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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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DOE OSTI2018

Advancing the science and impact of blockchain technology at Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Over the last decade, blockchain technology has experienced unprecedented growth from its humble beginnings as the decentralized currency Bitcoin in 2009 to a $500 billion industry today with applications including decentralized cloud computing, peer-to-peer lending, governance, social media, cybersecurity and the development of decentralized, trustless smart contracts and applications. Although it has not yet reached maturity, the blockchain technology industry (sometimes hailed as the “Web 3.0”) is experiencing exponential growth and adoption: new projects and partnerships are announced almost daily, and top research institutions are beginning to develop novel initiatives in this space. In this white paper, I will outline a vision for the future of blockchain technology at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Specifically, I will (1) introduce the fundamental concepts of blockchain technology and provide a survey of the current state-of-the-art, (2) identify the wide-ranging applications that blockchain technology can have across groups, divisions, and directorates at ORNL, (3) summarize the newly initiated programs in blockchain technology at ORNL’s core partnership universities that may lead to future collaboration opportunities, (4) suggest critical ways that blockchain technology can advance ORNL’s strategic objectives for excellence in science and technology, laboratory operations, and community engagement, and (5) outline the most likely funding strategies to support new blockchain initiatives and partnerships at the Lab. Finally, I will propose a vision for the future of a Blockchain Institute at ORNL.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2018

HyMARC (Core): SNL Effort

Storage of hydrogen onboard vehicles is one of the critical technologies needed to create hydrogen-fueled transportation systems that can improve energy efficiency, resiliency, and energy independence reduce oil dependency. Stakeholders in developing hydrogen infrastructure (e.g., state governments, automotive original equipment manufacturers, station providers, and industrial gas suppliers) are currently focused on high-pressure storage at 350 bar and 700 bar, in part because no viable solid-phase storage material has emerged. Early-state research to develop foundational understanding of solid-state storage materials, including novel sorbents and highdensity hydrides, is of high importance because of their unique potential to meet all DOE Fuel Cell Technologies Office targets and deliver hydrogen with lower storage pressures and higher onboard densities. However, existing materials suffer from thermodynamic and kinetic limitations that prevent their application as practical H2 storage media. Sandia's overall objectives and responsibilities within HyMARC are to: (1) provide technical leadership to the Consortium at the Director level, as well as through leadership of Task 1 (Thermodynamics), Task 3 (Gas Surface Interactions), and Task 5 (Additives); (2) provide gas sorption and other property data required to develop and validate thermodynamic models of sorbents and metal hydride storage materials, including the effects of 350 bar and 700 bar H2 delivery pressures, serving as a resource for the consortium; (3) identify the structure, composition, and reactivity of gas surface and solid-solid hydride surfaces contributing to ratelimiting desorption and uptake; (4) provide metal hydrides and Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) sorbents in a variety of formats tailored for specific consortium tasks; (5) develop sample preparation methods and experimental protocols to enable facile use of the new characterization probes employed by the Consortium; (6) apply SNL multiscale codes to discover diffusion pathways and mechanisms of storage materials; and (7) elucidate the role of additives in promoting hydrogen storage reactions.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2015

Concept for Cyber-Physical Consequence Process

The Department of Homeland Security’s Office of Cyber and Infrastructure Analysis (DHS/OCIA) has a mission and vision that promotes innovation as central to expanding the organization’s capability to conduct consequence analysis. To pursue such innovation, OCIA is sponsoring a seedling effort with Idaho National Laboratory (INL) to leverage data from the proposed Automated Vulnerability Assessment (AVA) capability, which the DHS Science and Technology (S&T) Directorate is developing through a separate INL effort. The first phase of this effort is to develop a process by which recognized vulnerabilities can be scored relative to importance, reflected primarily in the ability to initiate high consequence and potentially cascading events. This report documents a cyber-physical metrics process (CPMP) to tie physical impact to the malicious exploitation of cyber vulnerabilities in industrial control systems (ICS) with the potential for initiating consequence in the critical infrastructure. The scale of achieving any particular physical consequence is dependent upon the ICS Component the vulnerability exists on, the Level of Access that the exploit would allow to component function and the Physical Impact (CLAPI) to the power system that the component is tied. A modified common vulnerability scoring system (CVSS) was detailed and demonstrated for the power sector with three case studies associated with a recognized vulnerability, with significant consequence detail provided to apply the process across the power sector. A detailed table that provides background on the power system components, ICS-enabled monitoring and control, potential consequence effects, and CVSS scoring is provided. To demonstrate the applicability of the CPMP, tables are provided as examples for other sectors that include chemical, water/wastewater and oil/gas.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2017

Laboratory-Directed Research and Development 2016 Summary Annual Report

The Laboratory-Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program at Idaho National Laboratory (INL) reports its status to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) by March of each year. The program operates under the authority of DOE Order 413.2C, “Laboratory Directed Research and Development” (April 19, 2006), which establishes DOE’s requirements for the program while providing the laboratory director broad flexibility for program implementation. LDRD funds are obtained through a charge to all INL programs. This report includes summaries of all INL LDRD research activities supported during Fiscal Year (FY) 2016. INL is the lead laboratory for the DOE Office of Nuclear Energy (DOE-NE). The INL mission is to discover, demonstrate, and secure innovative nuclear energy solutions, other clean energy options, and critical infrastructure with a vision to change the world’s energy future and secure our critical infrastructure. Operating since 1949, INL is the nation’s leading research, development, and demonstration center for nuclear energy, including nuclear nonproliferation and physical and cyber-based protection of energy systems and critical infrastructure, as well as integrated energy systems research, development, demonstration, and deployment. INL has been managed and operated by Battelle Energy Alliance, LLC (a wholly owned company of Battelle) for DOE since 2005. Battelle Energy Alliance, LLC, is a partnership between Battelle, BWX Technologies, Inc., AECOM, the Electric Power Research Institute, the National University Consortium (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Ohio State University, North Carolina State University, University of New Mexico, and Oregon State University), and the Idaho university collaborators (i.e., University of Idaho, Idaho State University, and Boise State University). Since its creation, INL’s research and development (R&D) portfolio has broadened with targeted programs supporting national missions to advance nuclear energy, enable clean energy deployment, and secure and modernize critical infrastructure. INL’s research, development, and demonstration capabilities, its resources, and its unique geography enable integration of scientific discovery, innovation, engineering, operations, and controls into complex large-scale testbeds for discovery, innovation, and demonstration of transformational clean energy and security concepts. These attributes strengthen INL’s leadership as a demonstration laboratory. As a national resource, INL also applies its capabilities and skills to the specific needs of other federal agencies and customers through DOE’s Strategic Partnership Program.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2018

UW Translational Imaging Biomarker and Therapeutic Development

The development and validation of radiotracers is a critical step in the clinical translation of molecular imaging and theranostics to support personalized medicine. The proposed program is to support such efforts by an interdisciplinary team of investigators at the University of Washington (UW) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC) and to provide opportunities for trainees to learn the spectrum of translational research in imaging biomarkers and therapeutic development. The proposed translational research projects include "Preclinical Evaluation of PET Imaging for Use in the Translation of Targeted Alpha Therapy of Blood-Related Cancers to Clinical Studies" (Project 1-Wilbur, leader); "Hypoxia Imaging: Radiopharmaceuticals, Preclinical Studies, Mechanisms and Clinical trials" (Project 2-Krohn, leader); and "Diagnostic Applications of Radiolabeled Biologics in Solid Tumors" (Project 3-Minoshima, leader). These projects use radiotracers with long half-lives, such as F-18, Zr-89, I-124, and At-211, that can potentially be handled commercially if translation research is successful. The proposed research method is to use an interdisciplinary 'team' of expert investigators and trainees working on a specific project for 1 or 2 years along the timeline and milestones set by the Program Directors. Each team includes 1) a clinician expert; 2) a radiochemistry expert; 3) an imaging or radiation therapy expert; 4) a physicist; 5) trainees; and 6) a UW technology transfer officer. Two groups of trainees will be involved: clinical and basic science (radiochemistry) trainees. Clinical trainees will be recruited from 3 training programs: Nuclear Medicine Resident Program; Radiology Residency Program; and Residency Program in Radiation Oncology. Basic science trainees will be graduate students from degree-awarding departments (chemistry, material sciences, bioengineering) or post-doctoral students (radiology, radiation oncology, or collaborating departments). A goal of training is to develop future investigators who will be able to conduct independent translational research with knowledge and expertise earned in this interdisciplinary team environment. To address clinically relevant questions, the program will organize regular brainstorming meetings participated by clinicians from various medical disciplines; program investigators; trainees; technology transfer officers to discuss medical questions, relevant targets, and technical feasibility. UW provides outstanding research and clinical facilities and resources that can be accessed by investigators. The Departments of Radiology and Radiation Oncology at UW have been at the forefront of translational imaging and therapeutics research efforts in cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. This funding opportunity will solidify ongoing efforts of interdisciplinary collaborations at UW into a cohesive program that will train a new generation of investigators. This will, in turn, accelerate the translational potential of new radiotracers by rapid developments of proof-of-concept and first-in-man studies along with in vivo validations in a clinically relevant context.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Final Report: Student Support for the "Frontiers in Attosecond & Ultrafast X-ray Science" School

The following is the final report for DOE grant (DE-SC0017269) which supported the establishment of a new School for training young scientist in the area of attosecond and x-ray sciences. The topic of the School was well aligned with the roadmap defined by the DOE BESAC. The first-of-a-kind school entitled the “Frontiers of Attosecond and Ultrafast X-ray Science” (http://www.erice-attosecond.it/) (FAXS) was held during March 19-28, 2017 at the Ettore Majorana Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture (http://www.ccsem.infn.it/) in Erice, Sicily. The FAXS Directors were Louis DiMauro (The Ohio State University, USA), Alicja Domaracka (CIMAP-CNRS, France) and Mauro Nisoli (Politecnico di Milano, Italy). The DOE funds were used to support the registration fee for young scientist (graduate students and postdocs) from US institutions (see attached list). The registration fee included participation, lodging and meals over the duration of the School.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

LDRD Strategic R&D Fund – Fiscal Year 2018 Research Priorities

Proposals are now being accepted for the Fiscal Year 2018 Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Director’s Strategic Research and Development (R&D) Fund. This call seeks high-quality proposals that address the Laboratory’s research priorities identified within the attached document LDRD Strategic R&D Fund - Fiscal Year 2018 Research Priorities.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Analysis of 2016 Occurrence Reports Involving Electrical Energy

The 04100 Center Director requested an analysis of 2016 occurrence reports (ORs) involving electrical energy be performed to facilitate learning through use of performance assurance methodologies. Preliminarily, 11 reportable events were identified for review; however, this population was updated to 12 during the review. Appendix 1 includes the analysis protocol and a listing of the ORs reviewed. The Team completed its review at the end of October 2016. At that time, causal analysis and associated corrective action information was available for eight events. Elements of this analysis included determining the following: common weaknesses that contributed to electrical events; the quality of causal analysis products with the goal of providing sustainable long-term corrective actions; and how learning from issues, causes, and corrective actions from prior similar events is incorporated into causal analyses for today’s events. As used in this report, the term “trends” was used as a catalyst to determine categories of events for deeper analysis. The content of ORs is important. The information in an OR for a past event can be useful in addressing today’s issues because it provides information on systemic issues that were found and past actions addressing those issues. The effectiveness of those actions as viewed from today’s vantage point is useful input to the determination of corrective actions for current problems. Additionally, as a means of communication to DOE and NNSA, ORs provide a measure of Sandia’s maturity in understanding problems and their solutions.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2018

FY18 L2 Milestone #6360 Report: Initial Capability of an Arm-based Advanced Architecture Prototype System and Software Environment

The Vanguard program informally began in January 2017 with the submission of a white paper entitled "Sandia's Vision for a 2019 Arm Testbed" to NNSA headquarters. The program proceeded in earnest in May 2017 with an announcement by Doug Wade (Director, Office of Advanced Simulation and Computing and Institutional R&D at NNSA) that Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia) would host the first Advanced Architecture Prototype platform based on the Arm architecture. In August 2017, Sandia formed a Tri-lab team chartered to develop a robust HPC software stack for Astra to support the Vanguard program goal of demonstrating the viability of Arm in supporting ASC production computing workloads. This document describes the high-level Vanguard program goals, the Vanguard-Astra project acquisition plan and procurement up to contract placement, the initial software stack environment planned for the Vanguard-Astra platform (Astra), a description of how the communities of users will utilize the platform during the transition from the open network to the classified network, and initial performance results.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2019

WVU’s contribution within the ZAPP collaboration on the Z Facility at Sandia National Laboratories: Final Technical Report

In Year 1, photoionized silicon spectroscopy experiments were designed and executed, with charge-state distribution and ionic column densities comparable to the circumsource environments of accretion-powered black holes. Charge-state distribution was measured with absorption spectroscopy, using the Z-pinch itself as backlight, and the photoionizing radiation flux was determined with x-ray power measurements, accounting appropriately for geometrical dilution. The emergent emission spectrum was measured with a high-sensitivity time-integrated spectrometer. The emission has been measured from plasmas with varying size to elucidate the radiation transport effects. Data and knowledge of the controlled experimental conditions were provided to collaborators who used different atomic kinetics spectral synthesis codes to predict the emission spectrum. In Years 2 and 3, multi-element (in layers) foil was used for diagnostic development. A framing mask was implemented into the configuration to aperture the radiation incident on the foil. The foil distance from the z-pinch was adjusted to achieve designed electron temperature and ultimately mounted directly on the Return-Current Cannister. A much higher ionization state was achieved, which is desirable for diagnostic development. In Year 4, significant data analysis took place. Astrophysics related projects were introduced "Seeking a full theory of Stark broadening at HED in the presence of crossed E and B fields for estimating surface gravity from line profiles in Magnetic White Dwarf (MWD) stars" and "Plasma collective effects in atomic kinetics calculations of lineshape, line position, and line amplitude" for inclusion into the ZAPP collaboration, but were declined by ZAPP leadership. During the grant period, WVU contributed to three proposals for a ZAPP Center of Excellence that were prepared and/or submitted in part or in full. (1) NSF Physics Frontier Center solicitation 16-561, PI / Director: A. Wootton, UTexas, "Center for experimental astrophysic"s (declined), (2) NSF Science and Technology Center solicitation 2017, PI/Director: D. Winget, UTexas, "Formation and Evolution of Planets, Stars and Galaxies and Extreme-Parameter Laboratory Astrophysics" (awaiting restoration of the solicitation after unexpected postponement), and (3) NNSA Stewardship Science Grant Program solicitation 81-112, PI/Director: D. Winget, UTexas, "Center for Astrophysical Plasma Properties" (submitted in 2017, awarded in 2018). Based on the work performed during the grant period, a new NNSA grant application to support a WVU project in ZAPP, "Spectroscopic methods to obtain electron density and electron temperature applied to soft x-ray absorption spectra from radiatively heated Z-pinch plasmas", was submitted in 2017 and funded in 2018.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Production of Medically Important Radionuclides 52 Mn and 90 Nb

Over the final reporting period of this project, we at MGH finalized our effort on Project 2: Production and Characterization of 90 Nb which, as per our previous report led us to an interesting application of mass spectrometry in radiometal chemistry. Overall, our research has developed parameters and procedures for delivering high 90 Nb for preclinical and translational applications by initializing the cyclotron targetry and separation chemistry for delivering 90 Nb in a chemical form suitable for subsequent development of 90 Nb-based PET radiotracers, and most recently we have published on the mass spectrometry applications described in the present report. We have been working with MSKCC (PI Jason Lewis) on the 90 Nb methodology and have had input from UAB (PI Suzy Lapi). An in-person meeting was held during the upcoming funding period with 2 PIs who are co-organizing the Radiochemistry Symposium (Lapi and Vasdev) and Program Director Dr. Ethan Balkin, during the ACS National Meeting in March 2018, and 2 PIs (Lewis and Vasdev) co presented in at the World Federation of Nuclear Medicine and Biology at a symposium sponsored by the Australian Nuclear Sciences and Technology Organisation, where they are both collaborating, in Melbourne, Australia in April 2018. Future projects and collaborations are under discussion with the Lapi lab to focus on new applications of 76 Br chemistry, and a new collaboration has already resulted with the Lewis lab on 18 F radiochemistry that employ iodonium ylide based precursors developed in the Vasdev lab, for clinical production of [ 18 F]MFBG. It is noteworthy that the PI has now relocated to the University of Toronto and has 2 cyclotrons (IBA Cyclone and Scanditronix MC-17) that will also be used to explore new 11 C-radiochemistry including [ 11 C]CO.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Advanced Reactor Technology Program Molten Salt Reactor Campaign FY 2018 Summary

In FY 2018, the inaugural Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) Campaign was begun with the US Department of Energy (DOE) Advanced Reactor Technology (ART) program. The campaign is led out of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) under the direction of Lou Qualls, who serves as the national technical director for the program. The campaign is a revival and refocusing of a significant DOE research program from the 1950’s, 1960’s and 1970’s, which culminated in the operation of the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment. The principal objectives of the campaign’s first year were to study and define the current condition of the technology, identify and prioritize technology gaps, and establish a national team of experts to collaboratively address the technical needs. The highest-level objective of the campaign is to facilitate the development and near-term market deployment of MSRs in conjunction with industry partners.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Mesoscale Connections Spring 2019

Mesoscale Connections is published by the Los Alamos National Laboratory's Physical Sciences Directorate. Its goal is to promote awareness of mesoscale materials research relevant to the NNSA, advances in mesoscale science capabilities at user facilities, and modeling challenges and needs for big data sets in service of materials co-design.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

ALDCP Student Team 7/25/19 Briefing [Slides]

This set of slides documents the activities of the Associate Laboratory Directorate for Capital Projects (ALDCP) student team during the week of July 25, 2019. It summarizes the involvement of the group in the Smart Lab project, and the individual progress of separate projects, including the Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) Calculator and Tests, the HVAC Renovation, and the Renovation Feasibility Study, with accomplishments and barriers for each.

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗
DOE OSTI2016

Hurricane Evacuation Study (HES) Process Requirements

The Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) National Hurricane Program (NHP), helps protect communities and residents from hurricane hazards by providing evacuation preparedness technical assistance to State, local, and tribal governments. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology Directorate (S&T) and FEMA are co- sponsoring an effort to modernize technology components of the NHP, including the Hurricane Evacuation Study (HES), which addresses planning and impact assessments for coastal regions. The current HES process is manual, financially costly, and can take up to several years to complete. To streamline this process, the NHP Technology Modernization Program is developing an automated HES Tool that will reduce the cost and time requirements of the HES process by up to 70%. This document outlines the requirements of the current HES process and explains how the HES Tool can be used to fulfill those requirements. It also contains a detailed list of the modeling and simulation capabilities available within the HES tool.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

SUMMIT v2.1 Summary Report

Standard Unified Modeling Mapping and Integration Toolkit (SUMMIT) is a software capability developed by Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) under the direction and funding of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Science and Technology Directorate (S&T). SUMMIT is a scalable platform technology for linking together “best-in-class” models, data, and simulation tools to enable analysts, emergency planners and incident managers to more effectively, economically, and rapidly prepare, analyze, train, and respond to real or potential incidents. The SUMMIT software architecture was created under the Integrated Modeling, Mapping, and Simulation (IMMS) Project and was motivated by the issuance of Homeland Security Presidential Directive 8 (HSPD-8) which called for continuous improvement of our Nation’s preparedness to respond to catastrophic events. Furthermore, a state-of-the-art training and exercise facility called the National Exercise Simulation Center (NESC) was established within the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) headquarters.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2019

SNOLAB Deep Underground Scientific Research Operations

Investigations at the frontiers of particle physics are driving key experiments deep underground to escape cosmic-rays and other backgrounds that overwhelm sensitive searches for dark matter, exotic particles, and neutrino properties. The international neutrino physics community has come together to develop the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), a leading-edge experiment for neutrino science and proton decay studies. This experiment, together with the facility that will support it, the Long Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF), will be an internationally designed, coordinated and funded program, hosted at Fermilab in Batavia, Illinois. The DUNE experimental facility will be sited deep underground (1.5km) at Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, SD, and will become the deepest experimental facility operated by Fermilab. SNOLAB is a unique world-class international facility for deep underground scientific research. Located 2 km underground near Sudbury, Ontario, SNOLAB hosts a suite of surface facilities and laboratories. The science program at SNOLAB is primarily focused on subatomic and astroparticle physics, specifically the search for dark matter and neutrino studies. As the second-deepest underground lab facility, SNOLAB has gained considerable experience in deep underground scientific research operations. The purpose of this agreement is to leverage the unique capabilities of both Fermilab and SNOLAB to accomplish the following: Provide Fermilab with additional, direct experience in deep underground scientific research operations at SNOLAB to help improve the operational support for SURF. Provide SNOLAB with an experienced leader to serve as Interim Associate Director for Program Integration & Operations, while SNOLAB conducts its search for a permanent hire.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2019

In Leon's Company, It Seemed that Anything Might be Possible [PowerPoint]

Memorial sessions celebrated Leon Lederman, Helen Edwards, and Burton Richter at the April 2019 Meeting of the American Physical Society in Denver. In the session entitled Honoring Leon Lederman, Sally Dawson gave an overview of Leon's scientific career, Marge Bardeen reviewed his work in science education, and I spoke of his years as Fermilab Director. This essay is drawn from my lecture.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗