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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,099 records · Page 61
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

From Regolith to Living Off the Land: Formulating a Data Model to Catalog Lunar Construction Materials

Artemis Program objectives for sustainable, long-term presence on the Moon and more distant planetary surfaces will require learning to “Live off the Land”, relying on in-situ resource utilization to produce infrastructure and building materials from lunar regolith, icy subsurface deposits, and residual waste materials. Meeting demand for consumables while scaling development with resources found within the landing zone will require detailed data on the geology and environment of the lunar surface. Lunar infrastructure development will generate vast amounts of new engineering data regarding availability of processed feedstocks and their performance in building materials. Lunar engineering data accessible to program partners, research institutions and industry may help situate processes and specifications within the in-situ GIS context. Lunar missions to date have generated geological and ice favorability maps of the lunar surface, and recent technology studies have tested automated construction systems and novel material formulations using regolith simulants and binders. Current discussions focus on identifying key feedstocks, quantities required for nominal mission scenarios and infrastructure plans, and mapping the value chain from regolith to feedstock to consumables and construction materials.

lunar construction↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

NASA’s Earth System Observatory Formulation Progress

The 2017 Earth Science Decadal Survey by the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine identified five foundational observations, or Designated Observables (DO), to be implemented as missions by NASA. To address these five DO areas – Surface Biology and Geology; Mass Change; Aerosols; Cloud, Convection, and Precipitation; and Surface Deformation and Change – NASA is developing the Earth System Observatory (ESO) as an array of Earth-focused, interconnected satellite missions. The ESO will build on the strong history of international partnerships in NASA Earth science, with initial participation and collaboration on these missions across space agency partners including the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Canadian Space Agency (CSA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), and Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI). Targeting launch dates in the late 2020s and early 2030s, the ESO will work as a single observatory, with each satellite in the ESO delivering its own valuable information, but taken together, the data and imagery will provide the global community with a multidimensional, holistic view of the Earth. In addition to furthering the world’s scientific knowledge, data gathered by ESO missions will provide actionable science to inform decisions related to climate change, disaster mitigation, and wildfires, improve real-time agricultural processes, and many other applications. This paper will provide an overview of the ESO development activities, as well as an update on the individual ESO missions currently in formulation – Atmosphere Observing System, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment-Continuity, and Surface Biology and Geology – including current mission architectures and concepts, international partner collaboration, science community engagement, and applications efforts, as well as how ESO data will be freely open and accessible to users all over the world.

NASA Earth Science↗
DOE OSTI2011

A Dependency-Driven Formulation of Parareal: Parallel-in-Time Solution of PDEs as a Many-Task Application

Parareal is a novel algorithm that allows the solution of time-dependent systems of differential or partial differential equations (PDE) to be parallelized in the temporal domain. Parareal-based implementations of PDE problems can take advantage of this parallelism to significantly reduce the time to solution for a simulation (though at an increased total cost) while making effective use of the much larger processor counts available on current high-end systems. In this paper, we present a dynamic, dependency-driven version of the parareal algorithm which breaks the final sequential bottleneck remaining in the original formulation, making it amenable to a "many-task" treatment. We further improve the cost and execution time of the algorithm by introducing a moving window for time slices, which avoids the execution of tasks which contribute little to the final global solution. We describe how this approach has been realized in the Integrated Plasma Simulator (IPS), a framework for coupled multiphysics simulations, and examine the trade-offs among time-to-solution, total cost, and resource utilization efficiency as a function of the compute resources applied to the problem.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Microfluidic Platforms for on-chip Formulation and Small-Angle x-ray Analysis of the Phase Behavior of Lipid/Water Mixtures

We present a microfluidic platform for on-chip formulation and X-ray analysis of lipidic mesophases formed upon mixing lipids and water. The platform is designed to study the effect of detergents on the phase behavior of lipid/water mixtures. The platform allows automated preparation of multiple samples of different composition from stock solutions and subsequent on-chip small-angle X-ray diffraction (SAXS) data collection. To ensure X-ray transparency of the platform we used thin layers of cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) and PDMS. The viability of the platform is demonstrated by mapping out a section of the phase diagram for lipid monoolein mixed with solutions of detergent {beta}-octylglucoside. The platform reported here is a viable alternative to the traditional method of establishing phase diagrams for lipid/solution mixtures. Compared to the conventional approach, a significantly smaller amount of sample is required for mapping phase diagrams of lipidic mesophases and samples of various compositions are prepared automatically. In ongoing work we are using these chips to rapidly determine the phase behavior of a range of lipids to establish their suitability for membrane protein crystallization, especially with respect to their sensitivity to detergent concentration.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2012

Axisymmetric boundary integral formulation for a two fluid system

A 3D axisymmetric Galerkin boundary integral formulation for modeling the motion of one inviscid fluid enclosed inside another is described. The interface variables are the velocity potential and the normal velocity, and they can be solved for separately, the second linear system being symmetric. The algorithm is validated by comparing with the analytic solutions for a static interior spherical drop, over a range of values for the relative densities D=rho_E/rho_I of exterior and interior fluids, and various boundary conditions. For time dependent simulations utilizing a Level Set method for the interface tracking, the accuracy has been checked by comparing against the known oscillation frequency of the sphere. Pinch-off profiles corresponding to an initial two lobe geometry drop and D=6 are also presented.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2015

A generic formulation for emittance and lattice function evolution for non-Hamiltonian systems with stochastic effects

I describe a generic formulation for the evolution of emittances and lattice functions under arbitrary, possibly non-Hamiltonian, linear equations of motion. The average effect of stochastic processes, which would include ionization interactions and synchrotron radiation, is also included. I first compute the evolution of the covariance matrix, then the evolution of emittances and lattice functions from that. I examine the particular case of a cylindrically symmetric system, which is of particular interest for ionization cooling.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Studies of EMP generation using a Lienard-Wiechert formulation, and progress toward a 3-D EMP code

Here, we describe studies of the generation of electro-magnetic pulse (EMP) fields under the idealized conditions of a delta-function gamma pulse, a spherical cap of Compton electrons located at a common radius from the burst, and the absence of the conduction current. Various processes (geomagnetic rotation, drag, and scattering) contribute to the time derivative of the Compton current density, which appears as the source term in the Lienard–Wiechert expression for the radiation field. These processes are considered separately and in combination, and their influences on the waveform of the EMP assessed. Using a separate computational approach, different numerical models of multiple scattering are tested, in an effort to assess the validity of existing codes and earlier results. We also describe plans for and progress toward a comprehensive 3-D EMP code, which is to employ recently developed numerical methods and is to offer a variety of models, including the Lienard–Wiechert formulation described here.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Electrolyte formulations

An electrochemical cell including a silicon-based anode and an electrolyte, where the electrolyte is formulated to contain solvents having cyclic sulfone or cyclic sulfite chemical structure. Specific additional solvent and salt combinations yield superior performance in these electrochemical cells.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗
DOE OSTI2019

A Chemical Functionality Approach Towards the Formulation of a High-Fidelity Surrogate Fuel for FACE Gasoline F

1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are used to determine an accurate, quantitative description of the atom type population of FACE-F, a research-grade gasoline. On this basis, a surrogate palette of seventeen components is proposed. Two surrogate fuels are formulated; a seven-component mixture (FGF-TCD1), and a nine-component mixture (FGF-TCD2). The autoignition behavior of FGF-TCD1 and FGF-TCD2 is investigated. Measurements are compared to tests with FACE-F, and blends of FACE-F with ethanol. Conditions at the transition from low-temperature to NTC chemistry are targeted such that first-stage, main ignition times, and exothermicity can be monitored. From the same manner, perturbed ignition characteristics due to the ethanol addition can be quantified. The results of this study demonstrate that although the atom type populations of both surrogate fuels are consistent with FACE-F and each other, the observed reactivity is different. This is may be attributed to atom type descriptors alone being insufficient to capture the combustion behavior of FACE-F. Interestingly, however, similar degree of reactivity differences in response to ethanol blending is observed.

autoignition↗
DOE OSTI2020

Formulation, Design and Experimental Verification of an Open Circuit Electro-Hydraulic Actuator

With the recent electrification trend in the fluid power area, more research has been incentivized to the proposal of cost-effective and energy-efficient solutions for hydraulic systems. Hence, electro-hydraulic actuator (EHA) architectures receive increasing attention. The paper proposes a novel open-circuit EHA architecture, with the goal to obtain a cost-effective mobile solution while maximizing the overall system efficiency. The proposed EHA is capable of meeting or exceeding traditional off-road machine performance, therefore enabling further electrification of off-road machines. Four-quadrant functionality, covering the full speed range, is achieved by a combination of a variable electro-hydraulic drive and valves with different functions and is validated by numerical as well as experimental methods. Here, a simulation model based on the Amesim environment and a dedicated test setup was developed to verify the performance. The good match between simulation and experimental results confirms the potential of the formulation approach of the proposed EHA for applications with different duty cycles and power levels.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Hydrothermal aging-resistant plastic scintillator formulations

A plastic scintillator includes an anti-fog additive or comonomer. The plastic scintillator is formulated to resist the development of hydrothermally-induced aging defects (e.g. discoloration and “fogging”) while maintaining scintillation light output and other desirable physical properties.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Economies of Numbers Formulations for Optimal Process Family Design of Carbon Capture Systems

Enabling rapid, widespread deployment of many process variants across a range of design requirements is key to ensuring the widespread availability of critical decentralized technologies such as carbon capture systems. Unfortunately, traditional process design methods are not efficient for designing many similar variations of a process rapidly across a wide range of system requirements. Rather than considering each process variant as a separate design task, we have proposed viewing the entire set of variants as a “family.” In our work, we present rigorous optimization formulations that simultaneously design each variant within the family from a platform of available unit modules, largely inspired by product family and platform design.

Stinchfield, Georgia↗
DOE OSTI2024

Enabling fast discharge of Li-ion batteries via electrolyte formulations for urban air mobility applications

High-power discharge requirements are critical for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) used in electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) vehicles that are increasingly considered in urban mobility. This investigation places a particular emphasis on understanding the impact of electrolytes on discharge processes and rate capability. We aim to compare the discharge behavior of LiBs using a conventional electrolyte (Gen 2: 1.2 M LiPF 6 in EC:EMC) and the dual salt LiTFSI-LiBOB-based electrolyte. Here we carefully examine the profiles of charging and discharging, the behavior during extended cycles, impedance spectroscopy results, and the characteristics of the electrode surface. Our research findings demonstrate the complex relationship between the composition of electrolytes and the specific high-power discharge requirements of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) systems. This research highlights the importance of customizing electrolyte compositions to optimize energy storage density while simultaneously enabling higher power extraction to enhance performance in short-range electric aviation.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2026

A novel conditional formulation of the Vlasov–Ampère equations: a conservative, positivity, asymptotic and Gauss law preserving scheme

We propose a novel reformulation of the Vlasov–Ampère equations for plasmas that reveals discrete symmetries that enables simultaneous conservation of mass, momentum and energy; preservation of Gauss’s law; positivity of the distribution function; and consistency with quasi-neutral asymptotics. The approach employs variable and coordinate transformations to yield a coupled system comprising a modified Vlasov equation and associated moment–field equations. The modified Vlasov equation advances a conditional distribution function that excludes mass, momentum and energy densities, which are instead evolved through moment equations enforcing the relevant symmetries, conservation laws and involution constraints. This reformulation aligns naturally with a recent slow-manifold reduction technique, which separates fast electron time scales and simplifies the treatment of the quasi-neutral limit within the reduced moment–field subsystem. Using this framework, we develop a numerical method for the reduced 1D1V subsystem that, for the first time in the literature, satisfies all key physical constraints while maintaining a quasi-neutral asymptotic behaviour. The advantages of the method are demonstrated on canonical electrostatic test problems, including the multiscale ion acoustic shock wave.

1D1V↗