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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,081 records · Page 60
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Aircraft Observations of Turbulence in Cloudy and Cloud-Free Boundary Layers Over the Western North Atlantic Ocean From ACTIVATE and Implications for the Earth System Model Evaluation and Development

This study examines boundary layer turbulence derived from high temporal resolution meteorological measurements from 40 research flights over the western North Atlantic Ocean during the 2020 deployments of ACTIVATE. Frequency distributions of various turbulent quantities reveal stronger turbulence during the winter deployment than in summer and for cloud‐topped than in cloud‐free boundary layers during the summer deployment. Maximum turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) is most often within cloud from observations in winter and summer, whereas it is mostly below cloud in both seasons by a global model turbulence parameterization. Further, bivariate frequency distributions are consistent with the bivariate Gaussian probability distribution functions assumed for the closure of higher‐order turbulence/shallow convection parameterizations used by some global models. Turbulence simulated by the Community Atmosphere Model version 6 and the Energy Exascale Earth System Model Atmosphere Model version 2 using such parameterizations is not as strong as observed, with more TKE going into vertical wind perturbations rather than into zonal wind perturbations as observed, suggesting that the treatment of turbulence in Earth system models still needs to be further improved.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Better practices for inferring ecosystem water use strategy from eddy covariance data

Eddy covariance data are critical for inferring ecosystem water use strategies. Yet, such inferences are sensitive to a range of assumptions applied across studies, hindering our understanding of water use strategies within and across eddy covariance sites. A recent analysis across 151 FLUXNET2015 and AmeriFlux-FLUXNET datasets found that poor model performance was the key driver of non-robust inferences of ecosystem water use strategies. Here, we leverage this previous analysis to (i) identify the specific assumptions that improve inference model performance across most sites, (ii) explain the mechanisms behind the performance improvements, and (iii) check whether better performance improves water use inference. We find that the common practice of fitting a model to canopy conductance (G c ) derived from the evapotranspiration (ET) observations, rather than to observed ET itself, artificially amplifies data errors and degrades the model performance. Next, accounting for vegetation dynamics by applying a growing season filter or incorporating satellite LAI data improves performance, but the former practice may remove soil water stress periods. Lastly, using the leaf-to-air vapor pressure deficit (VPD l ) derived from ET observations as a model input may artificially inflate performance. Based on these results, we recommend selecting observed ET (rather than derived G c ) as the response variable, carefully accounting for vegetation dynamics, and avoiding derived VPD l as a model input; these best practices improve model performance by c. 20% and robustness by c. 80% across all eddy covariance sites. Nevertheless, the performance improvements do not always correspond to more robust inference of water use strategies, as model parameter selection and surface energy budget closure corrections still strongly influence the ecosystem water use parameter estimation in a site-specific manner.

AmeriFlux↗
DOE OSTI2021

The role of micro-inertia on the shock structure in porous metals

The behavior of porous materials under shock loading is a multi-scale problem bridging orders of magnitude across the macroscale geometry and the microscale pores. Under static loading, this problem is well understood, relating mechanisms of pore closure and crushing to the equivalent macroscale models. The dynamic response of porous solids under shock loading is related to the effects of viscoplasticity and micro-acceleration fields around the void boundaries. The significance of the micro-inertia effects in modeling the dynamic behavior of porous materials remains an open question. In this work, an experimental investigation on closed-cell porous aluminum with small porosity provides the evidence for the first time of micro-inertia’s fundamental role in describing the shock structure in these materials. Materials with different levels of porosity were manufactured using a modified process of additive manufacturing to achieve a mean pore size below 50$\mu$m. Plate impact experiments on porous aluminum samples were conducted at pressures in the range of 2 to 11 GPa. The structure of the steady shock was characterized as a function of porosity and shown to validate behavior revealed by an analytical approach (Czarnota et al. [J. Mech. Phys. Solids 107 (2017)]), highlighting the fundamental role of micro-inertia effects in such cases.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Investigation of model parameters for high-resolution wind energy forecasting: case studies over simple and complex terrain

We report that wind power forecasting, turbine micrositing, and turbine design require high-resolution simulations of atmospheric flow. Case studies at two West Coast North American wind farms, one with simple and one with complex terrain, are explored using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Both synoptically and locally driven events that include some ramping are considered. The performance of the model with different grid nesting configurations, turbulence closures, and grid resolutions is investigated through comparisons with observation data. For the simple terrain site, no significant improvement in the simulation results is found when using higher resolution. In contrast, for the complex terrain site, there is significant improvement when using higher resolution, but only during the locally driven event. This suggests the possibility that computational resources could be spared under certain conditions, for example when the topography is adequately resolved at coarser resolutions. Physical parameters such as soil moisture have a very large effect, but mostly for the locally forced events for both simple and complex terrain. The effect of the PBL scheme choice varies significantly depending on the meteorological forcing and terrain. On average, prognostic TKE equation schemes perform better than non-local eddy viscosity schemes.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Saturation scalings of toroidal ion temperature gradient turbulence

The emerging understanding of instability-driven plasma-turbulence saturation in terms of energy transfer to stable modes in the same scale range as the instability is employed to derive a saturation theory for the toroidal branch of ion temperature gradient turbulence that provides the scaling of turbulence and zonal flow levels for all physical parameters. The theory is based on the eigenmode decomposition of a nonlinear fluid model, which is subjected to a statistical closure and simplified via an ordering expansion consistent with zonal-flow catalyzed energy transfer from the unstable mode to the stable mode at large scale. Solution of the closed energy balance equations yields a turbulence level that is proportional to the ratio of the zonal flow damping rate and the inverse of the triplet correlation time of the zonal-flow catalyzed wavenumber triplet interaction. The zonal flow energy is proportional to the ratio of the growth rate and the inverse triplet correlation time. The saturation scalings are applied to the ion heat flux, showing that it has a factor proportional to the quasilinear heat flux and a correction factor that includes the inverse of the triplet correlation time and a reduction due to the stable mode.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

DYNAMO EFFECTS IN MAGNETOROTATIONAL TURBULENCE WITH FINITE THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY

We investigate the saturation level of hydromagnetic turbulence driven by the magnetorotational instability in the case of vanishing net flux. Motivated by a recent paper of Bodo et al., we here focus on the case of a non-isothermal equation of state with constant thermal diffusivity. The central aim of the paper is to complement the previous result with closure parameters for mean-field dynamo models, and to test the hypothesis that the dynamo is affected by the mode of heat transport. We perform computer simulations of local shearing-box models of stratified accretion disks with approximate treatment of radiative heat transport, which is modeled via thermal conduction. We study the effect of varying the (constant) thermal diffusivity, and apply different vertical boundary conditions (BCs). In the case of impenetrable vertical boundaries, we confirm the transition from mainly conductive to mainly convective vertical heat transport below a critical thermal diffusivity. This transition is however much less dramatic when more natural outflow BCs are applied. Similarly, the enhancement of magnetic activity in this case is less pronounced. Nevertheless, heating via turbulent dissipation determines the thermodynamic structure of accretion disks and clearly affects the properties of the related dynamo. This effect, however, may have been overestimated in previous work, and a careful study of the role played by boundaries will be required.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Checking nonflow assumptions and results via PHENIX published correlations in p+p, p+Au, d+Au, and 3 He+Au at √ s NN=200 GeV

Recently the PHENIX Collaboration has made available two-particle correlation Fourier coefficients for multiple detector combinations in minimum bias p+p and 0–5% central p+Au, d+Au, and 3 He+Au collisions at √ s NN = 200 GeV [Phys. Rev. C 105, 024901 (2022)]. Using these coefficients for three sets of two-particle correlations, azimuthal anisotropy coefficients v 2 and v 3 are extracted for midrapidity charged hadrons as a function of transverse momentum. In this paper, we use the available coefficients to explore various nonflow hypotheses as well as to compare the results with theoretical model calculations. The nonflow methods fail basic closure tests with ampt and pythia/angantyr, particularly when including correlations with particles in the low multiplicity light-projectile going direction. In data, the nonflow adjusted v 2 results are modestly lower in p+Au and the adjusted v 3 results are more significantly higher in p+Au and d+Au. However, the resulting higher values for the ratio v 3 /v 2 in p+Au at RHIC compared to p+Pb at the LHC is additional evidence for a significant overcorrection. Incorporating these additional checks, the conclusion that these flow coefficients are dominated by initial geometry coupled with final-state interactions (e.g., hydrodynamic expansion of quark-gluon plasma) remains true, and explanations based solely on initial-state glasma are ruled out. The detailed balance between intrinsic and fluctuation-driven geometry and the exact role of weakly versus strongly coupled prehydrodynamic evolution remains an open question for triangular flow, requiring further theoretical and experimental investigation.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Flexible Computer Science Infrastructure (FleCSI)

FleCSI is a compile-time configurable framework designed to support multi-physics application development. As such, FleCSI attempts to provide a very general set of infrastructure design patterns that can be specialized and extended to suit the needs of a broad variety of solver and data requirements. Current support includes multi-dimensional mesh topology, mesh geometry, and mesh adjacency information, n-dimensional hashed-tree data structures, graph partitioning interfaces, and dependency closures. FleCSI also introduces a functional programming model with control, execution, and data abstractions that are consistent with both MPI and state-of-the-art task-based runtimes such as Legion and Charm++. The FleCSI abstraction layer provides the developer with insulation from the underlying runtime, while allowing support for multiple runtime systems, including conventional models like asynchronous MPI. The intent is to give developers a concrete set of user-friendly programming tools that can be used now, while allowing flexibility in choosing runtime implementations and optimizations that can be applied to architectures and runtimes that arise in the future. The control and execution models in FleCSI also provide formal nomenclature for describing poorly understood concepts like kernels and tasks.

Moss, Nicholas↗
DOE OSTI2016

Continuum Gyrokinetic Edge New Technology

COGENT is a simulation code that models the plasma evolution in the edge region of a tokamak fusion reactor, from the open field line scrape-off layer, across the separatrix, and into the core. The model is based on the 4D gyrokinetic closure of the kinetic equations for a plasma coupled to an electrostatic potential field. The background magnetic field is prescribed either analytically or generated from experimental data, and the grid is aligned with magnetic flux surfaces. Multiple collision operator options are provided, from Krook to fully nonlinear Fokker-Planck.

Dorr, M.R.↗
DOE OSTI2011

An attenuated strain of Bacillus anthracis (CDC 684) has a large chromosomal inversion and altered growth kinetics

Background: An isolate originally labeled Bacillus megaterium CDC 684 was found to contain both pXO1 and pXO2, was non-hemolytic, sensitive to gamma-phage, and produced both the protective antigen and the poly-Dglutamic acid capsule. These phenotypes prompted Ezzell et al., (J. Clin. Microbiol. 28:223) to reclassify this isolate to Bacillus anthracis in 1990. Results: We demonstrate that despite these B. anthracis features, the isolate is severely attenuated in a guinea pig model. This prompted whole genome sequencing and closure. The comparative analysis of CDC 684 to other sequenced B. anthracis isolates and further analysis reveals: a) CDC 684 is a close relative of a virulent strain, Vollum A0488; b) CDC 684 defines a new B. anthracis lineage (at least 51 SNPs) that includes 15 other isolates; c) the genome of CDC 684 contains a large chromosomal inversion that spans 3.3 Mbp; d) this inversion has caused a displacement of the usual spatial orientation of the origin of replication (ori) to the termination of replication (ter) from 180° in wild-type B. anthracis to 120° in CDC 684 and e) this isolate also has altered growth kinetics in liquid media. Conclusions: We propose two alternative hypotheses explaining the attenuated phenotype of this isolate. Hypothesis 1 suggests that the skewed ori/ter relationship in CDC 684 has altered its DNA replication and/or transcriptome processes resulting in altered growth kinetics and virulence capacity. Hypothesis 2 suggests that one or more of the single nucleotide polymorphisms in CDC 684 has altered the expression of a regulatory element or other genes necessary for virulence.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2012

KIVA Development - 2012

Los Alamos National Laboratory and its collaborators are facilitating engine modeling by improving accuracy of the modeling, and improving the robustness of software. We also continue to improve the physical modeling methods. We are developing and implementing new mathematical algorithms, those which represent the physics within an engine. We provide software that others may use directly or that they may alter with various models e.g., sophisticated chemical kinetics, different turbulent closure methods or other fuel injection systems.

02 PETROLEUM↗
DOE OSTI2017

Turbulent Mixing Simulation via a Quantum Algorithm

Probability density function (PDF) methods have been very useful in describing many physical aspects of turbulent mixing. In applications of these methods, modeled PDF transport equations are commonly simulated via classical Monte Carlo techniques, which provide estimates of moments of the PDF at arbitrary accuracy. In this paper, recently developed techniques in quantum computing and quantum enhanced measurements (quantum metrology) are used to construct a quantum algorithm that accelerates the computation of such estimates. This quantum algorithm provides a quadratic speedup over classical Monte Carlo methods in terms of the number of repetitions needed to achieve the desired precision. This paper illustrates the power of this algorithm by considering a binary scalar mixing process modeled by means of the coalescence/dispersion (C/D) closure. The equation is first simulated using classical Monte Carlo methods, where error estimates for the computation of central moments are provided. Then the quantum algorithm for this problem is simulated by sampling from the same probability distribution as that of the output of a quantum computer, and it is shown that significantly fewer resources are required to achieve the same precision. Finally, the results demonstrate potential applications of future quantum computers for simulation of turbulent mixing, and large classes of related problems.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
NASA NTRS1978

Effects of stores on longitudinal aerodynamic characteristics of a fighter at supersonic speeds

Experimental investigations of single and twin stores representative of advanced, elliptical cross section missile concepts were made at Mach numbers from 1.60 to 2.16 to substantiate theoretically predicted results. The stores were mounted on the fuselage of a model representing a fighter configuration. Store base closure effects in the carriage condition were also obtained through tests with and without base closure fairings.

Dollyhigh, S. M.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Numerical analysis of turbulent wakes of axial flow turbomachinery rotor blades

The wakes of rotor blades are turbulent, three-dimensional, and are subjected to curvature and rotation effects. The objective of this study is to predict the development of such wakes and compare the predictions with the existing data. A finite difference procedure is employed in the numerical analysis of the wake utilizing the continuity, momentum, and turbulence closure equations in the rotating curvilinear and non-orthogonal coordinate system. The turbulence closure is affected by the two equations model and the simplified Reynolds stress model. The predictions from both the models agree well with the mean velocity and the turbulence data.

Hah, C.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Navier-Stokes solutions for nonaxisymmetric nozzle flows

The compressible Navier-Stokes equations for two-dimensional and three-dimensional flow are solved for nonaxisymmetric nozzle configurations. Both internal flow alone and combined internal and external flow cases are considered. An implicit approximate factorization algorithm is employed to solve the governing equations which are cast in terms of a body-fitted coordinate system. Turbulence closure is accomplished with a composite algebraic model. Two-dimensional results for a wedge plug nozzle flow in the form of surface pressures compare favorably with experimental data. Three-dimensional calculations for two nonaxisymmetric nozzles are also presented and compared with data.

Swanson, R. C.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Computation of aircraft component flow fields at transonic Mach numbers using a three-dimensional Navier-Stokes algorithm

A computer analysis was developed for calculating steady (or unsteady) three-dimensional aircraft component flow fields. This algorithm, called ENS3D, can compute the flow field for the following configurations: diffuser duct/thrust nozzle, isolated wing, isolated fuselage, wing/fuselage with or without integrated inlet and exhaust, nacelle/inlet, nacelle (fuselage) afterbody/exhaust jet, complete transport engine installation, and multicomponent configurations using zonal grid generation technique. Solutions can be obtained for subsonic, transonic, or hypersonic freestream speeds. The algorithm can solve either the Euler equations for inviscid flow, the thin shear layer Navier-Stokes equations for viscous flow, or the full Navier-Stokes equations for viscous flow. The flow field solution is determined on a body-fitted computational grid. A fully-implicit alternating direction implicit method is employed for the solution of the finite difference equations. For viscous computations, either a two layer eddy-viscosity turbulence model or the k-epsilon two equation transport model can be used to achieve mathematical closure.

Shrewsbury, George D.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Critical comparison of second-order closures with direct numerical simulations of homogeneous turbulence

Recently, several models have been proposed for closing the second-moment equations, in which the velocity-pressure gradient tensor and the dissipation rate tensor are two of the most important terms. In the literature, these correlation tensors are usually decomposed into a so-called rapid term and a return-to-isotropy term. Models of these terms have been used in global flow calculations together with other modeled terms. However, their individual behaviors in different flows have not been fully examined because they are unmeasurable in the laboratory. Recently, the development of direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulence has given us the possibility to do this kind of study. With direct numerical simulation, we may use the solution to calculate exactly the values of these correlation terms and then directly compare them with the values from their modeled formulations. In this paper, we make direct comparisons of five representative rapid models and eight return-to-isotropy models using the DNS data of 45 homogeneous flows, which were done by Rogers et al. (1986) and Lee and Reynolds (1985). The purpose of these direct comparisons is to explore the performance of these models in different flows and identify the ones that give the best performance. The paper also describes the modeling procedure, model constraints, and the various evaluated models. The detailed results of the direct comparisons are discussed, and a few concluding remarks on turbulence models are given.

Shih, Tsan-Hsing↗
NASA NTRS2008

Observations of Circumstellar Disks with Infrared Interferometry

Star formation is arguably the area of astrophysics in which infrared interferometry has had the biggest impact. The optically thick portion of T Tauri and Herbig Ae/Be disks DO NOT extend to a few stellar radii of the stellar surface. Emission is coming from near the dust sublimation radius, but not all from a single radius. The Herbig Ae stars can be either flared or self-shadowed but very massive (early Be) stars are geometrically thin. The Herbig Ae stars can be either flared or self-shadowed but very massive (early Be) stars are geometrically thin. Observational prospects are rapidly improving: a) Higher spectral resolution will allow observations of the gas: jets, winds, accretion. b) Closure phase and imaging will help eliminate model uncertainties/dependencies.

young steller objects↗