Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “biasing”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,081 records · Page 60

Effect of antiferromagnetic layer thickness on exchange bias, training effect, and magnetotransport properties in ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic antidot arrays

The effect of antiferromagnetic (AFM) layer on exchange bias (EB), training effect, and magnetotransport properties in ferromagnetic (FM) /AFM nanoscale antidot arrays and sheet films Ag(10 nm)/Co(8 nm)/NiO(t{sub NiO})/Ag(5 nm) at 10 K is studied. The AFM layer thickness dependence of the EB field shows a peak at t{sub NiO} = 2 nm that is explained by using the random field model. The misalignment of magnetic moments in the three-dimensional antidot arrays causes smaller decrease of EB field compared with that in the sheet films for training effect. The anomalous magnetotransport properties, in particular positive magnetoresistance (MR) for antidot arrays but negative MR for sheet films are found. The training effect and magnetotransport properties are strongly affected by the three-dimensional spin-alignment effects in the antidot arrays.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Perpendicular exchange bias effect in sputter-deposited CoFe/IrMn bilayers

CoFe/IrMn bilayers with perpendicular magnetization for various IrMn layer thicknesses exhibit unusual two-step hysteresis loops with both positive and negative loop shifts. Observed at room temperature in the as-grown state, they provide direct evidence of large antiferromagnetic domain formation at the IrMn interface. The exchange bias field reaches 100 mT with an IrMn layer thickness of 4 nm after field annealing at 200 °C–300 °C in 800 mT, which is at least three times as large as the coercivity, and may be useful for reference layers of spin-valves or magnetic tunnel junctions with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Influence of bias voltage and temperature on charge transfer states in organic photovoltaic and electroluminescent integrated device

Based on the organic photovoltaic (PV) and electroluminescent (EL) integrated device with a structure of SubPc/C{sub 60} heterojunction, both PV and EL properties of charge transfer states (CTSs) were simultaneously investigated. By means of infrared and visible isolating method, the EL characteristics of CTSs and singlet-triplet excitons were separated, and their properties dependence on bias voltage and temperature was analyzed by introducing modified diode models. From the simulation on the emissive photons from CTSs, the temperature independent parameters of CTSs were extracted, which have close relationship with thermal activation energy and effective emissive state number of CTSs at the SubPc/C{sub 60} interface.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Initial phase zone for phase locking to the resonance, using “main condition” of phase stability in DC-biased single-sided multipactor

In the present work, the concept of accurate phase stability is employed to study a DC-biased single-sided multipactor. A “main condition” of phase stability was introduced in our previous studies of two-sided multipactors [M. Mostajeran, J. Instrum. 8, P04024 (2013); M. Mostajeran and M. Lamehi Rachti, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 615, 1–5 (2010)]. Using the same condition and assuming zero initial velocity for the secondary electrons, a regime of multipactors outside the resonance zones is found. The theoretical results are then verified by numerical simulation.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Magnetization jumps and exchange bias induced by a partially disordered antiferromagnetic state in (FeTiO{sub 3}){sub 0.9}-(Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}){sub 0.1}

Magnetization jumps (MJs) and the exchange bias (EB) effect are simultaneously observed in the mixed-spin oxide (FeTiO{sub 3}){sub 0.9}-(Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}){sub 0.1} at 2.0 K. Dc and ac susceptibility measurements confirm a reentrant spin glass phase with a partially disordered antiferromagnetic (PDA) state below the irreversibility temperature (T{sub ir} = 60 K). Antiferromagnetic (AFM) Fe{sup 3+} clusters are nested in AFM Fe{sup 2+} lattices forming a triangular lattice, in which 2/3 of the magnetic moments order antiferromagnetically with each other leaving the remaining 1/3 “confused.” This geometric frustration in the triangular lattice leads to a PDA state that is the ground state of the AFM triangular configuration. The PDA state, in the presence of a critical trigger field, evolves into a ferromagnetic (FM) state, and induces the AFM spins of the Fe{sup 2+} ions to enter a FM state, resulting in the MJs. Meanwhile, the FM spins of Fe{sup 2+} can serve as the pinned phase, and the AFM spins of Fe{sup 3+} can serve as the pinning phase, resulting in the EB effect. Thus, we point out that the PDA state is very likely to be at the origin of the MJs and the EB effect.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Two-step polarization reversal in biased ferroelectrics

Polarization reversal in polycrystalline ferroelectrics is shown to occur via two distinct and sequential domain reorientation steps. This reorientation sequence, which cannot be readily discriminated in the overall sample polarization, is made apparent using time-resolved high-energy x-ray diffraction. Upon application of electric fields opposite to the initial poling direction, two unique and significantly different time constants are observed. The first (faster time constant) is shown to be derived by the release of a residual stress due to initial electrical biasing and the second (slower time constant) due to the redevelopment of residual stress during further domain wall motion. A modified domain reorientation model is given that accurately describes the domain volume fraction evolution during the reversal process.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Exotic exchange bias at epitaxial ferroelectric-ferromagnetic interfaces

Multiferroics in spintronics have opened up opportunities for future technological developments, particularly in the field of ferroelectric (FE)-ferromagnetic (FM) oxide interfaces with functionalities. We find strong exchange bias shifts (up to 84 Oe) upon field cooling in metal-oxide (Fe/BaTiO{sub 3}) films combining FM and FE layers. The saturation magnetic moment of the FM layer is also significantly higher than in bulk (3.0 ± 0.2 μ{sub B}/atom) and the reversal mechanism occurs via a domain nucleation process. X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Fe K-edge and Ba L3-edge indicate presence of few monolayers of antiferromagnetic FeO at the interface without the formation of any BaFeO{sub 3} layer. Polarized neutron reflectometry corroborates with our magnetization data as we perform depth profiling of the magnetic and structural densities in these bilayers. Our first principles density functional calculations support the formation of antiferromagnetic FeO layers at the interface along with an enhancement of Fe magnetic moments in the inner ferromagnetic layers.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Top-gate zinc tin oxide thin-film transistors with high bias and environmental stress stability

Top gated metal-oxide thin-film transistors (TFTs) provide two benefits compared to their conventional bottom-gate counterparts: (i) The gate dielectric may concomitantly serve as encapsulation layer for the TFT channel. (ii) Damage of the dielectric due to high-energetic particles during channel deposition can be avoided. In our work, the top-gate dielectric is prepared by ozone based atomic layer deposition at low temperatures. For ultra-low gas permeation rates, we introduce nano-laminates of Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}/ZrO{sub 2} as dielectrics. The resulting TFTs show a superior environmental stability even at elevated temperatures. Their outstanding stability vs. bias stress is benchmarked against bottom-gate devices with encapsulation.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Characteristics of stress-induced defects under positive bias in high-k/InGaAs stacks

The introduction of InGaAs as a channel material for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology presents major challenges in terms of the characterization of the various defects that affect the performance and reliability. Understanding the generation of defects by constant voltage stresses is crucial in terms of their concentration profiles and energy levels. In particular, we want to understand the real nature of the defects responsible for the dispersion of C-V in strong accumulation. Here, we show that the degradation under positive bias of metal/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}/n-InGaAs capacitors reveals two contributions depending on the temperature that affects the C-V curves in a different way. Based on features of stressed C-V curves, it is possible to estimate the onset point of the distribution of border traps near the midgap condition. The results suggest that these defects are strongly related to the characteristics of the InGaAs substrate.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Towards quantitative off-axis electron holographic mapping of the electric field around the tip of a sharp biased metallic needle

We apply off-axis electron holography and Lorentz microscopy in the transmission electron microscope to map the electric field generated by a sharp biased metallic tip. A combination of experimental data and modelling provides quantitative information about the potential and the field around the tip. Close to the tip apex, we measure a maximum field intensity of 82 MV/m, corresponding to a field k factor of 2.5, in excellent agreement with theory. In order to verify the validity of the measurements, we use the inferred charge density distribution in the tip region to generate simulated phase maps and Fresnel (out-of-focus) images for comparison with experimental measurements. While the overall agreement is excellent, the simulations also highlight the presence of an unexpected astigmatic contribution to the intensity in a highly defocused Fresnel image, which is thought to result from the geometry of the applied field.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Role of the dielectric for the charging dynamics of the dielectric/barrier interface in AlGaN/GaN based metal-insulator-semiconductor structures under forward gate bias stress

The high density of defect states at the dielectric/III-N interface in GaN based metal-insulator-semiconductor structures causes tremendous threshold voltage drifts, ΔV{sub th}, under forward gate bias conditions. A comprehensive study on different dielectric materials, as well as varying dielectric thickness t{sub D} and barrier thickness t{sub B}, is performed using capacitance-voltage analysis. It is revealed that the density of trapped electrons, ΔN{sub it}, scales with the dielectric capacitance under spill-over conditions, i.e., the accumulation of a second electron channel at the dielectric/AlGaN barrier interface. Hence, the density of trapped electrons is defined by the charging of the dielectric capacitance. The scaling behavior of ΔN{sub it} is explained universally by the density of accumulated electrons at the dielectric/III-N interface under spill-over conditions. We conclude that the overall density of interface defects is higher than what can be electrically measured, due to limits set by dielectric breakdown. These findings have a significant impact on the correct interpretation of threshold voltage drift data and are of relevance for the development of normally off and normally on III-N/GaN high electron mobility transistors with gate insulation.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Improvement of bias-stability in amorphous-indium-gallium-zinc-oxide thin-film transistors by using solution-processed Y{sub 2}O{sub 3} passivation

We demonstrate back channel improvement of back-channel-etch amorphous-indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (a-IGZO) thin-film transistors by using solution-processed yttrium oxide (Y{sub 2}O{sub 3}) passivation. Two different solvents, which are acetonitrile (35%) + ethylene glycol (65%), solvent A and deionized water, solvent B are investigated for the spin-on process of the Y{sub 2}O{sub 3} passivation—performed after patterning source/drain (S/D) Mo electrodes by a conventional HNO{sub 3}-based wet-etch process. Both solvents yield devices with good performance but those passivated by using solvent B exhibit better light and bias stability. Presence of yttrium at the a-IGZO back interface, where it occupies metal vacancy sites, is confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The passivation effect of yttrium is more significant when solvent A is used because of the existence of more metal vacancies, given that the alcohol (65% ethylene glycol) in solvent A may dissolve the metal oxide (a-IGZO) through the formation of alkoxides and water.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Improving the efficiency of configurational-bias Monte Carlo: A density-guided method for generating bending angle trials for linear and branched molecules

A new method has been developed to generate bending angle trials to improve the acceptance rate and the speed of configurational-bias Monte Carlo. Whereas traditionally the trial geometries are generated from a uniform distribution, in this method we attempt to use the exact probability density function so that each geometry generated is likely to be accepted. In actual practice, due to the complexity of this probability density function, a numerical representation of this distribution function would be required. This numerical table can be generated a priori from the distribution function. This method has been tested on a united-atom model of alkanes including propane, 2-methylpropane, and 2,2-dimethylpropane, that are good representatives of both linear and branched molecules. It has been shown from these test cases that reasonable approximations can be made especially for the highly branched molecules to reduce drastically the dimensionality and correspondingly the amount of the tabulated data that is needed to be stored. Despite these approximations, the dependencies between the various geometrical variables can be still well considered, as evident from a nearly perfect acceptance rate achieved. For all cases, the bending angles were shown to be sampled correctly by this method with an acceptance rate of at least 96% for 2,2-dimethylpropane to more than 99% for propane. Since only one trial is required to be generated for each bending angle (instead of thousands of trials required by the conventional algorithm), this method can dramatically reduce the simulation time. The profiling results of our Monte Carlo simulation code show that trial generation, which used to be the most time consuming process, is no longer the time dominating component of the simulation.

2-2-DIMETHYLPROPANE↗

High-performance zero-bias ultraviolet photodetector based on p-GaN/n-ZnO heterojunction

Lattice-match p-GaN and n-ZnO bilayers were heteroepitaxially grown on the c-sapphire substrate by metal organic chemical vapor deposition and molecular beam epitaxy technique, respectively. X-ray diffraction and photoluminescence investigations revealed the high crystal quality of the bilayer films. Subsequently, a p-GaN/n-ZnO heterojunction photodetector was fabricated. The p-n junction exhibited a clear rectifying I-V characteristic with a turn-on voltage of 3.7 V. At zero-bias voltage, the peak responsivity was 0.68 mA/W at 358 nm, which is one of the best performances reported for p-GaN/n-ZnO heterojunction detectors due to the excellent crystal quality of the bilayer films. These show that the high-performance p-GaN/n-ZnO heterojunction diode is potential for applications of portable UV detectors without driving power.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Exchange bias effect in epitaxial La{sub 0.67}Ca{sub 0.33}MnO{sub 3}/SrMnO{sub 3} thin film structure

Bilayers consisting of La{sub 0.67}Ca{sub 0.33}MnO{sub 3} (LCMO) and SrMnO{sub 3} (SMO) have been prepared by pulsed-laser deposition on SrTiO{sub 3} (001) substrates. Unconventional magnetic coupling was found after cooling in a small field. The LCMO/SMO bilayers exhibit an exchange bias field of 209 Oe, which vanishes as the temperature rises above 90 K. A small magnetization has been found above the Curie temperature of the pure LCMO thin films. Spin-cluster-like antiferromagnetic (AFM)/ferromagnetic (FM) clusters have been deduced to exist at the interface due to the competing types of magnetic order at the interface. The magnetic relaxation is found to follow a double-exponential equation and a slow relaxation process is observed due to the strong exchange coupling between AFM/FM clusters and the LCMO layer. We speculate that the short-range high-temperature FM order of the Mn{sup 3+} and Mn{sup 4+} moments above the Curie temperature at the interface gives rise to the magnetic regions that pin the FM LCMO layer as the temperature decreases.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Tunable exchange bias-like effect in patterned hard-soft two-dimensional lateral composites with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy

Patterned hard-soft 2D magnetic lateral composites have been fabricated by e-beam lithography plus dry etching techniques on sputter-deposited NdCo{sub 5} thin films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Their magnetic behavior is strongly thickness dependent due to the interplay between out-of-plane anisotropy and magnetostatic energy. Thus, the spatial modulation of thicknesses leads to an exchange coupled system with hard/soft magnetic regions in which rotatable anisotropy of the thicker elements provides an extra tool to design the global magnetic behavior of the patterned lateral composite. Kerr microscopy studies (domain imaging and magneto-optical Kerr effect magnetometry) reveal that the resulting hysteresis loops exhibit a tunable exchange bias-like shift that can be switched on/off by the applied magnetic field.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Dynamics of electronic transitions and frequency dependence of negative capacitance in semiconductor diodes under high forward bias

We observed qualitatively dissimilar frequency dependence of negative capacitance under high charge injection in two sets of functionally different junction diodes: III-V based light emitting and Si-based non-light emitting diodes. Using an advanced approach based on bias activated differential capacitance, we developed a generalized understanding of negative capacitance phenomenon which can be extended to any diode based device structure. We explained the observations as the mutual competition of fast and slow electronic transition rates which are different in different devices. This study can be useful in understanding the interfacial effects in semiconductor heterostructures and may lead to superior device functionality.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Ferroic characterizations, phase transformation, and internal bias field in 0.75Pb(Fe{sub 2/3}W{sub 1/3})O{sub 3}–0.25PbTiO{sub 3} multiferroic ceramic

The complex perovskite of 0.75Pb(Fe{sub 2/3}W{sub 1/3})O{sub 3}–0.25PbTiO{sub 3} (0.75PFW-0.25PT) ceramic was prepared by the conventional oxide mixing method. The detailed microstructure of 0.75PFW-0.25PT ceramic was investigated. At room temperature, the TEM analysis reveals that only cubic structure (nonpolar) exists, which is different from the phase coexistence of cubic (66%) and tetragonal (34%) structure revealed by XRD. A mechanism dominated by a temperature rise due to electron-beam irradiation has been proposed. The XPS measurement confirms the mixed balance state of Fe{sup 2+} and Fe{sup 3+} in the as-prepared 0.75PFW-0.25PT specimen, which facilitates the formation of the defect dipoles with oxygen vacancies, in turn resulting in the internal-bias field (E{sub i}) phenomenon. The appearance of weak magnetic interactions is believed relating to the presence of noncompensated magnetic moments in Fe-rich islands. These results provide key information for understanding the composition, defect, ferroelectric, and ferromagnetic properties in 0.75PFW-0.25PT ceramic.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗