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NASA NTRS1987

Varying self-inductance and energy storage in a sheared force-free arcade

An electric circuit analogy is used to model the build-up and storage of magnetic energy in the coronal loops known to exist in the atmosphere of the sun. The present parameterization of magnetic energy storage in an electric circuit analog uses a bulk current I flowing in the circuit and a self-inductance L. Because the self-inductance is determined by the geometry of the magnetic configuration any change in its dimensions will change L. If L is increased, the amount of magnetic energy stored and the rate at which magnetic energy is stored are both increased. One way of increasing L is to shear the magnetic field lines and increase their effective geometrical length. Using the force-free field approximation for a magnetic arcade whose field lines are sheared by photospheric motions, it is demonstrated that the increase of magnetic energy is initially due to the increase of the current intensity I and later mainly due to the increase of the self-inductance.

Zuccarello, F.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Multispan-Beam Shear Test For Composite Laminates

New approach for studying failure mechanism is use of multispan-beam shear test, which puts some regions of specimen in almost pure shear and enables observation of location of initial failure and way in which damage propagates. Test stopped at any time, such as when first failure event occurs, for study of phenomenon or taking photographs of failure event. Individual plies studied easily with long-distance microscope or from photographs taken during test.

Jegley, Dawn C.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Wind shear detection. Forward-looking sensor technology

A meeting took place at NASA Langley Research Center in February 1987 to discuss the development and eventual use of forward-looking remote sensors for the detection and avoidance of wind shear by aircraft. The participants represented industry, academia, and government. The meeting was structured to provide first a review of the current FAA and NASA wind shear programs, then to define what really happens to the airplane, and finally to give technology updates on the various types of forward-looking sensors. This document is intended to informally record the essence of the technology updates (represented here through unedited duplication of the vugraphs used), and the floor discussion following each presentation. Also given are key issues remaining unresolved.

Bracalente, E. M.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Inflectional instabilities in the wall region of bounded turbulent shear flows

The primary thrust of this research was to identify one or more mechanisms responsible for strong turbulence production events in the wall region of bounded turbulent shear flows. Based upon previous work in a transitional boundary layer, it seemed highly probable that the production events were preceded by an inflectional velocity profile which formed on the interface between the low-speed streak and the surrounding fluid. In bounded transitional flows, this unstable profile developed velocity fluctuations in the streamwise direction and in the direction perpendicular to the sheared surface. The rapid growth of these instabilities leads to a breakdown and production of turbulence. Since bounded turbulent flows have many of the same characteristics, they may also experience a similar type of breakdown and turbulence production mechanism.

Swearingen, Jerry D.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Improved finite strip Mindlin plate bending element using assumed shear strain distributions

A linear finite strip plate element based on Mindlin/Reissner plate theory is developed. The analysis is suitable for both thin and thick plates. In the formulation new transverse shear strains are introduced and assumed constant in each two-code linear strip. The element stiffness matrix is explicitly formulated for efficient computation and computer implementation. Numerical results showing the efficiency and predictive capability of the element for the analysis of plates are presented for different support and loading conditions and a wide range of thicknesses. No sign of shear locking phenomenon was observed with the newly developed element.

Chulya, Abhisak↗

NASA NTRS1987

Developing disturbances in shear

The origin and growth to moderate amplitude of disturbances in shear flow has been traditionally ascribed to the linear modal instability of the flow. Recent work on initial value problems has suggested that nonmodal growth of perturbations may be of equal and perhaps greater importance, at least in cases of rapid development. Examples of robust growth in model problems which support no instabilities and in baroclinic flows with realistic Ekman damping for which the exponential modes have zero or negative growth rates have been shown. Such examples have focused attention on the perturbations which are configured to tap the energy of mean flows. Here a critical examination of these favorably configured perturbations is given, making use of the simple constant free shear barotropic model which allows construction of exact two-dimensional isolated wave packet solutions.

Farrell, Brian↗

NASA NTRS1987

Calculation of wall and free turbulent-shear flows at supersonic speeds

Supersonic turbulent flows are simulated numerically by solving the Reynolds-averaged full Navier-Stokes equations by an implicit finite-volume method. This flux-vector-split upwind scheme uses approximate factorization followed by line-Gauss-Seidel relaxations. The effects of turbulence are modeled by two eddy viscosity models. High-Reynolds-number form of the k-epsilon model is coupled with a wall-function to avoid excessive refinement of the grid in the low-Reynolds number regions. The k-epsilon equations are solved by the explicit-implicit MacCormack method. The algebraic Baldwin-Lomax model is also being used as an inexpensive alternative for the cases which do not experience massive separation. Several examples of two-dimensional solutions are given to illustrate both wall and free turbulent shear flows which include fluid dynamic phenomena, such as shocks, boundary layers, shear layers, wakes, separations and recirculations. The results compared with experimental data show good agreeent.

Baysal, O.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Numerical simulation of self-sustained and forced oscillations in jet shear layers

Excitation of axisymmetric jet shear layers has been investigated by solving the time-dependent compressible Navier-Stokes equations. MacCormack's explicit finite difference scheme is used in performing the computations on a CRAY X-MP computer. This work examines the influence of various means of excitation of the shear layer, to produce large scale vortex structures in such a manner that the mixing between two flows will be enhanced or diminished. While successful pressure excitation has been achieved in previous studies only limited success with temperature excitation at the inflow boundary has been accomplished. The current study focuses on the use of temperature excitation through the boundary layer immediately inside the jet lip. In order to achieve the required resolution significant grid refinement is necessary. The results of the computation with and without temperature excitation are analyzed and compared with results obtained using pressure excitation. The influence of amplitude and frequency on specific flow characteristics are also examined. The excitation frequency for both the temperature and pressure corresponds to a Strouhal number of .45 and the inflow jet Mach number is approximately .3.

Scott, J. N.↗

NASA NTRS1987

The structure of a turbulent shear layer embedded in turbulence

Measurements are reported on the growth rate and the turbulent characteristics of a two-dimensional, free shear layer generated by a nonuniform array of parallel turbulent jets and wakes. Although bounded by roughly isotropic turbulence and not having any detectable initial periodicity, this layer develops weak, plane, periodic vortices that grow in relative strength and scale downstream. Their scale and frequency match those reported for shear layers that begin with strong vortices.

Tavoularis, S.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Heating of coronal loops by phase-mixid shear Alfven waves

The dissipation of shear Alfven waves in a coronal loop driven externally by an incident wave in the subcoronal region is investigated. The phase mixing of these incident shear Alfven waves serves as the dissipation mechanism in the corona. The wave solution found by Heyvaerts and Priest (1983) for coronal holes is used to compute the total energy deposited in a loop. The energy deposited is shown to depend upon the magnetic diffusivity nu(m) and viscosity nu(v), contrary to the conclusion of authors who assumed that coronal loops are perfect resonators. The energy deposited in a three-layer model is computed for incident waves with periods of five minutes or five seconds. For a five-minute period, almost no energy is deposited, especially for small loops. For a five-second period, a substantial amount of energy is deposited in the loop, but not enough to account for the heating of small loops.

Abdelatif, Toufik E.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Mixing control in a plane shear layer

An investigation of mixing processes in a plane shear layer by a direct numerical simulation with a high-order numerical technique, the isoparametric spectral element method, is presented. The computational domain includes a region with the splitter plate that allows to start the flow as a laminar (Blasius) boundary layers with different velocities and concentrations, merging in the shear layer and undergoing transition to highly-unsteady structures with intensive mixing. The augmentation of mixing as a function of a downstream location, the intensity and type of vortical structures in the layer is investigated by an introduction of disturbance at the high-velocity inflow. The character of the dynamic mixing is displayed along with time averaged profiles and statistical characteristics.

Korczak, K. Z.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Computation of the velocity field of an excited shear layer

An infinitely thin shear layer emanating from a semi-infinite flat plate subjected to acoustic excitation is considered. The flow field outside the excited shear layer is computed employing a source distribution approach. Results are given for the region of the velocity field that cannot easily be obtained by analytical approximations.

Nallasamy, M.↗

NASA NTRS1988

On the receptivity of free shear layers to two-dimensional external excitation

In this paper, the receptivity of a typical free shear layer to pulse-type and periodic excitation is studied. This is done by solving the initial-value problem completely and studing its long-time behavior. This leads to a wave packet for the pulse. By the superposition of many wave packets, a spatial instability mode when the flow is convectively unstable is generated. This establishes a general and simple relationship between the receptivities for pulse-type and sinusoidal excitations. It is found that a shear layer is very receptive to high-frequency disturbances that are generated near the centerline of the layer.

Balsa, Thomas F.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Radiative instabilities in sheared magnetic field

The structure and growth rate of the radiative instability in a sheared magnetic field B have been calculated analytically using the Braginskii fluid equations. In a shear layer, temperature and density perturbations are linked by the propagation of sound waves parallel to the local magnetic field. As a consequence, density clumping or condensation plays an important role in driving the instability. Parallel thermal conduction localizes the mode to a narrow layer where K(parallel) is small and stabilizes short wavelengths k larger-than(c) where k(c) depends on the local radiation and conduction rates. Thermal coupling to ions also limits the width of the unstable spectrum. It is shown that a broad spectrum of modes is typically unstable in tokamak edge plasmas and it is argued that this instability is sufficiently robust to drive the large-amplitude density fluctuations often measured there.

Drake, J. F.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Mixing-length, shears, and differential rotation

Three aspects of convection in the solar envelope, the mixing length, the shears, and the differential rotation, are considered. Numerical experiments show that the mixing length is scaled by the pressure scale height rather than by the density scale height. Results indicate that the effective viscosity of convective turbulence on large scale shears may be approximated as 1/3 the product of the rms vertical velocity and the pressure scale height. It is suggested that the differential rotation of the solar convection zone may be viewed as an unstable axisymmetric mode which produces slower rotation at the surface.

Chan, K. L.↗

NASA NTRS1988

A mixed formulaton of C(0)-linear triangular plate/shell element - The role of edge shear constraints

A simple and effective linear C(0)-tiangular element for plates and shells is developed on the basis of the Hellinger-Reissner mixed variational principle with independently assumed stress and displacement fields. Two main features are emphasized in this development concerning the assumed transverse shear stress field. First, this assumption results in edge-type penalty constraints in the thin plate/shell regimes. Second, the element is used in the form of a four-triangle, cross-diagonal macroelement mesh. As a result, the element is shown to be free from shear locking in thin plate/shell applications, and it satisfies all the appropriate patch tests required for Kirchhoff plate models. In addition, the element exhibits good overall convergence properties in a variety of test problems for plates and shells. Finally, from the computational standpoint, the element is very efficient since all stiffness component matrices are derived in explicit forms.

Saleeb, A. F.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Thermo-elasto-viscoplastic analysis of problems in extension and shear

The problems of extension and shear behavior of structural elements made of carbon steel and subjected to large thermomechanical loads are investigated. The analysis is based on nonlinear geometric and constitutive relations, and is expressed in a rate form. The material constitutive equations are capable of reproducing all nonisothermal, elasto-viscoplastic characteristics. The results of the test problems show that: (1) the formulation can accommodate very large strains and rotations; (2) the model incorporates the simplification associated with rate-insensitive elastic response without losing the ability to model a rate-temperature dependent yield strength and plasticity; and (3) the formulation does not display oscillatory behavior in the stresses for the simple shear problem.

Riff, R.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Nonlinear roll-up of externally excited free shear layers

The effects of strong critical-layer nonlinearity on the spatially growing instabilities of a shear layer between two parallel streams are considered. A composite expansion technique is used to obtain a single formula that accounts for both shear-layer spreading and nonlinear critical-layer effects. Nonlinearity causes the instability to saturate well upstream of the linear neutral stability point. It also produces vorticity roll-up that cannot be predicted by linear theory.

Goldstein, M. E.↗