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NASA NTRS1991

Continuum opacity produced by spectral lines in supernovae and similar expansions

Within rapidly expanding objects such as supernovae, the large velocity gradient Doppler spreads the spectral lines to such an extent that even relatively weak transitions affect the propagation of radiation. It is shown that under appropriate conditions (involving the separation between lines and the velocity gradient), the effects of many lines within a small frequency interval produce a contribution to the transfer equation which acts like an ordinary continuum opacity. This expansion opacity is a surprisingly simple function of the Sobolev optical depth of the lines. The dependence of this opacity on frequency, temperature, density, velocity gradient (1/time), and heavy element abundance is evaluated.

Wagoner, Robert V.↗
NASA NTRS1990

X-ray emission from reverse-shocked ejecta in supernova remnants

A simple physical model of the dynamics of a young supernova remnant is used to derive a straightforward kinematical description of the reverse shock. With suitable approximations, formulae can then be developed to give the X-ray emission of the reverse-shocked ejecta. The results are found to agree favorably with observations of SN1006.

Cioffi, Denis F.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Instabilities in SN1987A and other supernovae

While giving a remarkably good description of many aspects of SN1987A, calculations assuming spherical symmetry have a number of flaws. Many of these problems naturally disappear in the development of a 2-D calculation, as nonspherical instabilities grow. This nonspherical behavior, made evident in SN1987A, has implications for other types of supernovae.

Arnett, David↗
NASA NTRS1991

Axially symmetrical supernova remnants

The origin of cylindrically symmetric supernova remnants (SNR's) is discussed. The results of numerical simulations of two most distinguished barrel-like SNR's SN1006 and G296.5+10.0 are presented.

Bisnovatyi-Kogan, G. S.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Hydrodynamic study of Supernova 1987A: The phase of a wave of cooling and recombination

The dependence of the bolometric light curve and of the effective temperature on the density distribution in a progenitor, its chemical composition, mass, radius, and explosion energy is studied. It is shown that, just before the supernova 1987 A outburst, the outside layers of the blue supergiant Sk-69.202 deg had a density distribution similar to that of the polytropic model with an index of n equals 3, a chemical composition with a mass fraction of hydrogen of the order of 0.1, and a relative helium abundance of about 0.9.

Utrobin, V. P.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Formation of a planet orbiting pulsar 1829 - 10 from the debris of a supernova explosion

How the 10-earth mass planet in a nearly circular 0.7 AU orbit around PSR1829 - 10 might have been created inside the young SNR is described. It is proposed that the planet formed from a rotationally supported disk of about 0.02 solar mass of heavy elements that fell back from the supernova explosion to an initial radius of about 1000 km. Viscous evolution of the disk then concentrated most of its angular momentum into a small amount of material at the disk's outer extremity: 10 earth masses at 10 exp 13 cm. Here, dust grains that had condensed and precipitated toward the midplane grew through cohesive collisions and gravitational instabilities into 100-km planetesimals which coagulated into the planet on a million-yr time scale. The presence of a more massive and more distant second planet is found to be unlikely.

Lin, D. N. C.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Evidence for a thermally unstable shock wave in the Vela supernova remnant

The emission and absorption line signatures of supernova remnant shock waves provide complementary diagnostic capabilities. This paper presents IUE spectra of the nebulosity and new spectra of HD 72088. Models of the emission and absorption lines from shocked gas are used to derive a shock velocity and elemental depletions. There is evidence from the absorption-line strengths and widths for thermally unstable cooling behind a 150 km/s shock. The shock velocity and swept-up column density estimates of Wallerstein and Balick (1990) are confirmed, and evidence is found for a nonthermal contribution to the pressure.

Raymond, John C.↗
NASA NTRS1992

An IRAS survey of Galactic supernova remnants

A new independent survey of the IR emission for 161 Galactic supernova remnants are presented on the basis of Skyflux image data from the Infrared Astronomical Satellite. A new Galactic rotation curve with current IAU constants, R0 = 8.5 kpc and V0 = 220 km/s, is used to derive new kinematic distances for 11 of the 44 positively or possibly identified remnants. Temperature-sensitive flux ratio images are employed to help identify and define remnant emission structures and fluxes, particularly in complex regions. Of the 161 remnants examined, clear IR emission from 35 was found, with nine additional possible detections. Almost all young remnants (Tycho, Kepler, Cas A, Crab) were found to have a significant 12- and 25-micron flux, while older remnants are brightest at 60 and 100 microns. Correlations with mass and temperature indicate that older remnants are both colder and more massive, as expected from decreasing velocity. No radius-luminosity correlation was seen.

Saken, Jon M.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Global O VI line emission from the Cygnus Loop supernova remnant and direct kinematic measurement of the associated shock

A far-ultraviolet spectrophotometric emission-line mapping of the Cygnus Loop supernova remnant is presented. These are results from the first flight of the rocket-borne, High Resolution Emission Line Spectrometer. The spatial distribution of the emission is that of a limb-brightened shell, and similar to soft X-ray maps. The emission-line profiles, which are broader than the instrument resolution, were consistent with uniformly expanding shell models. Best-fit values give a radial expansion velocity to the emissive region of 185(+/-19) km/s and a reddening-corrected average surface brightness of 8.8(+/-3.6) x 10 exp -6 ergs/sq cm s sr in the doublet. Comparison of the observed brightness with predictions of both radiative and nonradiative shock models provides constraints for the global blast wave ram pressure as well as a "covering factor" of the intermediate velocity shock.

Rasmussen, Andrew↗
NASA NTRS1993

A search for radiative neutrino decay from supernovae

This document presents the data analysis procedures proposed for use with the COMPTEL instrument aboard the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO) in the search for radiative neutrino decay from supernovae. The proposed analysis methodology is an extension of a standard procedure used by the COMPTEL team in searching for a variety of source types. We have applied the procedures to a set of simulated data to demonstrate the feasibility of the method to this project.

Miller, Richard S.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Analysis of the photospheric epoch spectra of type 1a supernovae SN 1990N and SN 1991T

This paper presents an LTE analysis of the photospheric epoch optical and IUE UV spectra of the recent Type Ia supernovae SN 1990N and SN 1991T. It is found that SN 1990N has matter moving as fast as 40,000 km/s, while SN 1991T has matter moving as fast as 20,000 km/s. The exponential density profile with e-folding velocity of 3160 km/s suggested by deflation and delayed/late-detonation explosion models is adequate for calculating fits to the observed spectra. Findings on the iron peak elements suggest that in both SNe some nuclear burning continues into the outer ejecta or the newly synthesized elements are mixed into the outer ejecta. The observed spectra of SN 1990N are consistent with a composition of the inner envelope like that of model W7. Intermediate-mass elements with abundances higher than solar are probably in the outer ejecta of both SNe, while silicon, sulfur, and calcium are underabundance in SN 1991T relative to SN 1990N by factors of order 3, 3, and 120, respectively.

Jeffery, David J.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Infrared emission from X-ray and optically emitting regions in the Cygnus Loop supernova remnant

We present a new technique for analyzing the infrared (IR) emission of a supernova remnant (SNR) and apply it to the Cygnus Loop. The technique consists of a decomposition of the IR emission from the remnant (in all four IRAS bands) into two distinct emission components. The first component is spatially correlated with the X-ray emission from the remnant and arises from collisionally heated dust in the shocked gas. The second component is spatially correlated with the optical filaments and arises from dust which is radiatively or collisionally heated within the filaments, and from IR lines emitted by the shocked gas. The decomposition allows us to determine the characteristics of the dust, examine evidence for grain processing through the shock, constrain various remnant parameters, and demonstrate how the morphology of the environment determines the IR emission from the remnant.

Arendt, Richard G.↗
NASA NTRS1992

A distance determination for the supernova remnant G27.4+0.0 and its central X-ray source

We have determined the distance to the supernova remnant G27.4+0.0, one of the handful of remnants with a bright central X-ray source. H I absorption data obtained with the VLA toward the remnant and adjacent H II regions allow us to constrain the distance to G27.4+0.0 to lie between 6 and 7.5 kpc. We briefly discuss the implications of this result for the nature of the central source.

Sanbonmatsu, K. Y.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Two-temperature models of old supernova remnants with ion and electron thermal conduction

To investigate the potential effects thermal conduction may have on the evolution of old supernova remnants, we present the results of 1D (spherically symmetric) numerical simulations of a remnant in a homogeneous interstellar medium for four different cases: (1) without thermal conduction; (2) with both electron and ion thermal conduction assuming equal temperatures; (3) with electron thermal conduction only, following electron and ion temperatures separately; and (4) with both electron and ion thermal conduction following separate temperatures. We followed the entire evolution until the completion of the remnant bubble collapse. Our most significant result is that in remnant evolution studies concerned principally with either the shell or bubble evolution at late times, reasonable results are obtained with single-temperature models. When the electron and ion temperatures are followed separately, however, ion thermal conduction cannot safely be ignored.

Cui, Wei↗
NASA NTRS1993

Hard X-ray and gamma-rays from supernovae

The hard electromagnetic radiation produced by and accompanying the explosion of supernovae is discussed. This radiation may have three origins: (i) the eruption of the shock wave from the surface of the star; (ii) radioactive decay of unstable isotopes produced during the explosion; and (iii) gamma-rays produced by neutrino annihilation following accretion-induced collapse. Though the latter has been proposed as a mechanism for making cosmological gamma-ray bursts, it is shown that this is unlikely.

Woosley, S. E.↗
NASA NTRS1993

CCD mosaic images of the supernova remnant 3C 400.2

We have constructed CCD mosaic images of the old Galactic supernova remnant 3C 400.2 in lines of H-alpha + forbidden N II, forbidden S II, and forbidden O III, plus a continuum band. These are the first CCD images covering the full extent of this remnant, and they reveal significantly more nebulosity than the deepest photographic plates. Comparison with radio and X-ray images indicates dramatically different morphology in the three regimes. The optical images both in H-alpha + forbidden N II and in forbidden S II show an almost complete, irregular shell of emission, with a diameter of about 16 arcmin, little over half that of the radio shell, while the X-ray structure is a centrally peaked ellipsoid. Approximate values for optical line fluxes are obtained; we estimate L(H-alpha) about 3 x 10 exp 35 ergs/s, roughly three times the X-ray luminosity. We also report a previously uncataloged planetary nebula southwest of 3C 400.2.

Winkler, P. F.↗
NASA NTRS1993

The impact of supernova fragments on the evolution of multisupernova remnants

Analytical approximations and 2D hydrodynamical simulations are used to examine the interaction of supernova fragments with the internal structure of large multisupernova remnants (MSRs). The fragments are thermalized by reverse shocks generated in the interaction with the MSR interior, which is assumed to be hot and rarefied. The evolution is divided into two stages: before and after reaching a reference distance, R(E), from the explosion site. As the density of the expanding fragment drops, the reverse shock accelerates, and, when the distance R(E) is reached, it begins to effectively erode the fragment. At some selected evolutionary times, the X-ray emission from the shocked fragment is also calculated. The direct bombardment of the MRS shell by the shocked fragment has a series of important consequences: it excites, punctures, and deforms the expanding shell.

Franco, J.↗