Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “high renewable”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,099 records · Page 61
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Renewable Ammonia as An Energy Fuel for Ocean Exploration and Transportation

Renewable power generated from wave energy has faced technological and cost barriers to entry into utility-scale electricity markets. As an alternative, the production of chemical fuels, such as ammonia (NH3) which has high energy density (11.5 MJ/L) and facile storage properties, may open wave energy to new markets including ocean exploration and transportation. The electrochemical method has been studied to synthesize NH3 from air and water at ambient conditions. Based on some recent work on the electrochemical synthesis of NH3, it is possible to achieve an overall conversion efficiency of 10% from wave energy to NH3 through an electrochemical reaction between air and water. If all the recoverable wave energy in the United States (1170 TWh/yr) is used to produce renewable NH3 fuel replacing hydrocarbon fuels, this can help reduce over 300 million tons of CO2 emission every year. Several potential application scenarios at sea have been proposed for renewable NH3 fuel including production and storage for marine shipping and seasonal energy storage for Arctic exploration. Liquefied NH3 has much higher energy density, both gravimetric and volumetric, than a variety of batteries but the energy efficiency of NH3 is lower than modern batteries such as Li-ion. The Levelized cost of storing NH3 prepared using electric energy is less than $0.2/kWh and the storage time can exceed 10,000 hours which indicates that NH3 can be a promising energy storage solution to make use of abundant wave energy. However, there are some safety and environmental concerns involved in the usage of NH3 at sea. The challenges in the electrochemical catalyst for the NH3 synthesis and how molecular simulation may help to screen electrocatalyst with high efficiency and selectivity were also briefly discussed.

Liu, Jian↗
DOE OSTI2026

Innovating High Throughput Hydrogen Stations: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-18-00773

Hydrogen stations today serve the emerging market of light duty fuel cell vehicles, primarily in California with over 30 public retail locations. There has been a steady increase in the number of stations open and hydrogen dispensed, especially in the last two years. From 2015 to 2016, the annual amount of hydrogen dispensed increased from 27,400 kg to 109,200 kg, a nearly fourfold increase in just one year. One station dispensed nearly 12,000 kg in the second quarter of 2017. Despite the significant progress, gaps exist between current infrastructure capabilities and future requirements. For example, fuel cell vehicle applications such as buses, medium-duty, and heavy-duty trucks will gain market share and this must be considered as future customers at hydrogen stations. The expected number of light duty fuel cell vehicles in California alone are expected to grow from approximately 4,000 to over 13,000 by 2020, and 37,000 by 2023. To serve the multiple mobile fuel cell technologies and increased demand, hydrogen stations will have to increase output, decrease cost, and improve reliability. To address these challenges, the project team will demonstrate a hydrogen-focused integrated renewable energy production, storage, and transportation fuel distribution/retailing system. The proposed R&D tasks address key challenges related to light duty station/component reliability and development and validation of high flow rate system models for new applications like medium and heavy-duty truck fueling.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2026

Robust and High Throughput Tools for Characterization of Wet Cellulosic Biogas Feedstocks and Co-Products: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-21-21472

This project will develop standardized analytical procedures to support understanding of the chemical composition of wet manure feedstocks, and the digestate formed following anaerobic digestion of organic waste to produce renewable natural gas (RNG). The developed methods will be validated to improve component mass closure, eliminate ambiguities around key constituents, and document the precision and accuracy of the methods. Following validation of the analytical laboratory methods for characterization of wet organic waste feedstocks and digestate, NLR will use the same samples to build and validate near-infrared (NIR) models for high throughput analysis, potentially deployable at commercial facilities, enabling increased production of low carbon intensity RNG from wet organic wastes.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Region-Specific Merchant Hydrogen Market Assessment and Techno-Economic Assessment of Electrolytic Hydrogen Generation: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-18-00751

Utilities need to recover value from baseload and some renewable assets even when the electricity is curtailed. The declining cost of renewables (particularly solar), the persistently low-cost of natural gas, and the declining electricity demand, have all worked to lower the price of electricity. Furthermore, the baseload assets have a high turndown cost, which is not reflected in the low market electricity prices. One option for utilizing the curtailed electricity is hydrogen generation. One important aspect of this project will be to provide a “go/no-go” recommendation on the economic feasibility of pursuing hydrogen generation vs. other markets that could offtake curtailed electricity or nuclear steam. This project will specifically assess the opportunities for hydrogen production and use in the service territories of Southern Company Services (SCS), Exelon SBC, and Xcel Energy. Each utility partner represents a different mix of generation fleets: Exelon has significant nuclear assets, Xcel is primarily renewables (wind) with some nuclear, and SCS represents both a renewables fleet and a heavily baseload fleet, which includes significant nuclear. The Contractors will conduct the study of hydrogen market opportunities by first considering the approximate electricity demand and price profiles for the year, and power generation capacity that can be used to produce hydrogen. Therefore, a profile for hydrogen generation will also be developed to better understand the quantity and timing of hydrogen production. Once the hydrogen production schedule is estimated, hydrogen storage requirements can be determined. This effort will provide sufficient information to make a go/no-go decision on moving ahead with a detailed regional case study for hydrogen production in any of the three utility areas.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2023

Envisioning the Future Renewable and Resilient Energy Grids—A Power Grid Revolution Enabled by Renewables, Energy Storage, and Energy Electronics

Today’s power grids are facing tremendous challenges because of the ever-increasing power demand, system complexity, infrastructure cost, knowledge base, and policy and regulatory issues to achieve supply–demand power balance and resiliency with respect to more frequent extreme weather events and cyberattacks. It is particularly challenging when the transition toward 100% intermittent renewable energy sources is considered. Many countries are calling for building up more transmission and distribution lines to increase power delivery capacities. This article is an attempt to answer two urgent questions: Is more transmission and distribution infrastructure really needed to meet the increasing power demand? What kind of future grid infrastructure should we envision and build? This article attempts to answer these questions and proposes the concept of community-centric asynchronous renewable and resilient energy grids. By clearly differentiating the concepts of grid resilience and reliability, the importance of building resilient power electronics’ devices and robust system-level control algorithms to achieve 100% renewable energy integrated resilient grids is presented. To identify the shortcomings and propose advancements, power electronics’ technologies are categorized using the proposed concepts of natural source frequencies (NSf), energy storage, direct energy conversion/control and fault protection (DeCaFp), and high-efficiency energy consumption and buffering (heECaB) technology. The ability of networked microgrids to greatly reduce power outages and power system restoration time is demonstrated by leveraging robust decentralized and centralized control algorithms, identified through a comprehensive literature review. Future research areas are proposed to further enhance grid stability, controllability, cybersecurity, and protection against faults in the presence of 100% renewable sources by leveraging the advanced capabilities of NSf, DeCaFp, and heECaB devices and system-level control algorithms.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Computational Math Problems for a Clean Energy Future

Cutting edge computational mathematics are ubiquitous in renewable energy research. Problems in resilient and reliable electric grid operations, infrastructure planning, wind farm yaw control, and more demand sophisticated and scalable computational tools that enable the transition of renewable energy technologies from proof of concept to deployment into our energy system. The mission of the Computational Science Center at NREL is to lead the lab's efforts to solve energy challenges using high-performance computing (HPC), computational science, applied mathematics, scientific data management, visualization, and informatics. In this poster, we provide a short overview of three areas of computational mathematics research at NREL: wind power scenario generation for stochastic grid operations and infrastructure planning, improved rational function approximations for electromagnetic transients codes, and wind farm yaw control using a combination of the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) and reinforcement learning (RL). Increasing penetrations of renewable energy into power grids motivate the investigation of new approaches to characterizing uncertainty for five-minute economic dispatch problems. Similarly, as the penetration of distributed energy resources on power grids increases, it becomes important to revisit our methods of modelling transient phenomena, i.e. electromagnetic transients programs. Finally, the combination of ADMM and RL for wind farm yaw control presented here can potentially increase the efficiency of the deployed distributed controllers by orders of magnitude.

ADMM↗
DOE OSTI2025

Station Impact Analysis 2025

As part of the U.S. DOE EVs@Scale consortium, the NextGen Profiles (NGP) project presents analysis and results from the study of High Power Charging Electric Vehicles and Battery Charging Infrastructure. High Power Charging equipment is capable of recharging electric vehicle traction batteries at power levels of 200KW and above. The intent of the project is to further understand the most recent technological capabilities of the electric mobility industry related to charging performance. The project aims to develop EV, EVSE, and Fleet characterization testing practices and comprehensive analysis with inputs from key industry stakeholders. The results published in this NextGen Profiles project report provide data and insight for use by numerous entities including modeling and simulation organizations, policy makers, fleet planners, industry stakeholders and the general public involved with the development, deployment and operation of electrified transportation technologies. The factors influencing Electric Vehicle (EV) Direct Current Fast Charging (DCFC), including EV battery specifications, temperature effects on lithium-ion battery and power electronics performance, lithium-ion battery SOC bounding and charging station design considerations are specifically investigated to analyze their impacts on charging station operation and recommendations are made to minimize charge station dwell time, reduce charging costs and mitigate electric grid and charge station congestion. Additional high-power charging results are anticipated in future publications in support of the U.S. DOE EVs@Scale consortium NextGen Profiles project.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2022

High-Resolution Wind Resource Data Set of the Greater Puerto Rico Region

In February 2022, the U.S. Department of Energy and six national laboratories launched the Puerto Rico Grid Resilience and Transitions to 100% Renewable Energy Study (PR100). PR100 aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of possible pathways for Puerto Rico's energy future, with a goal of 100% renewable energy by 2050. As a part of the renewable energy potential assessment in this project, we developed 20 years (2001-2020) of data using a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model for onshore and offshore wind resource assessment for the Puerto Rico. The research steps in developing the long-term wind resource data sets based on the NWP model were: 1. Model wind resource based on the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. 2. Develop WRF model configurations for Puerto Rico. 3. Test WRF with 11 different physics parameterizations for planetary boundary layer (PBL). 4. Assess WRF output from the different PBL schemes against observations. 5. Select a final model configuration which can produce the modeled wind speed with sufficient accuracy. 6. Produce 20 years wind resource data sets for Puerto Rico region. In the first stage of our framework for developing wind resource data, we developed a WRF model configuration using two nested domains (9 km and 3 km) to cover Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands and downscale the ERA5 reanalysis data (0.25 degrees x 0.25 degrees; hourly interval) to a 3-km domain. For the second stage, we implemented one-year simulations focused on using 11 different PBL physics parameterizations to find a combination of WRF physics parameterizations that could provide accurately modeled wind speed for Puerto Rico. We also analyzed the sensitivity of the modeled wind speed to PBL schemes for onshore and offshore locations. The WRF output resulting from the 11 WRF experiments using different PBL parameterizations were evaluated against observations obtained from the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) as well as at hub height for a location for which measurements were available. A final model setup selected through the validation with observational data was used to produce 20 years of data with 3-km spatial and 5-minute temporal resolution. The WRF model output was post-processed to include wind profiles and basic atmospheric variables in a format that can be easily used for downstream modeling. The 20 years of wind resource data will be made available through NREL and support the estimation of wind energy development costs for the PR100 study.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Five grand challenges of offshore wind financing in the United States

Offshore wind energy has the potential to play a critical role in fostering a renewable energy transformation in the United States. This owes to its massive technical potential, strategic location near densely populated coastlines, and - relative to onshore wind and solar - high capacity factors and consistent production. The Biden Administration's target to build 30 GW of offshore wind capacity by 2030 (from 0.04 GW today) requires the creation and swift development of a new industry that interlinks the wind and power industries with the maritime sector. Critical to its success is financing. While financial capital is abundant, deploying it for offshore wind faces major challenges. We identify and describe five grand challenges affecting offshore wind finance in the U.S. Failing to address these challenges may put deployment targets at risk. The challenges include (1) Early years financing: navigating the complexities, timing mismatches, and high costs of projects in the development phase; (2) Policy support for project financial solvency: addressing the uncertainty and systematic transfers of tax credits away from offshore wind, characteristic of the U.S. Investment Tax Credit; (3) Workforce development: building a skilled workforce for an emerging market; (4) Transmission and integration barriers: upgrading the power grid to reliably support large scale offshore wind integration; and (5) Floating wind development: financing the development and scale-up of floating offshore wind technologies. The second challenge has already been solved to a large extent by the Inflation Reduction Act.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Chapter 10 - Economic Considerations for Hydrogen Production with a Focus on Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolysis

This Chapter provides an overview of key economic considerations for hydrogen produced from water electrolysis, with the analyses presented here ranging from high-level summaries to detailed considerations of key market and technological drivers. As the electric power sector evolves to account for increasing shares of renewable energy, opportunities are emerging for technologies capable of storing renewable energy in various forms, including as hydrogen. Opportunities for reducing the cost of hydrogen produced from electrolysis include ensuring access to low-cost wholesale electricity, reducing the capital cost of electrolyzers, and development of systems capable of being dispatchable loads without experiencing significant efficiency penalties throughout lifetime. Our analysis indicates that numerous pathways exist for making hydrogen from electrolysis cost-competitive with hydrogen produced from conventional technologies, and significant opportunities exist for research and development to address performance targets for the future electrolysis systems envisioned here.

cost reduction↗
DOE OSTI2025

pH adjustment increases biofuel production from inhibitory switchgrass hydrolysates

Biofuels derived from renewable and sustainable lignocellulosic biomass, such as switchgrass, offer a promising means to limit greenhouse gas emissions. However, switchgrass grown under drought conditions contains high levels of chemical compounds that inhibit microbial conversion to biofuels. Fermentation of drought switchgrass hydrolysates by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis results in lower ethanol production than does fermentation of hydrolyzed switchgrass from a typical rainfall year. Here, it is demonstrated that this inhibitory effect can be alleviated by altering the pH of drought switchgrass hydrolysates produced by two different pretreatment methods: Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) and Soaking in Aqueous Ammonia (SAA). Fermentation rates and biofuel production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis were higher at pH 5.8 than at pH 5.0 from all feedstock years and following both pretreatment methods. SAA pretreatment of drought switchgrass furthermore enabled increased fermentation rates and biofuel titers compared to AFEX pretreatment. A synthetic mimic of switchgrass hydrolysate was developed and identified relief from pH-dependent inhibition by lignocellulose-derived inhibitors as the cause of increased biofuel production above a pH of 5.0. These results demonstrate that SAA pretreatment and pH adjustment can significantly improve fermentation and biofuel production from inhibitory feedstocks by industrial microorganisms.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Computational model development and validation of fuel dispersal phenomena

As the US nuclear industry is renewing efforts to extend the rod average burnup limits in existing pressurized water reactors, it becomes imperative to investigate the safety implications associated with high burnup fuel fragmentation and the potential dispersal of fragmented fuel into the reactor coolant system. Additionally, as there is a growing interest in transitioning to new nuclear fuel designs to accommodate higher fuel burnup levels, it becomes essential to conduct studies on fuel behavior during design basis accident scenarios, particularly during a postulated loss-of-coolant accident, in order to ensure the safe operation of light-water reactors. The present study develops a computational model to simulate the complex three-phase flow of the fuel dispersal phenomena that occur following a breach in the cladding, when the stream of solid fuel particles and carrier fission gas stream may interact with the surrounding liquid medium. Furthermore, the proposed framework considers the solid phase as discrete Lagrangian particles while the interpenetrating gas–liquid continuum is modeled using a Eulerian framework. The developed simulation framework is validated with experimental results performed in a separate-effect test facility by comparing predicted particle settlement locations with the experimental observations reported in the literature. Key highlights of this study include the interpretation of the high-pressure boundary conditions and the three-phase flow coupling strategy. Also discussed are the gas–liquid hydrodynamics and the behavior of particles as they are transported through the gas and liquid phases.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Investigating the Electronic Structure of Prospective Water-Splitting Oxide BaCe 0.25 Mn 0.75 O 3-δ before and after Thermal Reduction

BaCe 0.25 Mn 0.75 O 3-δ (BCM), a non-stoichiometric oxide with a layered perovskite-like crystal structure, has recently emerged as a prospective contender for application in renewable energy harvesting by solar thermochemical hydrogen generation. Using solar-thermal energy and a reducing environment, oxygen vacancies can be created in high-temperature BCM, and the reduced crystal so obtained can, in turn, produce H 2 by stripping oxygen from H 2 O. Therefore, a first step toward understanding the working mechanism and optimizing the performance of BCM is a thorough and comparative analysis of the electronic structure of the pristine and the reduced material. In this paper, we probe the electronic structure of BCM using the combined effort of first-principles calculations and experimental O K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The computed projected density of states (PDOS) and orbital plots are used to propose a simplified model for orbital mixing between the oxygen and metal atoms. With the help of state-of-the-art simulations, we are able to find the origins of the XAS peaks and categorize them on the basis of contribution from Ce and Mn. For the reduced crystal, the calculations show that the change in electron density resulting from the reduction is strongly localized around the oxygen vacancy. Experimental measurements reveal a marked lowering of the first O K-edge peak in the reduced crystal. Using theoretical analysis, this is shown to result from lifting of spin degeneracy in the absorption peaks as well as from a diminished O 2p contribution to the frontier unoccupied orbitals, in accordance with the tight binding scheme. The simulated results serve as a reference for the extent of spectral change as a function of the percentage of oxygen vacancies in the reduced crystal. Here, our study paves the way for the investigation of the working mechanism of BCM and for computational and experimental efforts aimed at design and discovery of efficient water-splitting oxides.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2025

Adsorption of REEs to Kaolinite via Ion Exchange and Surface Complexation as a Function of Water Chemistry

Rare earth elements (REEs) are critical components of modern technology behind renewable energy, transportation, and electronics but have a limited current supply. A substantial portion of global REE production relies on ion adsorption deposits. A high abundance of kaolinite in REE enrichment zones within these deposits suggests that kaolinite controls the subsurface migration of REEs. This study aimed to improve the current understanding of REE binding to kaolinite under varying water chemistry conditions. We conducted batch experiments with kaolinite (KGa-2) and three REEs (Nd, Dy, and Yb) at varying pH, electrolyte concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), low molecular weight organic acids (citric and oxalic acids), and total REE concentration conditions. Increasing electrolyte concentration inhibits REE adsorption at pH < 7, suggesting that ion exchange contributes to adsorption at these pH values. DIC affects adsorption above pH 7–8 by forming strong aqueous complexes with heavy REEs. Citric acid decreases REE adsorption via aqueous complexation of REEs at pH > 5 but does not affect adsorption at pH < 5. The surface complexation model captures the main adsorption trends with two mechanisms: ion exchange on basal planes at pH < ∼6 and inner-sphere surface complexation to edge sites at pH > ∼6. Equilibrium constants for surface complexation increase in the order of Yb > Dy > Nd, indicating a higher strength of adsorption for heavy REEs. This study demonstrates how water chemistry conditions control the adsorption mechanisms that may determine the mobility of REEs in subsurface environments rich in kaolinite.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Understanding (La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O$_{3-δ}$ Phase Instability within SOECs Using a Combined Experimental and Atomistic Modeling Approach

Understanding the onset of degradation in the air electrode within solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs), and the subsequent impact on cell performance, is a critical step in mitigating the performance losses and stability issues of SOECs. In an effort to identify early onset degradation phenomena, SOECs were characterized as fabricated and after testing potentiostatically at 1.3 V for 1000 h at 750 °C. SOEC air electrodes composed of a 1:1 composite of La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.2 Fe 0.8 O 3–δ (6428-LSCF) and Gd 0.1 Ce 0.9 O 1.95 (GDC) were studied using synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDS), and X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) to evaluate the changes in the air electrode structurally and chemically. These techniques show the migration of Sr species from the air electrode through pores in the GDC barrier layer, progressing to the electrolyte boundary, where it accumulates and reacts with (Zr 0.84 Y 0.16 )O 2–δ (YSZ) to form SrZrO 3 . Microscopy results are paired with atomistic simulations to better understand the relationship between the thermodynamic instability of 6428-LSCF and cell fabrication/testing conditions. First-principles calculations reveal that LSCF-6428 is not stable during cell manufacturing and testing conditions, which supports the experimental identification of secondary phases in both as-fabricated and tested cells. Together, these results demonstrate that the challenging environments encountered by SOECs during cell manufacturing and operation lead to instabilities of the target 6428-LSCF anode material and underscore the need for more durable, high-performing SOEC components.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Active Site Dynamics in Molybdenum-Based Silica-Supported Olefin Metathesis Catalysts: Site Renewal and Decay Beyond the Chauvin Cycle

Heterogeneous olefin metathesis catalysts exhibit low active site densities and unpredictable kinetics due to dynamic active site formation and decay processes. Here, in this study, we establish a quantitative framework that captures active site generation, renewal, and decay in olefin metathesis over silica-supported molybdenum oxide catalysts, enabling a mechanistic explanation of catalytic behavior and strategies to achieve high, stable activity. Steady-state active site titrations reveal that 2,3-dimethyl-butene isomers (4MEs) cofeeding increases active site density by up to 4.3-fold, directly correlating with enhanced metathesis rates. Spectroscopic studies demonstrate that 4MEs facilitate Mo(VI) reduction to Mo(IV) and interact strongly with surface Si–OH groups, generating labile protons that promote active site formation via a 1,2-proton shift mechanism. Kinetic modeling indicates that ethylene acts as a decay promoter, shifting kinetic control away from the Chauvin cycle and suppressing metathesis activity. Comparative studies on catalysts with varying Mo loading reveal that promotion is most effective for dispersed molybdate species, with a decline at higher Mo loadings. These findings provide a unified mechanistic framework for heterogeneous olefin metathesis, offering new strategies to enhance active site accessibility, mitigate deactivation, and optimize catalyst design.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Layer Number Dependence of Chirality and Spin Polarized Lifetime in Chiral 2D Halide Perovskites

Chiral metal halide perovskite semiconductors (CMHS) are fascinating semiconductors with unique chiroptical properties and spin-polarized charge transport. Achieving long spin lifetimes and high carrier mobility concurrently is essential to realize the true potential of CMHS in manipulating charge, spin, and light. While conventional monolayer n = 1 CMHS possess appreciable anisotropy factors of circular dichroism (g CD ) and photoluminescence (g lum ), imparting chirality to quasi-2D CMHS (n > 1) with enhanced carrier mobilities is underexplored. Herein, we systematically investigate the layer number (n-value) dependence and emergent trade-offs in chiroptical properties, spin-relaxation times, and carrier mobilities in chiral quasi-2D (R/S-MPEA) 2 MA n-1 Pb n I 3n+1 single crystals and thin films (R/S-MPEA: R/S-β-methylphenylethylammonium; MA: methylammonium; n = 1–3). Films with n = 2 exhibited the highest g CD of 8 × 10 –3 , an order of magnitude larger than their n = 1 and n = 3 counterparts. On the other hand, n = 3 films demonstrated enhanced spin lifetimes up to 15 ps along with increased carrier mobility up to 11.6 cm 2 V –1 s –1 . As a result, photodiode-type photodetectors based on n = 3 CMHS reveal high specific detectivity and superior discrimination of circularly polarized light, outperforming n = 1 and 2. These findings highlight the potential of quasi-2D CMHS as tunable, high-performance platforms with longer spin lifetime and diffusion length, enabling new functionalities.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

MODAQ (Modular Offshore Data Acquisition System) [SWR-24-58]

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has developed a data acquisition system to support laboratory (component) and in-water validation and testing of Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) technologies. The Modular Ocean Data AcQuisition System (MODAQ) is a robust system built on industrial grade hardware that can acquire high-quality and summary data from many sensor and instrument types. MODAQ includes modules to perform real-time QC screening, system health monitoring, and send alerts. MODAQ is also part of a larger data management, processing, visualization, and archiving system.

Raye, Robert↗