DOE OSTI2017
The deterministic transport sphere (DXTRAN sphere) is a technology that can be utilized in MCNP for improving sampling in the vicinity of a particular geometry, when the solid angle, between the source and particular geometry, is small. At a collision event, a DXTRAN particle is created and deterministically transported to the DXTRAN sphere, while the colliding particle (NONDXTRAN particle) continues transporting as if no DXTRAN event had occurred. Weight is balanced by killing the NONDXTRAN particle when traversing the DXTRAN sphere. If set up correctly, the DXTRAN particle placed on the DXTRAN sphere has a high probability of interacting with the geometry within the DXTRAN sphere. The Central Limit Theorem (CLT) states that the estimated mean approaches a normal distribution with known variance as the number of random samples grows sufficiently large. In reality the variance is seldom known and therefore must be estimated. In a Monte Carlo calculation, one must determine when the number of random samples is sufficiently large for the CLT to be satisfied. For the CLT to be satisfied, the first two moments (mean and variance) must exist. The second moment, the variance of a normal distribution is estimated. The slope test, which uses the largest 201 history scores of each tally fluctuation chart (TFC) bin fit to a Pareto function, is used to determine if the largest history scores decrease faster than 1/x{sup 3}. If the slope is less than 3, then enough histories have not yet been sampled such to meet the second moment existence requirement of the CLT. Usually, a slope of less than 3 indicates that the effects of high weight scores have not been satisfactorily sampled; such a consequence can also be manifested in examining trends in the 4. moment, the variance of the variance (VOV). For example, when examining the TFC, if the VOV is monotonically decreasing for a few sets of histories and then drastically increases for the next set of histories, chances are a rare high weight score, significantly greater than the average score, was encountered. As a result of the 1/R{sup 2} term, a point detector can achieve an extremely high weight, much greater than the average, as the distance from collision to point detector approaches zero. To remedy this difficulty, a 'radius of exclusion' is applied, where within the radius of exclusion 'the point detector estimate is assumed to be the average flux uniformly distributed'. A DXTRAN sphere can suffer from the same weight fluctuation as collisions in the vicinity of the DXTRAN sphere produce much larger weights than collisions happening far from the DXTRAN sphere. If the rare large weight put on the DXTRAN sphere then scores in a tally, there will be a significant increase in the VOV and the slope may drop below 3. To compliment that analysis, here we utilize an air composition and density that varies as a function of altitude, detailing the trials and tribulations of attempting to pass the 10 statistical checks for a variety of single and nested DXTRAN sphere approaches. The objective here is to illuminate important considerations for radiation transport problems with small solid angles in a scatter medium of few mean free paths (MFPs)
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗