Comparative Reliability Study on Thermal Energy Storage Systems for Integrated Energy Systems
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Sabatino, Samantha↗
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Results for “System study”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Human-building collaboration: a case study on lighting enabled collaborative system design
This thesis explores the use of design concepts in lighting and space simulations to derive how spatially adjustable lighting (intensity, direction and color) can impact building energy savings and human factors (glare) considerations.
Varsami, Constantina↗
Organizational Influence on Supply Chain for Digital Energy Infrastructure: Business Models, and Policy Landscape
Significant investment is driving the essential modernization and digitization of U.S. energy infrastructure, but the United States faces a key challenge in this grid transformation: our renewable and clean energy supply chains have limited capacity to source necessary digital assets through U.S. or allied sources. Batteries and their associated power electronic interfaces are key components to delivering clean and more resilient energy delivery, providing much-needed fast ramping, emergency discharge, generation, and operations support to the electric grid. These services have grown to be invaluable over the past 10 years and will soon be an irreplaceable component of energy delivery. While there have been significant strides to move supply chains for raw and critical materials to U.S. and allied nations, the control and power electronic industry has lagged, in part because of lower cost margins. For example, the United States now has growing capacity to manufacture solar photovoltaic (PV) panels, but 90% of the inverters—which are essential to the conversion of DC to AC for grid connection and controls—are made in or source parts from the People’s Republic of China (PRC). While a global supply chain is beneficial for many economic and supply diversification reasons, presence of foreign entities of concern (FEOC) in a dominant role in this supply chain brings additional concerns for national security of infrastructure. The BESS relationship and new clean energy have features that warrant discussions and additional focus on impact for technology security, given their critical role. This review considers the impact and solutions for complex business and policy landscapes in clean energy supply chain, and the benefit trade-offs, focusing on the Battery Energy Storage System case study, and its complex organizational relationships across both the US, Allied countries and Foreign Entities of Concern. While many examples in this paper are presented on PRC focused manufacture, this could apply to any potentially adversarial relationship
25 - ENERGY STORAGE↗
Dynamics modeling of molten salt reactor with reduced and expanded representations of delayed neutron precursors
Molten salt reactors (MSRs) present unique challenges in dynamic behavior due to the mobility of their fuel. In these reactors, delayed neutron precursors (DNPs) drift with the fuel circulation through the primary loop. As a result, a fraction of DNPs decays outside the core, effectively reducing the available delayed neutron population for reactivity control. Consequently, precise modeling of the distribution and behavior of DNPs is critical for accurate reactor dynamics simulations. In this study, the System Dynamics Analysis Tool (SDAT) was used to simulate a thermal-spectrum MSR under steady-state conditions and following transients. The effects of using reduced and expanded representations of DNPs with fewer or more groups than the conventional 6-group model were investigated. Their impact on the simulated distribution of precursors in the primary loop, reactivity loss value, and reactor response to transients was analyzed. Simulation results showed that reduced models lead to the loss of the actual DNPs distribution data, resulting in less accurate estimates of reactivity loss. Reactor power predictions using these reduced models showed significant deviations compared to those using the conventional 6-group model in transient simulations. Expanded models offered a more accurate representation of the distribution of DNPs and reactivity loss estimates. Reactor power predictions using expanded models showed minimal deviation from the conventional 6-group model during the simulated transients.
analysis↗
Dynamic hosting capacity analysis for distributed photovoltaic resources—Framework and case study
Distributed photovoltaic systems can cause adverse distribution system impacts, including voltage violations at customer locations and thermal overload of lines, transformers, and other equipment resulting from high current. The installed capacity at which violations first occur and above which would require system upgrades is called the hosting capacity. Current static methods for determining hosting capacity tend to either consider infrequent worst-case snapshots in time and/or capture coarse time and spatial resolution. Because the duration of violations cannot be captured with these traditional methods, the metric thresholds used in these studies conservatively use the strictest constraints given in operating standards, even though both worse voltage performance and higher overloads may be temporarily acceptable. However, assessing the full details requires accurately capturing time-dependence, voltage-regulating equipment operations, and performance of advanced controls-based mitigation techniques. In this paper, we propose a dynamic distributed photovoltaic hosting capacity methodology to address these issues by conducting power flow analysis for a full year. A key contribution is the formulation of time aware metrics to take these annual results and identify the hosting capacity. Through a case study, we show that this approach can more fully capture grid impacts of distributed photovoltaic than traditional methods and the dynamic hosting capacity was 60%–200% higher than the static hosting capacity in this case study.
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
Design Study of a Superconducting Quadrupole Magnet System Sustainable Under Dark Current Heating in ILC Main Linac
The International Linear Collider (ILC) main linac comprises a series of 12 m-long cryomodules. The cryomodule contains eight 9-cell superconducting (SC) RF (SRF) cavities and an SC quadrupole magnet combined with dipole correctors to focus and steer electron and positron beams. The magnets are installed between the SRF cavity string and at the longitudinal center of a common cryomodule/cryostat. These magnets are conductively cooled by pure aluminum channels thermally connected to a 2 K two-phase helium pipe for cooling the SRF cavities. A recent study shows that field-emitted electrons, so-called “dark current” initiated in the SRF cavities, are transmitted through the SRF cavity string and reach the SC magnet. The energy is inevitably absorbed in the SC coil due to the magnetic field, resulting in risks of a quench caused by the coil heating. We are investigating alternate magnet designs by using Nb $_{3}$ Sn or $\text{MgB}_{2}$ SC and by adding the dark current absorber surrounding the beam-pipe to realize sustainable magnet operation under the dark current heating. We report the design study of the magnet system and interfaces to the cryomodule accommodating it with the SRF cavities.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Thermal and Mechanical Energy Performance Analysis of Closed-loop Systems in Hot-Dry-Rock and Hot-Wet-Rock Reservoirs
To understand the potential and limitations for recovering thermal and mechanical energy from closed-loop geothermal systems a collaborative study is underway that will investigate an array of system configurations, working fluids, geothermal reservoir characteristics, operational periods, and heat transfer enhancements. Closed-loop geothermal systems are distinguished from hydrothermal or enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) in that the working fluid only circulates through drilled boreholes. Principal objectives of this study are to determine upper limits for thermal and mechanical energy recovery and optimal operational and configuration parameters for each scenario. Teams of scientists and engineers are applying a suite of numerical simulation and analytical tools to model the heat recovery from closed-loop geothermal systems, and then optimizing operational and configuration parameters to maximize the thermal and mechanical energy recovery. Results from the suite of numerical simulators and analytical tools, such as outlet and inlet states and temperature profiles in the geothermal reservoir over time are intercompared to increase confidence in the analysis. This paper documents the study findings for closed-loop systems in hot-dry-rock and hot-wet-rock reservoirs, where water is the working fluid. The characteristics of the hot-dry-rock reservoir were based on the U.S. Department of Energy's Utah Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE) site, near Milford Utah. Two objective functions are defined to optimize the operational and configuration parameters of the system, one each for the recovery of mechanical and thermal energy over the period of operation. For both objective functions, a surface plant thermal to mechanical energy conversion factor and an energy drilling cost is required. In keeping with the study objectives the surface plant conversion factor is determined from a second-law of thermodynamics analysis of a generic binary plant, and drilling costs are based on those from the Utah FORGE site and current national electrical costs.
closed-loop geothermal systems↗
Modeling Data Flows with Network Calculus in Cyber-Physical Systems: Enabling Feature Analysis for Anomaly Detection Applications
The electric grid is becoming increasingly cyber-physical with the addition of smart technologies, new communication interfaces, and automated grid-support functions. Because of this, it is no longer sufficient to only study the physical system dynamics, but the cyber system must also be monitored as well to examine cyber-physical interactions and effects on the overall system. To address this gap for both operational and security needs, cyber-physical situational awareness is needed to monitor the system to detect any faults or malicious activity. Techniques and models to understand the physical system (the power system operation) exist, but methods to study the cyber system are needed, which can assist in understanding how the network traffic and changes to network conditions affect applications such as data analysis, intrusion detection systems (IDS), and anomaly detection. In this paper, we examine and develop models of data flows in communication networks of cyber-physical systems (CPSs) and explore how network calculus can be utilized to develop those models for CPSs, with a focus on anomaly and intrusion detection. This provides a foundation for methods to examine how changes to behavior in the CPS can be modeled and for investigating cyber effects in CPSs in anomaly detection applications.
97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
Quantum-Inspired Power System Reliability Assessment
To enable an in-depth study of power system operation and planning, the assessment of standard reliability indices is inevitable. The Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) approach is a broadly used method in replacing the analytical methods in reliability indices assessment. The accuracy of MCS, however, highly depends on the sampling size, and hence, a complicated system with large number of components requires a large sampling size and daunting computational effort. To address this shortcoming, we, in this paper attempt to take advantage of potentials of the quantum computing (QC) for power system reliability assessment by realizing the following contributions: 1) an innovative quantum model designed for reliability assessment; 2) a quantum circuit that achieves the quadratic speed up compared to the classical MCS method; 3) an efficient quantum amplitude estimation (QAE) algorithm to accurately evaluate the reliability indices. The accuracy and efficacy of the quantum reliability method are extensively verified and demonstrated on both radial and mesh distribution systems.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
U.S. Indirect and Direct Potable Water Reuse Systems (2020)
Collection of proposed, operating, demonstration, and pilot study potable reuse systems across the U.S. as of 2020. Information includes project name, location, augmentation type, capacity, year operational, treatment train, and source water type. References are included in this submission. As potable reuse facilities undergo expansions or upgrades, treatment trains and capacities are subject to change. Operational status may also change. Treatment trains listed are reported to the detail that the source provides. Type and doses of chemical post-treatment or chlorination is often not specified. Please see README section in spreadsheet for definitions of acronyms used.
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
Assessing Dynamic Behaviors in Converter- Dominated Power Systems via RMS and EMT Simulations: A Study of Hawaii’s NELHA Microgrid
The transition from conventional power systems to converter-based microgrids has significantly advanced sustainability, clean energy integration, and operational reliability. However, this paradigm shift introduces operational challenges due to the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources and the non-linear characteristics of power electronic loads, inducing voltage fluctuations and harmonic distortions that complicate voltage and frequency regulation. Accurate dynamic modeling is hypothesized to be critical for capturing such effects, enabling reliable simulation and control strategy development. This study introduces an innovative dynamic modeling framework for a real-world converter-based microgrid, utilizing both root mean square (RMS) and electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation methods. The microgrid was modeled in DIgSILENT PowerFactory, with simulations calibrated against high-resolution field measurements from SEL-735 power quality meters. Results show that RMS simulations effectively characterize steady-state dynamics, while EMT simulations are essential for capturing high-frequency transients and non-linear effects from photovoltaic inverters and variable frequency drives (VFDs). This complementary approach provides a comprehensive understanding of microgrid behavior, providing critical insights for improving simulation accuracy, advancing protection schemes, and improving resilience in future low-inertia power networks.
24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
Thermal and Mechanical Energy Performance Analysis of Closed-loop Systems in Hot-Dry-Rock and Hot-Wet-Rock Reservoirs
To understand the potential and limitations for recovering thermal and mechanical energy from closed-loop geothermal systems a collaborative study is underway that will investigate an array of system configurations, working fluids, geothermal reservoir characteristics, operational periods, and heat transfer enhancements. Closed-loop geothermal systems are distinguished from hydrothermal or enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) in that the working fluid only circulates through drilled boreholes. Principal objectives of this study are to determine upper limits for thermal and mechanical energy recovery and optimal operational and configuration parameters for each scenario. Teams of scientists and engineers are applying a suite of numerical simulation and analytical tools to model the heat recovery from closed-loop geothermal systems, and then optimizing operational and configuration parameters to maximize the thermal and mechanical energy recovery. Results from the suite of numerical simulators and analytical tools, such as outlet and inlet states and temperature profiles in the geothermal reservoir over time are intercompared to increase confidence in the analysis. This paper documents the study findings for closed-loop systems in hot-dry-rock and hot-wet-rock reservoirs, where water is the working fluid. The characteristics of the hot-dry-rock reservoir were based on the U.S. Department of Energy’s Utah Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE) site, near Milford Utah. Two objective functions are defined to optimize the operational and configuration parameters of the system, one each for the recovery of mechanical and thermal energy over the period of operation. For both objective functions, a surface plant thermal to mechanical energy conversion factor and an energy drilling cost is required. In keeping with the study objectives the surface plant conversion factor is determined from a second-law of thermodynamics analysis of a generic binary plant, and drilling costs are based on those from the Utah FORGE site and current national electrical costs.
Closed-loop geothermal systems, hot-dry-rock, hot-↗
Hydropower Modeling Gaps in Planning and Operational Studies
In the evolving power system, where new renewable resources displace continually conventional generation and hydro becomes a single traditional resource that is fully controllable, it is timely to examine hydrogeneration’s role in the power system of the future and its representation in power system operation and planning reliability studies. This paper identifies some of the gaps in hydro-based generation representation in steady-state and dynamic models and provides recommendations for their mitigation.
13 HYDRO ENERGY↗
A Distributed Model Identification Algorithm for Multi-Agent Systems: Preprint
In this study, we investigate agent-based approach for system model identification with emphasis on power distribution system applications. Departing from conventional practices of relying on historical data for offline model identification, we adopt online update approach utilizing real-time data by employing the latest data points for gradient computation. This methodology offers advantages including a large reduction in the communication network's bandwidth requirements by minimizing the data exchanged at each iteration and enabling the model to adapt in real-time to disturbances. Furthermore, we extend our model identification process from linear frameworks to more complex non-linear convex models. This extension is validated through numerical studies demonstrating improved control performance for a synthetic IEEE test case.
data-driven control↗
Active control of laser beam pointing for the Zettawatt-Equivalent Ultrashort pulse laser System: a proof-of-principle study with 16-inch optics
We present a proof-of-principle study of active beam-pointing control for the Zettawatt-Equivalent Ultrashort pulse laser System (ZEUS) using a piezo-actuated 16-inch mirror. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest actively controlled mirror reported in a high-power laser system. A simple proportional feedback control was implemented based on a field-programmable gate array, which reduced the standard deviation of beam-pointing fluctuations by 91% to 0.075 μrad in the horizontal direction and by 78% to 0.25 μrad in the vertical direction. We also demonstrated the elimination of long-term pointing jitter caused by temperature drift using the same apparatus.
laser pointing control↗
An Analysis of Potentially Implementing Standardized Canisters in the U.S. Commercial Waste Management System
This analytical study focuses on loading standardized transportation, aging, and disposal canisters (STADs) at commercial reactor sites and subsequent transportation, e.g., to a consolidated interim storage facility (CISF). Specifically, the amount of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) available to load into STADs with varying deployment dates is explored, and the scenarios are compared with a scenario in which STADs are never loaded at reactor sites. Two key findings are that about half of the U.S. inventory of commercial SNF could be captured in STADs if they were fully deployed by 2035 and that the percentage of SNF available to load into STADs decreases as STAD deployment is delayed.In additional scenarios, the effects of shipping STADs directly from at-reactor spent fuel pools (SFPs) to a CISF are analyzed for a STAD full deployment year of 2035. A key finding from the analysis is that the dry storage of SNF in STADs at reactor sites can be minimized by direct shipment to a CISF from reactor site SFPs. Furthermore, minimizing dry storage at reactor sites means maximizing the receipt rate for STADs at a CISF, and there is likely a more optimal point between the two scenarios for an overall cost-effective operation of waste management systems.
12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
A Review on Building Resilient Power Networks: Emphasizing Adjacent Span Dynamics
This research article presents a comprehensive review of resilience in power transmission and distribution systems, focusing on key studies that examine structural integrity, mechanical stress distribution, and system reliability under various conditions. The article synthesizes findings across multiple studies, covering assumptions, system topologies, methodologies, and challenges that affect resilience in these networks. Particular attention is given to identifying studies that address the influence of adjacent spans and tower--line interactions, as these factors play a crucial role in the stress distribution and structural dynamics within poles, towers, and transmission lines. In addition to identifying critical factors contributing to system vulnerability, this review emphasizes the importance of continued research to better understand and mitigate risks from extreme events, such as high winds combined with ice storms. By consolidating knowledge on current challenges and future needs, this work outlines future directions to advance resilience studies and contributes to ongoing efforts to strengthen power transmission and distribution networks, reducing disruptions in electricity supply and improving overall system resilience in an evolving climate landscape.
Ahmad, Tawsif [Pacific Northwest National Laborato↗
Comparing emulation methods for a high‐resolution storm surge model
Abstract Realistic simulations of complex systems are fundamental for climate and environmental studies. Large computer systems are often not sufficient to run sophisticated computational models for large numbers of different input settings. Statistical surrogate models, or emulators, are key tools enabling fast exploration of the simulator input space. Gaussian processes have become standard for computer simulator emulation. However, they require careful implementation to scale appropriately, motivating alternative methods more recently introduced. We present a comparison study of surrogates of the Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes (SLOSH) simulator—the simulator of choice for government agencies—using four emulation approaches: BASS; BART; SEPIA; and RobustGaSP. SEPIA and RobustGaSP use Gaussian processes, BASS implements adaptive splines, and BART is based on ensembles of regression trees. We describe the four models and compare them in terms of computation time and predictive metrics. These surrogates use proven and distinct methodologies, are available through accessible software, and quantify prediction uncertainty. Our data cover millions of response values. We find that SEPIA and RobustGaSP provide exceptional predictive power, but cannot scale to emulate experiments as large as the one considered in this paper as effectively as BASS and BART.
Hutchings, Grant↗