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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Entanglement engineering of optomechanical systems by reinforcement learning

Entanglement is fundamental to quantum information science and technology, yet controlling and manipulating entanglement—so-called entanglement engineering—for arbitrary quantum systems remains a formidable challenge. There are two difficulties: the fragility of quantum entanglement and its experimental characterization. We develop a model-free deep reinforcement-learning (RL) approach to entanglement engineering, in which feedback control together with weak continuous measurement and partial state observation is exploited to generate and maintain desired entanglement. We employ quantum optomechanical systems with linear or nonlinear photon–phonon interactions to demonstrate the workings of our machine-learning-based entanglement engineering protocol. In particular, the RL agent sequentially interacts with one or multiple parallel quantum optomechanical environments, collects trajectories, and updates the policy to maximize the accumulated reward to create and stabilize quantum entanglement over an arbitrary amount of time. The machine-learning-based model-free control principle is applicable to the entanglement engineering of experimental quantum systems in general.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
NASA NTRS2009

Bisphosphonate as a Countermeasure to Space Flight-Induced Bone Loss

The purpose of this research is to determine whether anti-resorptive pharmaceuticals such as bisphosphonates, in conjunction with the routine in-flight exercise program, will protect ISS crewmembers from the regional decreases in bone mineral density and bone strength and the increased renal stone risk documented on previous long-duration space flights [1-3]. Losses averaged ~ 1 to 2 percent per month in such regions as the lumbar spine and hip. Although losses showed significant heterogeneity among individuals and between bones within a given subject, space flight-induced bone loss was a consistent finding. More than 90 percent of astronauts and cosmonauts on long-duration flights (average 171 days) aboard Mir and the ISS, had a minimum 5 percent loss in at least one skeletal site, 40 percent of them had a 10 percent or greater loss in at least one skeletal site, and 22 percent of the Mir cosmonauts experienced a 15 to 20 percent loss in at least one site. These losses occurred even though the crewmembers performed time-consuming in-flight exercise regimens. Moreover, a recent study of 16 ISS astronauts using quantitative computed tomography (QCT) demonstrated trabecular bone losses from the hip averaging 2.3 percent per month [4]. These losses were accompanied by significant losses in hip bone strength that may not be recovered quickly [5]. This rapid loss of bone mass results from a combination of increased and uncoupled remodeling, as demonstrated by increased resorption with little or no change in bone formation markers [6-7]. This elevated remodeling rate likely affects the cortical and trabecular architecture and may lead to irreversible changes. In addition to bone loss, the resulting hypercalciuria increases renal stone risk. Therefore, it is logical to attempt to attenuate this increased remodeling with anti-resorption drugs such as bisphosphonates. Success with alendronate was demonstrated in a bed rest study [8]. This work has been extended to space flight and two dosing regimens: 1) an oral dose of 70 mg of alendronate taken weekly during flight or 2) a single intravenous (IV) dose of 4 mg of zoledronic acid given several weeks before flight. Currently the study is focusing on the oral option because of NASA s safety concerns with the IV-administered drug. The protocol requests 10 male or female crewmembers on ISS flights of 90 days or longer. Controls are 16 previous ISS crewmembers with QCT scans of the hip performed by these same investigators. The primary outcome measure for this study is hip trabecular bone mineral density measured by QCT, but other measures of bone mass are performed including peripheral QCT (pQCT) and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Serum and urinary bone markers and renal stone risk measured before, during, and after flight are included. Postflight data are currently being collected from 2 ISS crewmembers. Two additional crewmembers will return this spring after ~6-month missions. To date no untoward effects have been encountered.

Spector, Elisabeth↗
NASA NTRS1995

Thermal neutral format based on the step technology

The exchange of models is one of the most serious problems currently encountered in the practice of spacecraft thermal analysis. Essentially, the problem originates in the diversity of computing environments that are used across different sites, and the consequent proliferation of native tool formats. Furthermore, increasing pressure to reduce the development's life cycle time has originated a growing interest in the so-called spacecraft concurrent engineering. In this context, the realization of the interdependencies between different disciplines and the proper communication between them become critical issues. The use of a neutral format represents a step forward in addressing these problems. Such a means of communication is adopted by consensus. A neutral format is not directly tied to any specific tool and it is kept under stringent change control. Currently, most of the groups promoting exchange formats are contributing with their experience to STEP, the Standard for Exchange of Product Model Data, which is being developed under the auspices of the International Standards Organization (ISO 10303). This paper presents the different efforts made in Europe to provide the spacecraft thermal analysis community with a Thermal Neutral Format (TNF) based on STEP. Following an introduction with some background information, the paper presents the characteristics of the STEP standard. Later, the first efforts to produce a STEP Spacecraft Thermal Application Protocol are described. Finally, the paper presents the currently harmonized European activities that follow up and extend earlier work on the area.

Almazan, P. Planas↗
DOE OSTI2021

Hamilton: Flexible, Open Source $10 Wireless Sensor System for Energy Efficient Building Operation

Sensors for improving building performance are rapidly populating the market, driven in part by the drive to reduce greenhouse gas emissions resulting from energy production as well as improve the interior environment for healthy and more productive spaces. UC Berkeley has led wireless sensor development over the past 25 years (e.g., Telos mote), with the Hamilton (named after Alexander Hamilton on the US $10 bill) as the most recent. The Hamilton sensor was designed as a low-cost high-performance sensor that is modular and interoperable. The objective of the Hamilton project was to create, evaluate and establish the technological foundations for secure and easy to deploy building energy efficiency applications utilizing pervasive, low-cost wireless sensors integrated with traditional Building Management Systems (BMS), consumer-sector building components, and powerful data analytics. The project included iterative hardware design, incorporating a high-performance database (BTrDb, http://btrdb.io/), creating and iterating the development of secure data middleware (BOSSwave, WAVE/WAVEMQ), working with and pushing the development of an open-source tiny operating system RiotOS, and implementing and improving protocols such as Thread/OpenThread and TCP/IP. The hardware benefited from careful design to drive down the cost; the design included a System-on-a-Chip (SoC), chip antenna, single crystal and five passive components. Careful design of the operating system created a low-power design to enable a long life with small batteries. The hardware included several sensors: temperature, radiant temperature, relative humidity, magnetometer, accelerometer, and light, with an optional occupancy (Passive InfraRed) sensor. The project was the basis of several applications, both internal to the research team and other researchers and professionals at other institutions. Several applications used the sensor hardware as the basis for other complex devices. Other applications used the sensors to improve building performance through interoperating with the building Heating Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) system, such as using occupancy and/or distributed temperature sensing to reduce HVAC zone energy while still providing thermal comfort and to reduce peak loads in small commercial buildings. We demonstrated cloud-based energy analytics, implemented a schedule and a Model Predictive Controller in a small commercial building to optimize HVAC energy, occupancy and electricity price. Initial integration of these technological innovations was performed through the creation of execution containers containing the WAVE agent and various driver, proxy, or building system function logic. The research added to the understanding of efficient sensor hardware, secure middleware, time-series data management (high performance database), efficient communication protocols, and interoperating with applications and building systems. The project showed the technical effectiveness and economic feasibility of creating a low-cost, modular, and easy-to-deploy sensor. Through conversations with multiple end users, the research team discovered that many customers wanted data management and services in addition to the sensors. HamiltonIOT developed packages of sensors, border router, and data services to provide a seamless “plug-and-play” sensor deployment. Some customers were willing to pay for higher quality sensors (such as light); some customers wanted a robust enclosure (waterproof).

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2023

Barriers and Alternatives to Encryption in Critical Nuclear Systems

Over the past decade, cybersecurity researchers have released multiple studies highlighting the insecure nature of I&C system communication protocols. In response, standards bodies have addressed the issue by adding the ability to encrypt communications to some protocols in some cases, while control system engineers have argued that encryption within these kinds of high consequence systems is in fact dangerous. Certainly, control system information between systems should be protected. But encrypting the information may not be the best way to do so. In fact, while in IT systems vendors are concerned with confidentiality, integrity, and availability, frequently in that order, in OT systems engineers are much more concerned with availability and integrity that confidentiality. In this paper, we will counter specific arguments against encrypting control system traffic, and present potential alternatives to encryption that support nuclear OT system needs more strongly that commodity IT system needs while still providing robust integrity and availability guarantees.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Multiqubit noise deconvolution and characterization

We present a noise deconvolution technique for obtaining noiseless expectation values of noisy observables at the output of multiqubit quantum channels. For any number of qubits or in the presence of correlations, our protocol applies to any mathematically invertible noise model, even when its inverse map is not physically implementable, i.e., when it is neither completely positive nor trace preserving. For a generic observable affected by Pauli noise it provides a quadratic speedup, always producing a rescaling of its Pauli basis components. We show that it is still possible to achieve the deconvolution while experimentally estimating the noise parameters, whenever these are unknown (bypassing resource-heavy techniques such as quantum process tomography). We provide a simulation, with examples for both Pauli and non-Pauli channels.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2026

SPARTAN and IMPROVE Comparison Experiment (SPICE) Interim Campaign Report

SPICE (the SPARTAN and IMPROVE Comparison Experiment) aims to obtain and quantify comparisons between aerosol PM 2.5 mass concentration measurements from the University of Oklahoma (OU) Surface Particulate Matter Network (SPARTAN) station and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) station hosted by the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility at ARM’s Southern Great Plains (SGP) observatory in Oklahoma. Aerosols—both natural and anthropogenic—affect human populations in multiple ways. Much of ARM’s research focuses on how aerosols influence weather and climate through their optical and radiative effects, as well as their impacts on clouds and precipitation. However, aerosols also pose direct risks to humans and other organisms through inhalation, with the severity of health impacts depending on particle size, chemical composition, and duration of exposure. The IMPROVE network was established by the U.S. EPA to monitor air quality, including visible clarity as well as total and chemically speciated aerosol mass concentrations. The ARM SGP site hosts the IMPROVE SOGP station. Separately, the SPARTAN network operates a globally distributed set of stations similar to IMPROVE but with an emphasis on remote deployment and semi-autonomous operation for use beyond the borders of the United States (IMPROVE only operates within the U.S.). The University of Oklahoma operates a SPARTAN station. To establish confidence in the OU SPARTAN instrumentation and measurement protocol relative to the EPA-certified IMPROVE station, the OU SPARTAN station is currently deployed at SGP in close proximity to the IMPROVE SOGP station. The SPICE campaign was envisioned as a contiguous calendar-year effort for 2025 to capture seasonal variation in mass loading as well as composition. However, independent of the SPICE campaign, the SPARTAN network adopted a new filter construction part-way through the year, interrupting our contiguous data set. Thus, to obtain a contiguous data set with a uniform consistent configuration, SPICE desires an extension through 2026.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS2004

Proposed Development of NASA Glenn Research Center's Aeronautical Network Research Simulator

Accurate knowledge and understanding of data link traffic loads that will have an impact on the underlying communications infrastructure within the National Airspace System (NAS) is of paramount importance for planning, development and fielding of future airborne and ground-based communications systems. Attempting to better understand this impact, NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC), through its contractor Computer Networks & Software, Inc. (CNS, Inc.), has developed an emulation and test facility known as the Virtual Aircraft and Controller (VAC) to study data link interactions and the capacity of the NAS to support Controller Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC) traffic. The drawback of the current VAC test bed is that it does not allow the test personnel and researchers to present a real world RF environment to a complex airborne or ground system. Fortunately, the United States Air Force and Navy Avionics Test Commands, through its contractor ViaSat, Inc., have developed the Joint Communications Simulator (JCS) to provide communications band test and simulation capability for the RF spectrum through 18 GHz including Communications, Navigation, and Identification and Surveillance functions. In this paper, we are proposing the development of a new and robust test bed that will leverage on the existing NASA GRC's VAC and the Air Force and Navy Commands JCS systems capabilities and functionalities. The proposed NASA Glenn Research Center's Aeronautical Networks Research Simulator (ANRS) will combine current Air Traffic Control applications and physical RF stimulation into an integrated system capable of emulating data transmission behaviors including propagation delay, physical protocol delay, transmission failure and channel interference. The ANRS will provide a simulation/stimulation tool and test bed environment that allow the researcher to predict the performance of various aeronautical network protocol standards and their associated waveforms under varying density conditions. The system allows the user to define human-interactive and scripted aircraft and controller models of various standards, such as (but not limited to) Very High Frequency Digital Link (VDL) of various modes.

Nguyen, Thanh C.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Meshing, Language Server Protocol, and other User-Oriented MOOSE Framework Improvements to Enhance Reactor Analysis Capabilities and Workflows

The open-source Multiphysics Object-Oriented Simulation Environment (MOOSE) framework underpins most of the Nuclear Energy Advanced Modeling and Simulation (NEAMS) physics applications and coupling methods. Users interact with MOOSE in multiple ways to enable the construction of complex multiphysics models, including but not limited to compilation, input creation and syntax validation, meshing, solving the physics problem via MOOSE-based solvers and coupling, and output inspection. In FY23, numerous enhancements have been made to MOOSE to enhance the user experience. Reactor-oriented meshing capabilities in MOOSE have been expanded, an online tutorial was created and hosted on the MOOSE site, and a hands-on workshop was held for more than 100 users. The Language Server Protocol (LSP) capability has been implemented in MOOSE to better communicate correct syntax to the NEAMS Workbench user interface which is commonly used to validate input and submit jobs by users. Finally, several other user-facing improvements were made including the implementation of improved screen output and logging control, enhancements to the initial condition system, and enhancements of the MultiApp system commonly used for coupling. Collectively, these enhancements were driven by user needs and directly improve user ability to construct complex multiphysics models for nuclear reactors.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Entanglement Traffic Engineering in Quantum Optical Fiber Networks based on High-Dimensional Kerr Optical Frequency Combs

The purpose of the project was to explore the performance of entanglement protocols based on microresonator Kerr optical frequency combs. We have addressed these challenges by developing a rigorous frequency-bin approach that allowed us to determine an explicit steady-state density operator for quantum microcombs below threshold. Our novel approach has allowed us to derived an explicit formula for the density operator on the frequency-bin basis, and to propose a complete description of quantum Kerr combs regardless of the number of sidemodes or loss-induced coupling to the environment. This formalism also allows for the explicit determination of their fidelity, purity, and entropy. These results are expected to permit the exploitation of the full potential of entangled microcombs for quantum technology.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS1997

Computational Models of Human Performance: Validation of Memory and Procedural Representation in Advanced Air/Ground Simulation

The Man-Machine Interaction Design and Analysis System (MIDAS) under joint U.S. Army and NASA cooperative is intended to assist designers of complex human/automation systems in successfully incorporating human performance capabilities and limitations into decision and action support systems. MIDAS is a computational representation of multiple human operators, selected perceptual, cognitive, and physical functions of those operators, and the physical/functional representation of the equipment with which they operate. MIDAS has been used as an integrated predictive framework for the investigation of human/machine systems, particularly in situations with high demands on the operators. We have extended the human performance models to include representation of both human operators and intelligent aiding systems in flight management, and air traffic service. The focus of this development is to predict human performance in response to aiding system developed to identify aircraft conflict and to assist in the shared authority for resolution. The demands of this application requires representation of many intelligent agents sharing world-models, coordinating action/intention, and cooperative scheduling of goals and action in an somewhat unpredictable world of operations. In recent applications to airborne systems development, MIDAS has demonstrated an ability to predict flight crew decision-making and procedural behavior when interacting with automated flight management systems and Air Traffic Control. In this paper, we describe two enhancements to MIDAS. The first involves the addition of working memory in the form of an articulatory buffer for verbal communication protocols and a visuo-spatial buffer for communications via digital datalink. The second enhancement is a representation of multiple operators working as a team. This enhanced model was used to predict the performance of human flight crews and their level of compliance with commercial aviation communication procedures. We show how the data produced by MIDAS compares with flight crew performance data from full mission simulations. Finally, we discuss the use of these features to study communication issues connected with aircraft-based separation assurance.

Corker, Kevin M.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Alerga: Alert Aggregation and Reasoning in GOOSE Simulation Pipeline

IEC 61850 specifies the Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) protocol as one option for low latency communication of substation-related events. Due to its strict timing requirements, GOOSE lacks any form of encryption or authentication and has only minimal integrity guarantees. These absences render the protocol vulnerable to a variety of communication anomalies, including adversarial action. In particular, an adversary with access to the substation network can launch man in the middle (MITM) attacks. We propose Alerga, a set of tools to allow operators to mitigate some of the risks of the protocol while retaining its strengths. To that end, we have developed first a GOOSE simulation pipeline including data generation, anomaly detection, alert handling, causal reasoning and data visualization components. The simulator is designed to be modular, allowing operators to swap components to better fit their network capabilities. The volume of alert traffic on a substation network threatens operators with alert fatigue. In order to combat this, we secondly present a novel form of alert aggregation and processing, offering operators a condensed view of any threats to the system. Thirdly, to facilitate the handling of these threats, our causal reasoning system traces the alerts back to their most likely cause, generating an initial hypothesis for operators to investigate.

alert aggregation↗
DOE OSTI2024

Development of a Hardware-in-The-Loop Testbed for a Decentralized, Data-Driven Electric Vehicle Charging Control Algorithm

This study presents the design of an electric vehicle (EV)-grid integration (EVGI) hardware test-bed to implement smart EV charging algorithms. Here, the proposed test-bed also allows to create different grid events via flexible integration of other power hardware (e.g., controllable loads and battery energy storage systems) and test their impacts on EV charging. The design uses a real-time digital simulator to realize a complex distribution grid model with primary and secondary networks. A grid simulator physically realizes the selected nodes of the simulated grid to power an actual EV, forming a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test setup. The EV-grid integration is demonstrated based on the custom hardware and software implementation of the J1772 charging protocol using dSPACE MicroLabBox, operating as a custom EV Supply Equipment (EVSE). The HIL test-bed features a novel testing platform for accurate implementation and analysis of scalable charging algorithms. To this end, a data-driven, decentralized, model-free charging controller based on the Additive Increase and Multiplicative Decrease (AIMD) algorithm is presented and validated on an EV using the HIL test-bed. We tested the proposed algorithm under various case studies, and presented a comparison study with an existing droop-based, decentralized charging solution. The results showed that the EV successfully performed charging commands generated by the EVSE and regulated its charging power to effectively reduce the system loading caused by high EV penetration.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Understanding the TiH (2-x) /TiO y System at Elevated Temperature: A Literature Review

Titanium hydride of varying TiH stoichiometry is used in pyrotechnic compositions. In order to yield consistent performance, manufacturing processes must be developed to ensure precise and reproducible material properties, including composition and morphology. Legacy synthesis protocols are not comprehensive nor are the required apparatuses still available. To guide the development of novel production procedures, this report reviews literature on relevant chemical reactions and diffusion events occurring at elevated temperature in the TiH (2-x) /TiO y system. Titanium hydride exposed to air spontaneously forms a passivating oxide layer. Upon heating, significant hydrogen release, which is accompanied by changes to the surface oxide layer, is noted by 375–400°C. At higher temperatures (above about 500°C) the oxide layer is reported to be essentially nonexistent as a result of oxide-layer dissolution processes and, potentially, oxide-layer reduction due to water formation. Based on the reviewed literature, we hypothesize that, by 500°C, the surface layer consists of an oxyhydride phase, which is a solid solution of oxygen in titanium hydride. We believe that hydrogen release from titanium hydride is controlled by the kinetics of molecular hydrogen desorption on the oxyhydride surface. No literature data is available for corresponding activation energies of the dynamic desorption process, and the equilibrium phase diagram of this three-component system remains largely unexplored as well. These gaps in knowledge might be addressed through coordinated computational modeling and experimental efforts.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

PCIe write request acknowledgment

A PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express) protocol converter for connection to a central processing unit (CPU) node having a root complex, a CPU memory fabric and CPU memory may include independent PCIe links, a fabric interface and a fabric switch connected to the fabric interface. Each of the links may include an endpoint for connection to the root complex. The fabric switch is connected to the fabric interface of each of the links and is connectable to a remote node. The fabric switch transmits writes of a single write request from the remote node across both links. Each fabric interface is to transmit an acknowledgment to the remote node in response to a write of the writes becoming observable at the CPU node hi Michael, hi Michael,.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Identifiability and characterization of transmon qutrits through Bayesian experimental design

Robust control of a quantum system is essential to utilize the current noisy quantum hardware to its full potential, such as quantum algorithms. To achieve such a goal, a systematic search for an optimal control for any given experiment is essential. The design of optimal control pulses requires accurate numerical models and, therefore, accurate characterization of the system parameters. We present an online Bayesian approach for quantum characterization of qutrit systems, which automatically and systematically identifies optimal experiments that provide maximum information on the system parameters, thereby greatly reducing the number of experiments that need to be performed on the quantum testbed. Unlike most characterization protocols that provide point-estimates of the parameters, the proposed approach is able to estimate their probability distribution. The applicability of the Bayesian experimental design technique was demonstrated on test problems, where each experiment was defined by a parameterized control pulse. In addition to this, we also present an approach for iterative pulse extension, which is robust under uncertainties in transition frequencies and coherence times, and shot noise, despite being initialized with wide uninformative priors. Furthermore, we provide a mathematical proof of the theoretical identifiability of the model parameters and present conditions on the quantum state under which the parameters are identifiable. The proof and conditions for identifiability are presented for both closed and open quantum systems using the Schrödinger equation and the Lindblad master equation, respectively.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2025

End-to-end protocol for high-quality quantum approximate optimization algorithm parameters with few shots

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a quantum heuristic for combinatorial optimization that has been demonstrated to scale better than state-of-the-art classical solvers for some problems. For a given problem instance, QAOA performance depends crucially on the choice of the parameters. While average-case optimal parameters are available in many cases, meaningful performance gains can be obtained by fine-tuning these parameters for a given instance. This task is especially challenging, however, when the number of circuit executions (shots) is limited. In this work, we develop an end-to-end protocol that combines multiple parameter settings and fine-tuning techniques. We use large-scale numerical experiments to optimize the protocol for the shot-limited setting and observe that optimizers with the simplest internal model (linear) perform best. We implement the optimized pipeline on a trapped-ion processor using up to 32 qubits and 5 QAOA layers, and we demonstrate that the pipeline is robust to small amounts of hardware noise. To the best of our knowledge, these are the largest demonstrations of QAOA parameter fine-tuning on a trapped-ion processor in terms of two-qubit gate count.

quantum algorithms & computation↗
DOE OSTI2022

High-Throughput Microfluidics Platform for Intracellular Delivery and Sampling of Biomolecules from Live Cells

Nondestructive cell membrane permeabilization systems enable the intracellular delivery of exogenous biomolecules for cell engineering tasks as well as the temporal sampling of cytosolic contents from live cells for the analysis of dynamic processes. Here, in this paper, we report a microwell array format live-cell analysis device (LCAD) that can perform localized-electroporation induced membrane permeabilization, for cellular delivery or sampling, and directly interfaces with surface-based biosensors for analyzing the extracted contents. We demonstrate the capabilities of the LCAD via an automated high-throughput workflow for multimodal analysis of live-cell dynamics, consisting of quantitative measurements of enzyme activity using self-assembled monolayers for MALDI mass spectrometry (SAMDI) and deep-learning enhanced imaging and analysis. By combining a fabrication protocol that enables robust assembly and operation of multilayer devices with embedded gold electrodes and an automated imaging workflow, we successfully deliver functional molecules (plasmid and siRNA) into live cells at multiple time-points and track their effect on gene expression and cell morphology temporally. Furthermore, we report sampling performance enhancements, achieving saturation levels of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity measured from as few as 60 cells, and demonstrate control over the amount of sampled contents by optimization of electroporation parameters using a lumped model. Lastly, we investigate the implications of cell morphology on electroporation-induced sampling of fluorescent molecules using a deep-learning enhanced image analysis workflow.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗