critical to future prototype integration, evaluation, and demonstration. This will provide the ability for WEAR Lab products, EV3 human interface prototypes, and technologies from other JSC organizations to be evaluated and tested while in the Flight Deck of the Future. All WEAR Lab products must be integrated with the interface that will connect them to the Flight Deck of the Future. The WEAR Lab products will primarily be programmed in Arduino. Arduino will be used for the development of wearable controls and a tactile communication garment. Arduino will also be used in creating wearable methane detection and warning system.

Watson, Amanda↗
NASA NTRS2013

Aerosol Optical Depths over Oceans: a View from MISR Retrievals and Collocated MAN and AERONET in Situ Observations

In this study, aerosol optical depths over oceans are analyzed from satellite and surface perspectives. Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) aerosol retrievals are investigated and validated primarily against Maritime Aerosol Network (MAN) observations. Furthermore, AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) data from 19 island and coastal sites is incorporated in this study. The 270 MISRMAN comparison points scattered across all oceans were identified. MISR on average overestimates aerosol optical depths (AODs) by 0.04 as compared to MAN; the correlation coefficient and root-mean-square error are 0.95 and 0.06, respectively. A new screening procedure based on retrieval region characterization is proposed, which is capable of substantially reducing MISR retrieval biases. Over 1000 additional MISRAERONET comparison points are added to the analysis to confirm the validity of the method. The bias reduction is effective within all AOD ranges. Setting a clear flag fraction threshold to 0.6 reduces the bias to below 0.02, which is close to a typical ground-based measurement uncertainty. Twelve years of MISR data are analyzed with the new screening procedure. The average over ocean AOD is reduced by 0.03, from 0.15 to 0.12. The largest AOD decrease is observed in high latitudes of both hemispheres, regions with climatologically high cloud cover. It is postulated that the screening procedure eliminates spurious retrieval errors associated with cloud contamination and cloud adjacency effects. The proposed filtering method can be used for validating aerosol and chemical transport models.

AERONET↗
NASA NTRS2015

Standardized Modular Power Interfaces for Future Space Explorations Missions

Earlier studies show that future human explorations missions are composed of multi-vehicle assemblies with interconnected electric power systems. Some vehicles are often intended to serve as flexible multi-purpose or multi-mission platforms. This drives the need for power architectures that can be reconfigured to support this level of flexibility. Power system developmental costs can be reduced, program wide, by utilizing a common set of modular building blocks. Further, there are mission operational and logistics cost benefits of using a common set of modular spares. These benefits are the goals of the Advanced Exploration Systems (AES) Modular Power System (AMPS) project. A common set of modular blocks requires a substantial level of standardization in terms of the Electrical, Data System, and Mechanical interfaces. The AMPS project is developing a set of proposed interface standards that will provide useful guidance for modular hardware developers but not needlessly constrain technology options, or limit future growth in capability. In 2015 the AMPS project focused on standardizing the interfaces between the elements of spacecraft power distribution and energy storage. The development of the modular power standard starts with establishing mission assumptions and ground rules to define design application space. The standards are defined in terms of AMPS objectives including Commonality, Reliability-Availability, Flexibility-Configurability and Supportability-Reusability. The proposed standards are aimed at assembly and sub-assembly level building blocks. AMPS plans to adopt existing standards for spacecraft command and data, software, network interfaces, and electrical power interfaces where applicable. Other standards including structural encapsulation, heat transfer, and fluid transfer, are governed by launch and spacecraft environments and bound by practical limitations of weight and volume. Developing these mechanical interface standards is more difficult but an essential part of defining physical building blocks of modular power. This presentation describes the AMPS projects progress towards standardized modular power interfaces.

Spacecraft Power↗
NASA NTRS2016

Seasonal and static Gravity Field of Mars from MGS, Mars Odyssey and MRO Radio Science

We present a spherical harmonic solution of the static gravity field of Mars to degree and order 120, GMM-3, that has been calculated using the Deep Space Network tracking data of the NASA Mars missions, Mars Global Surveyor (MGS), Mars Odyssey (ODY), and the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). We have also jointly determined spherical harmonic solutions for the static and time-variable gravity field of Mars, and the Mars k(sub 2) Love numbers, exclusive of the gravity contribution of the atmosphere. Consequently, the retrieved time-varying gravity coefficients and the Love number k(sub 2) solely yield seasonal variations in the mass of the polar caps and the solid tides of Mars, respectively. We obtain a Mars Love number k(sub 2) of 0.1697 +/- 0.0027 (3- sigma). The inclusion of MRO tracking data results in improved seasonal gravity field coefficients C(sub 30) and, for the first time, C 50. Refinements of the atmospheric model in our orbit determination program have allowed us to monitor the odd zonal harmonic C(sub 30) for approximately 1.5 solar cycles (16 years). This gravity model shows improved correlations with MOLA topography up to 15% larger at higher harmonics ( l = 60-80) than previous solutions.

Genova, Antonio↗
NASA NTRS2018

Intelligent Data Transfer for Multiple Sensor Networks over a Broad Temperature Range

A sensor network may be configured to operate in extreme temperature environments. A sensor may be configured to generate a frequency carrier, and transmit the frequency carrier to a node. The node may be configured to amplitude modulate the frequency carrier, and transmit the amplitude modulated frequency carrier to a receiver.

Krasowski, Michael↗
NASA NTRS2013

The Interplanetary Network Supplement to the Fermi Gbm Catalog of Cosmic Gamma-Ray Bursts

We present Interplanetary Network (IPN) data for the gamma-ray bursts in the first Fermi Gamma-Ray BurstMonitor (GBM) catalog. Of the 491 bursts in that catalog, covering 2008 July 12 to 2010 July 11, 427 wereobserved by at least one other instrument in the nine-spacecraft IPN. Of the 427, the localizations of 149 could beimproved by arrival time analysis (or triangulation). For any given burst observed by the GBM and one otherdistant spacecraft, triangulation gives an annulus of possible arrival directions whose half-width varies betweenabout 0. 4 and 32, depending on the intensity, time history, and arrival direction of the burst, as well as the distancebetween the spacecraft. We find that the IPN localizations intersect the 1 GBM error circles in only 52 of thecases, if no systematic uncertainty is assumed for the latter. If a 6 systematic uncertainty is assumed and added inquadrature, the two localization samples agree about 87 of the time, as would be expected. If we then multiply theresulting error radii by a factor of three, the two samples agree in slightly over 98 of the cases, providing a goodestimate of the GBM 3 error radius. The IPN 3 error boxes have areas between about 1 arcmin2 and 110 deg2,and are, on the average, a factor of 180 smaller than the corresponding GBM localizations. We identify two burstsin the IPNGBM sample that did not appear in the GBM catalog. In one case, the GBM triggered on a terrestrialgamma flash, and in the other, its origin was given as uncertain. We also discuss the sensitivity and calibration ofthe IPN.

INTERPLANET↗
NASA NTRS2018

An Implementation Analysis of Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance (CNS) Technologies for Unmanned Air Systems (UAS)

The aviation industry and government agencies face a rapidly-emerging need for integrating large-scale populations of Unmanned Air Systems (UAS) into the worldwide controlled and uncontrolled airspace. Critical components for integration include the Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance (CNS) technologies necessary for ensuring safe UAS operations. Under NASA program NNA16BD84C, our work on CNS architectural concepts for the safe operation of UAS in controlled and uncontrolled airspace has introduced CNS architectures which must be analyzed in terms of implementation readiness.Controlled airspace operations for UAS are consistent with the needs for manned aviation in the worldwide Air Traffic Management (ATM) service. Uncontrolled airspace operations are consistent with the NASA Unmanned (air) Traffic Management (UTM) concept of operations. Implementation readiness is based on the NASA concept of Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) ranging from TRL1 (basic principles observed and reported) to TRL9 (actual system flight proven through successful mission operations). In the architecture concepts, we have introduced a number of new CNS architectural elements which need to be correlated with TRL levels.In this paper, we present our implementation analysis for communications networks, communications data links, navigation, and surveillance. Each area has been under active research and development during the course of the current NASA program which has produced studies on UAS CNS Requirements, UAS CNS Architecture for Controlled Airspace and UAS CNS Architecture for Uncontrolled Airspace. We have published our architecture concepts in major UAS-related conferences (including iCNS2017, IEEE Aerospace 2018, and iCNS2018) and will continue to seek additional publication opportunities. We look forward to continuing our work to realize a full integration testing scenario for both controlled and uncontrolled airspace operation.

Ponchak, Denise↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

The Next-Generation Version 3 GPCP Products

The long-standing Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) recently introduced its next-generation Version 3.1 Monthly product, , which covers the period 1983-2019. Notable improvements include higher spatial resolution (0.5°x0.5°), geosynchronous IR estimates extended to the latitude band 60°N-S and based on the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks-Climate Data Record (PERSIANN-CDR) algorithm, and high-latitude (outside 60ºN-S) precipitation estimates based on improved calibrations of Television-Infrared Operational Satellite (TIROS) Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) and Advanced Infrared Sounder (AIRS) data. The satellite-only estimate is adjusted to the best available monthly climatologies, namely the Tropical Combined Climatology (TCC) at lower latitudes and the Merged CloudSat, TRMM, and GPM (MCTG) climatology at higher latitudes. Finally, V3.1 merges these climatologically-adjusted satellite-only estimates with the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) gauge analyses at 1°x1°. In addition to the V3.1 Monthly product, the GPCP team is working towards a global Version 3 Daily product based on Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission (IMERG) Final Run V06 estimates, where available, calibrated to the GPCP V3.1 Monthly estimate. Rescaled TOVS/AIRS data are used in high-latitude areas that lack IMERG estimates, which occur over snowy/icy surfaces outside 60°N-S. Since IMERG currently extends back to June 2000, daily PERSIANN-CDR data are used for the period January 1983–May 2000 to complete the record. This presentation will provide early results for, and the latest status of, the Monthly and Daily GPCP products as a function of time and region. Key points include examining homogeneity over time and across boundaries between input datasets. One goal is to determine the suitability of the V3 products while we continue to produce the Version 2 GPCP products for on-going use.

precipitation↗
NASA NTRS2020

An AeroCom–AeroSat study: intercomparison of satellite AOD datasets for aerosol model evaluation

To better understand and characterize current uncertainties in the important observational constraint of climate models of aerosol optical depth (AOD), we evaluate and intercompare 14 satellite products, representing nine different retrieval algorithm families using observations from five different sensors on six different platforms. The satellite products (super-observations consisting of 1°×1° daily aggregated retrievals drawn from the years 2006, 2008 and 2010) are evaluated with AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) and Maritime Aerosol Network (MAN) data. Results show that different products exhibit different regionally varying biases (both under- and overestimates) that may reach ±50 %, although a typical bias would be 15 %–25 % (depending on the product). In addition to these biases, the products exhibit random errors that can be 1.6 to 3 times as large. Most products show similar performance, although there are a few exceptions with either larger biases or larger random errors. The intercomparison of satellite products extends this analysis and provides spatial context to it. In particular, we show that aggregated satellite AOD agrees much better than the spatial coverage (often driven by cloud masks) within the 1°×1° grid cells. Up to ∼50 % of the difference between satellite AOD is attributed to cloud contamination. The diversity in AOD products shows clear spatial patterns and varies from 10 % (parts of the ocean) to 100 % (central Asia and Australia). More importantly, we show that the diversity may be used as an indication of AOD uncertainty, at least for the better performing products. This provides modellers with a global map of expected AOD uncertainty in satellite products, allows assessment of products away from AERONET sites, can provide guidance for future AERONET locations and offers suggestions for product improvements. We account for statistical and sampling noise in our analyses. Sampling noise, variations due to the evaluation of different subsets of the data, causes important changes in error metrics. The consequences of this noise term for product evaluation are discussed.

Aerosol↗
NASA NTRS2019

Identification of Absorbing Aerosol Types at a Site in the Northern Edge of Indo-Gangetic Plain and a Polluted Valley in the Foothills of the Central Himalayas

Identification of atmospheric aerosol types and characterization of absorbing aerosols, based on AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) data collected during 2013–2014 over two sites in Nepal: Lumbini in the northernmost part of central Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and Kathmandu Valley in foothills of the central Himalayas, have been conducted in the present study. The relationship between four aerosol parameters; Extinction Angstrom Exponent (EAE), Absorption Angstrom Exponent (AAE), Single Scattering Albedo (SSA) and Real Refractive Index (RRI) was analyzed to study the aerosol types. This resulted in the identification of two types of aerosols concerning their origin: biomass burning and urban/industrial mix. Furthermore, to understand the absorbing aerosol types, the relationship between aerosol size parameters; Fine Mode Fraction (FMF) and Angstrom Exponent (AE), and aerosol absorption characteristics; SSA and AAE were investigated. In regards to the absorbing aerosol types, ‘Mostly BC’ was the dominant absorbing aerosol, over both sites, with comparatively negligible contribution from other absorbing aerosol types such as dust. The aerosol subtypes obtained from satellite-borne CALIPSO instrument supported the results derived from the AERONET data. The CALIPSO images also indicated that the aerosols over the foothills of the Himalayas could extend to the height of >5 km above the ground, which could be transported towards the Himalayan and Tibetan Plateau (HTP) region with sensitive ecosystems. The multi-sites based study of long-term records is required to elucidate the nature and trends of aerosols in the HTP region and any perturbation to the atmospheric environment and other environments in this region.

Aerosol types↗
NASA NTRS2021

Large-scale space use of large juvenile and adult smalltooth sawfish Pristis pectinata: implications for management

The smalltooth sawfish Pristis pectinata is an endangered species endemic to the Atlantic Ocean. The only known viable populations occur in the USA along both coasts of Florida and in the western Bahamas. Little is known about habitat use and movement ecology of large juvenile and adult smalltooth sawfish. Although Critical Habitat — a management designation in the USA — has been identified for small juveniles, it has yet to be identified for these life stages. Between May 2016 and April 2019, we used passive acoustic telemetry and 3 large data sharing networks of receivers to track movements of 43 large juvenile and adult smalltooth sawfish. During this study, 24 females and 19 males were implanted with transmitters with estimated 4 or 10 yr battery lives. These tagged individuals were detected off the southeastern USA on 461 receivers ranging from off the coast of Brunswick, Georgia, to the lower Florida Keys, and along the Gulf coast to Apalachee Bay, Florida. Seasonal migrations were undertaken by 58% (43% mature; 57% immature) of the tagged individuals, with the remainder being apparent residents of their tagging locations. Tagged sawfish from both size classes and of both sexes migrated, which indicates that neither sex nor length is a predictor of whether a sawfish will migrate or not. Although both coasts of Florida were used for migration, most individuals consistently used the same coast when they migrated. The areas surrounding Boca Grande, Cape Canaveral, and the lower Florida Keys were heavily visited sites that could be further evaluated as potential Critical Habitat for these life stages. Understanding the movement patterns of this Critically Endangered species is essential for creating policies to protect areas important for promoting growth of the population.

Pristis pectinata Habitat use · Acoustic monitorin↗
NASA NTRS2021

Systematic KMTNet Planetary Anomaly Search. I. OGLE-2019-BLG-1053Lb, a BuriedTerrestrial Planet

In order to exhume the buried signatures of “missing planetary caustics” in Korea Microlensing Telescope Network (KMTNet) data, we conducted a systematic anomaly search of the residuals from point-source point-lens fits, based on a modified version of the KMTNet Event Finder algorithm. This search revealed the lowest-mass-ratio planetary caustic to date in the microlensing event OGLE-2019-BLG-1053, for which the planetary signal had not been noticed before. The planetary system has a planet–host mass ratio ofq= (1.25±0.13) × 10−5. A Bayesian analysis yielded estimates of the mass of the host star, Mhost =-0.61+0.29 -0.24 Mo, the mass of its planet, Mplanet =-2.48 +1.19 -0.98 Mo, the projected planet – host separation, a^= 3.4 +0.5/-0.5 au, and the lens distance, DL =-6.8 +0.6 -0.90kpc.The discovery of this very-low-mass-ratio planet illustrates the utility of our method and opens a new window for a large and homogeneous sample to study the microlensing planet–host mass ratio function down to q∼ 10−5.

Exoplanet detection methods↗
NASA NTRS2021

Measuring Small- and Medium-Scale TEC Variations and Irregularities from Ground-Based GNSS Observations

This paper describes approaches to measuring small- and medium-scale spatial rate of vertical TEC from GNSS observations. The horizontal scale size measured by small-scale TEC spatial rate (STSR, in TECU/km), including its latitude and longitude components, ranges from about 1.8 km to 15 km at 450 km altitude. The medium-scale TEC gradient components can be derived from global ionospheric map (GIM) based TEC gradient (GBTG) over about 110 km horizontally at low and middle latitudes, with smaller scale lengths in the longitude component in the polar region. Our analyses of GPS data show that the latitude component of STSR and GBTG is much larger than the longitude component. The spatial rates in most regions of the globe are relatively small, and their absolute mean values are mostly under 0.03 TECU/km. However, STSR is substantially larger, often greater than 0.05 TECU/km, in the equatorial ionospheric anomaly (EIA) region than in other regions, or when ionospheric disturbances occur. The disturbances include ionospheric irregularities, significant changes of regional ionospheric state during space weather events, and traveling ionospheric disturbances. Combined global TEC gradient (CGTG) with STSR and GBTG is also shown in this paper as snapshots using data from networks of more than three thousand GNSS receivers. The comparisons between STSR and GBTG indicate that their regional variation patterns are consistent though STSR is often larger than GBTG in the equatorial anomaly region or during ionospheric disturbances particularly during space weather events. The difference is attributed to the fact that the global TEC mapping technique may smooth the gradient in regions where spatial variations are large at small- and medium scales.

Akopian, Vardan↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Development of Neural Network for X-59 Air Data Probe Calibration

Two wind tunnel tests were conducted in the NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) 8- by 6-Foot Supersonic Wind Tunnel to calibrate the nose-mounted air data probe for the X-59. The probe will be the primary instrument for the flight test of the X-59 for determining angle of attack, angle of sideslip, airspeed, and pressure altitude of the aircraft in flight. This paper documents the development of several neural net algorithms that can be used to relate air data probe port pressures from those tests to relevant X-59 flight parameters, such as angle of attack, angle of sideslip, mach number, and static and dynamic pressure. These calibration algorithms address accuracy effects for significant real-world conditions, such as initial sensor measurement uncertainties, assumed parameter constraints on NN modelling errors, and malfunctioning or plugged ports. Resultant integrated uncertainties are provided for each algorithm; these uncertainties are then used to estimate the effects on relevant X-59 mission parameters.

Kurtis Roy Long↗
NASA NTRS2023

Compact Lightweight Aerial Sensor System (CLASSy)

In the wake of increasingly intense wildfires, innovative solutions are imperative to enhance wildfire mitigation strategies. Current technological integrations have hit a communicative limit. Between limited flight time, computational expenses as well as financial expenses, there is a hole in the market for an effective, low-tech, and disposable solution. The Compact Lightweight Aerial Sensor System (CLASSy) is designed to revolutionize active disaster operations through comprehensive decision support. CLASSy consists of a lightweight launch mechanism and a flight body equipped with a sensor package and parachute. The assembly integrates sensor networks with data analytics to provide real-time, high-resolution information to incident commanders, directly facilitating decision-making and resource allocation. Infrared imagery and temperature differentials are processed and analyzed throughout flight, offering valuable insights into fire behavior, hotspot detection, and fire spread trajectories. CLASSy is intended to meet a variety of natural disaster mitigation needs through its variable launch height and disposability. CLASSy’s goal is to assist wildfire fighting without taking up any human or material resources. As a result, CLASSy is as lightweight as possible, easily expendable, inexpensive to manufacture, and only requires one operator for effective use. CLASSy’s integrated sensor suite, real-time analytics, and closed loop active communications empower firefighting teams to proactively address wildfire challenges. As the frequency of wildfires continues to rise, technological innovations like CLASSy are crucial to effective wildfire management systems.

Kyleigh Anderson↗