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NASA NTRS1978

Geophysical and geochemical evolution of the lunar magma ocean

There is increasing evidence that at least the outer few hundred kilometers of the moon were melted immediately following accretion. This paper studies the evolution of this lunar magma ocean. The long time scale for solidification leads to the inference that the plagioclase-rich (ANT) lunar crust began forming, perhaps preceded by local accumulations termed 'rockbergs', at the very beginning of the magma ocean epoch. In this view the cooling and solidification of the magma ocean was primarily controlled by the rate at which heat could be conducted across the floating ANT crust. Thus the thickness of the crust was the factor controlling the lunar solidification time. Heat arising from enthalpy of crystallization was transported in the magma by convection. Mixing length theory is used to deduce the principal flow velocity (typically several cm/s) during convection. The magma ocean is deduced to have been turbulent down to a characteristic length scale of the order of 100 m, and to have overturned on a time scale of the order of 1 yr for most of the magma ocean epoch.

Herbert, F.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Comparison between thermochemical and phase stability data for the quartz-coesite-stishovite transformations

Phase stability and elasticity data have been used to calculate the Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy changes at 298 K and 1 bar associated with the quartz-coesite and coesite-stishovite transformations in the system SiO2. For the quartz-coesite transformation, these changes disagree by a factor of two or three with those obtained by calorimetric techniques. The phase boundary for this transformation appears to be well determined by experiment; the discrepancy, therefore, suggests that the calorimetric data for coesite are in error. Although the calorimetric and phase stability data for the coesite-stishovite transformation yield the same transition pressure at 298 K, the phase-boundary slopes disagree by a factor of two. At present, it is not possible to determine which of the data are in error. Thus serious inconsistencies exist in the thermodynamic data for the polymorphic transformations of silica.

Weaver, J. S.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Volume-energy parameters and turbulent-flow density fluctuations

Volume-energy relations determined from an equation of state were used to group many sets of heat transfer data for liquids and gases, including the near-critical region. The volume - Gibbs energy parameter grouped these data better than did such other parameters as enthalpy, temperature, or internal energy.

Hendricks, R. C.↗

NASA NTRS1980

A theoretical analysis of simulated transonic boundary layers in cryogenic-nitrogen wind tunnels

A theoretical analysis was made to determine the real gas effects on simulation of transonic boundary layers in wind tunnels with cryogenic nitrogen as the test gas. The analysis included laminar and turbulent flat plate boundary layers and turbulent boundary layers on a two dimensional airfoil. The results indicate that boundary layers in such wind tunnels should not be substantially different from ideal gas boundary layers at standard conditions. At a pressure of 9.0 atm, two separate effects produce deviations of real gas values from ideal gas values which are in the opposite direction from deviations at 1.0 atm and are of the same insignificant order of magnitude. Results also show that nonadiabatic boundary layers should be adequately simulated if the enthalpy ratio is the correlating parameter rather than the temperature ratio.

Adcock, J. B.↗

NASA NTRS1979

The 60-MW Shuttle Interaction Heating Facility

An arc-heated wind-tunnel system described in the present paper will simulate aerodynamic heating in large-scale tests of the thermal protection system of the Shuttle Orbiter Vehicle during entry. The system provides for large-scale subsystem tests in high-enthalpy streams with boundary layer flows at high Reynolds numbers and for large test-body sizes in stagnation flows. The discussion covers the design concept of the arc-jet systems, the extensive hardware developments of the arc heater to provide reliable operation, and verification and performance measurements of the system's operating envelopes.

W Winovich↗

NASA NTRS1980

Catalytic recombination of nitrogen and oxygen on high-temperature reusable surface insulation

The energy transfer catalytic recombination coefficient for nitrogen and oxygen recombination on the surface coating of high-temperature reusable surface insulation (HRSI) is inferred from stagnation point heat flux measurements in a high-temperature dissociated arc jet flow. The resulting catalytic recombination coefficients are correlated with an Arrhenius model for convenience, and these expressions may be used to account for catalytic recombination effects in predictions of the heat flux on the HRSI thermal protection system of the Space Shuttle Orbiter during reentry flight. Analysis of stagnation point pressure and total heat balance enthalpy measurements indicates that the arc heater reservoir conditions are not in chemical equilibrium. This is contrary to what is usually assumed for arc jet analysis and indicates the need for suitable diagnostics and analyses, especially when dealing with chemical reaction phenomena such as catalytic recombination heat transfer effects.

Scott, C. D.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Full-coverage film cooling. I - Comparison of heat transfer data for three injection angles

Wind tunnel experiments were carried out at Stanford between 1971 and 1977 to study the heat transfer characteristics of full-coverage film cooled surfaces with three geometries; normal-, 30 deg slant-, and 30 deg x 45 deg compound-angled injection. A flat full-coverage section and downstream recovery section comprised the heat transfer system. The experimental objectives were to determine, for each geometry, the effects on surface heat flux of injection blowing ratio, injection temperature ratio, and upstream initial conditions. Spanwise-averaged Stanton numbers were measured for blowing ratios from 0 to 1.3, and for two values of injection temperature at each blowing ratio. The heat transfer coefficient was defined on the basis of a mainstream-to-wall temperature difference. Initial momentum and enthalpy thickness Reynolds numbers were varied from 500 to about 3000.

Crawford, M. E.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Dependence of growth rate of quartz in fused silica on pressure and impurity content

The effects of pressure, temperature, and some variations in impurity content on the growth rate u of quartz into fused silica were measured. Under all conditions the growth rate was interface controlled and increased exponentially with pressure with an activation volume averaging -21.2 cu cm/mole. The activation enthalpy for all specimens is extrapolated to a zero pressure value of 64 kcal/mole, within the experimental uncertainty. At a given stoichiometry the effect of hydroxyl content on growth rate is described entirely by a linear term C(OH) in the prefactor of the equation for the growth rate. The effect of chlorine impurity can be described similarly. Also u is increased as the ideal stoichiometry is approached from the partially reduced state.

Fratello, V. J.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Thermal protection of reentry vehicles by actively cooled nosetips

Analytical modeling efforts and clear-air ground test results of a transportation-cooled nosetips (TCNT) design are presented. The discrete water injection platelet TCNT described was conceived and created to achieve the performance requirements for severe reentry vehicle trajectories. Thermal performance computer modeling techniques, combing both local heat blockage and boundary layer recovery enthalpy reduction are outlined.

Walker, R. E.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Interactive FORTRAN IV computer programs for the thermodynamic and transport properties of selected cryogens (fluids pack)

The thermodynamic and transport properties of selected cryogens had programmed into a series of computer routines. Input variables are any two of P, rho or T in the single phase regions and either P or T for the saturated liquid or vapor state. The output is pressure, density, temperature, entropy, enthalpy for all of the fluids and in most cases specific heat capacity and speed of sound. Viscosity and thermal conductivity are also given for most of the fluids. The programs are designed for access by remote terminal; however, they have been written in a modular form to allow the user to select either specific fluids or specific properties for particular needs. The program includes properties for hydrogen, helium, neon, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and methane. The programs include properties for gaseous and liquid states usually from the triple point to some upper limit of pressure and temperature which varies from fluid to fluid.

Mccarty, R. D.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Operating characteristics of the Langley Mach 7 Scramjet Test Facility

Operating characteristics of the Langley Mach 7 Scramjet Test Facility are described. The facility is designed for testing airframe integrated scramjet (supersonic combustion ramjet) engine models. Features include duplication of the flight Mach number total enthalpy, flight altitude simulation, and simulation of engine airframe integration effects such a bow shock wave precompression and boundary layer ingestion by the engine. Data obtained from facility calibration and from tests of a hydrogen burning, airframe integrated scramjet are discussed. An adverse interaction between the facility flow and the scramjet engine flow during combustion of the fuel is described.

Guy, R. W.↗

NASA NTRS1981

A MHD channel study for the ETF conceptual design

The procedures and computations used to identify an MHD channel for a 540 mW(I) EFT-scale plant are presented. Under the assumed constraints of maximum E(x), E(y), J(y) and Beta; results show the best plant performance is obtained for active length, L is approximately 12 M, whereas in the initial ETF studies, L is approximately 16 M. As MHD channel length is reduced from 16 M, the channel enthalpy extraction falls off, slowly. This tends to reduce the MHD power output; however, the shorter channels result in lower heat losses to the MHD channel cooling water which allows for the incorporation of more low pressure boiler feedwater heaters into the system and an increase in steam plant efficiency. The net result of these changes is a net increase in the over all MHD/steam plant efficiency. In addition to the sensitivity of various channel parameters, the trade-offs between the level of oxygen enrichment and the electrical stress on the channel are also discussed.

Wang, S. Y.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry

This paper contains a critical evaluation of the kinetics and photochemistry of gas phase chemical reactions of neutral species involved in middle atmosphere chemistry (10-55 km altitude). Data sheets have been prepared for 148 thermal and photochemical reactions, containing summaries of the available experimental data with notes giving details of the experimental procedures. For each reaction a preferred value of the rate coefficient at 298 K is given together with a temperature dependency where possible. The selection of the preferred value is discussed, and estimates of the accuracies of the rate coefficients and temperature coefficients have been made for each reaction. The data sheets are intended to provide the basic physical chemical data needed as input for calculations which model atmospheric chemistry. A table summarizing the preferred rate data is provided, together with an appendix listing the available data on enthalpies of formation of the reactant and product species.

Baulch, D. L.↗

NASA NTRS1980

The mechanism of growth of quartz crystals into fused silica

It is proposed that the growth of quartz crystals into fused silica is effected by a mechanism involving the breaking of an Si-O bond and its association with an OH group, followed by cooperative motion of the nonbridging oxygen and the hydroxyl group which results in the crystallization of a row of several molecules along a crystalline-amorphous interfacial ledge. This mechanism explains, at least qualitatively, all the results of the earlier experimental study of the dependence of quartz crystal growth upon applied pressure: large negative activation volume; single activation enthalpy below Si-O bond energy; growth velocity constant in time, proportional to the hydroxyl and chlorine content, decreasing with increasing degree of reduction, and enhanced by nonhydrostatic stresses; lower pre-exponential for the synthetic than for the natural silica.

Fratello, V. J.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Technical and economic aspects of hydrogen storage in metal hydrides

The recovery of hydrogen from such metal hydrides as LiH, MgH2, TiH2, CaH2 and FeTiH compounds is studied, with the aim of evaluating the viability of the technique for the storage of hydrogen fuel. The pressure-temperature dependence of the reactions, enthalpies of formation, the kinetics of the hydrogen absorption and desorption, and the mechanical and chemical stability of the metal hydrides are taken into account in the evaluation. Economic aspects are considered. Development of portable metal hydride hydrogen storage reservoirs is also mentioned.

Schmitt, R.↗

NASA NTRS1982

The measurement of heats of solution of high melting metallic systems in an electromagnetic levitation field

A method was tested for measuring the enthalpies of mixing of liquid metallic alloying systems, involving the combination of two samples in the electromagnetic field of an induction coil. The heat of solution is calculated from the pyrometrically measured temperature effect, the heat capacity of the alloy, and the heat content of the added sample. The usefulness of the method was tested experimentally with iron-copper and niobium-silicon systems. This method should be especially applicable to high-melting alloys, for which conventional measurements have failed.

Frohberg, M. G.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Helical screw expander evaluation project

A one MW helical rotary screw expander power system for electric power generation from geothermal brine was evaluated. The technology explored in the testing is simple, potentially very efficient, and ideally suited to wellhead installations in moderate to high enthalpy, liquid dominated field. A functional one MW geothermal electric power plant that featured a helical screw expander was produced and then tested with a demonstrated average performance of approximately 45% machine efficiency over a wide range of test conditions in noncondensing, operation on two-phase geothermal fluids. The Project also produced a computer equipped data system, an instrumentation and control van, and a 1000 kW variable load bank, all integrated into a test array designed for operation at a variety of remote test sites. Data are presented for the Utah testing and for the noncondensing phases of the testing in Mexico. Test time logged was 437 hours during the Utah tests and 1101 hours during the Mexico tests.

Mckay, R.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Numerical Modeling of Three-Dimensional Confined Flows

A three dimensional confined flow model is presented. The flow field is computed by calculating velocity and enthalpy along a set of streamlines. The finite difference equations are obtained by applying conservation principles to streamtubes constructed around the chosen streamlines. With appropriate substitutions for the body force terms, the approach computes three dimensional magnetohydrodynamic channel flows. A listing of a computer code, based on this approach is presented in FORTRAN IV language. The code computes three dimensional compressible viscous flow through a rectangular duct, with the duct cross section specified along the axis.

Greywall, M. S.↗