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At least 1,081 records · Page 60
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DOE OSTI2012

ORTHO-TO-PARA ABUNDANCE RATIO OF WATER ION IN COMET C/2001 Q4 (NEAT): IMPLICATION FOR ORTHO-TO-PARA ABUNDANCE RATIO OF WATER

The ortho-to-para abundance ratio (OPR) of cometary molecules is considered to be one of the primordial characteristics of cometary ices, and contains information concerning their formation. Water is the most abundant species in cometary ices, and OPRs of water in comets have been determined from infrared spectroscopic observations of H{sub 2}O rovibrational transitions so far. In this paper, we present a new method to derive OPR of water in comets from the high-dispersion spectrum of the rovibronic emission of H{sub 2}O{sup +} in the optical wavelength region. The rovibronic emission lines of H{sub 2}O{sup +} are sometimes contaminated by other molecular emission lines but they are not affected seriously by telluric absorption compared with near-infrared observations. Since H{sub 2}O{sup +} ions are mainly produced from H{sub 2}O by photoionization in the coma, the OPR of H{sub 2}O{sup +} is considered to be equal to that of water based on the nuclear spin conservation through the reaction. We have developed a fluorescence excitation model of H{sub 2}O{sup +} and applied it to the spectrum of comet C/2001 Q4 (NEAT). The derived OPR of water is 2.54{sup +0.32}{sub -0.25}, which corresponds to a nuclear spin temperature (T{sub spin}) of 30{sup +10}{sub -4} K. This is consistent with the previous value determined in the near-infrared for the same comet (OPR = 2.6 {+-} 0.3, T{sub spin} = 31{sup +11}{sub -5} K).

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

EXTENDED MAGNETOSPHERES IN PRE-MAIN-SEQUENCE EVOLUTION: FROM T TAURI STARS TO THE BROWN DWARF LIMIT

Low-mass pre-main-sequence stars, i.e., T Tauri stars (TTSs), strongly radiate at high energies, from X-rays to the ultraviolet (UV). This excess radiation with respect to main-sequence cool stars (MSCSs) is associated with the accretion process, i.e., it is produced in the extended magnetospheres, in the accretion shocks on the stellar surface, and in the outflows. Although evidence of accretion shocks and outflow contribution to the high-energy excess have been recently addressed, there is not an updated revision of the magnetospheric contribution. This article addresses this issue. The UV observations of the TTSs in the well-known Taurus region have been analyzed together with the XMM-Newton observations compiled in the XEST survey. For the first time the high sensitivity of the Hubble Space Telescope UV instrumentation has allowed measurement of the UV line fluxes of TTSs to M8 type. UV- and X-ray-normalized fluxes have been determined to study the extent and properties of the TTS magnetospheres as a class. They have been compared with the atmospheres of the MSCSs. The main results from this analysis are (1) the normalized fluxes of all the tracers are correlated; this correlation is independent of the broad mass range and the hardness of the X-ray radiation field; (2) the TTS correlations are different than the MSCS correlations; (3) there is a very significant excess emission in O I in the TTSs compared with MSCSs that seems to be caused by recombination radiation from the disk atmosphere after photoionization by extreme UV radiation; the Fe II/Mg II recombination continuum has also been detected in several TTSs and most prominently in AA Tau; and (4) the normalized flux of the UV tracers anticorrelates with the strength of the X-ray flux, i.e., the stronger the X-ray surface flux is, the weaker the observed UV flux. This last behavior is counterintuitive within the framework of stellar dynamo theory and suggests that UV emission can be produced in the extended and dense stellar magnetosphere directly driven by local collisional processes. The brown dwarf 2MASS J12073346-3332539 has been found to follow the same flux-flux relations of the TTSs. Thus, TTS-normalized flux scaling laws seem to be extendable to the brown dwarf limit and can be used for identification/diagnosis purposes. We report the discovery of an inverse correlation between the C IV-normalized flux and the magnetospheric radius derived for stars with known magnetic fields. The normalized C IV flux is found to be {proportional_to}exp (- {alpha}r{sub mag}), with {alpha} = 0.5-0.7.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

THE COSMIC NEAR INFRARED BACKGROUND. III. FLUCTUATIONS, REIONIZATION, AND THE EFFECTS OF MINIMUM MASS AND SELF-REGULATION

Current observations suggest that the universe was reionized sometime before z {approx} 6. One way to observe this epoch of the universe is through the Near Infrared Background (NIRB), which contains information about galaxies which may be too faint to be observed individually. We calculate the angular power spectrum (C{sub l} ) of the NIRB fluctuations caused by the distribution of these galaxies. Assuming a complete subtraction of any post-reionization component, C{sub l} will be dominated by galaxies responsible for completing reionization (e.g., z {approx} 6). The shape of C{sub l} at high l is sensitive to the amount of nonlinear bias of dark matter halos hosting galaxies. As the nonlinear bias depends on the mass of these halos, we can use the shape of C{sub l} to infer typical masses of dark matter halos responsible for completing reionization. We extend our previous study by using a higher-resolution N-body simulation, which can resolve halos down to 10{sup 8} M{sub Sun }. We also include improved radiative transfer, which allows for the suppression of star formation in small-mass halos due to photoionization heating. As the nonlinear bias enhances the dark matter halo power spectrum on small scales, we find that C{sub l} is steeper for the case with a complete suppression of small sources or partial suppression of star formation in small halos (the minimum galaxy mass is M{sub min} = 10{sup 9} M{sub Sun} in ionized regions and M{sub min} = 10{sup 8} M{sub Sun} in neutral regions) than for the case in which these small halos were unsuppressed. In all cases, we do not see a turnover toward high l in the shape of l{sup 2} C{sub l} .

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

A HYBRID MAGNETICALLY/THERMALLY DRIVEN WIND IN THE BLACK HOLE GRO J1655-40?

During its 2005 outburst, GRO J1655-40 was observed twice with the Chandra High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer; the second observation revealed a spectrum rich with ionized absorption lines from elements ranging from O to Ni, indicative of an outflow too dense and too ionized to be driven by radiation or thermal pressure. To date, this spectrum is the only definitive evidence of an ionized wind driven off the accretion disk by magnetic processes in a black hole X-ray binary. Here we present our detailed spectral analysis of the first Chandra observation, nearly three weeks earlier, in which the only signature of the wind is the Fe XXVI absorption line. Comparing the broadband X-ray spectra via photoionization models, we argue that the differences in the Chandra spectra cannot possibly be explained by the changes in the ionizing spectrum, which implies that the properties of the wind cannot be constant throughout the outburst. We explore physical scenarios for the changes in the wind, which we suggest may begin as a hybrid MHD/thermal wind, but evolves over the course of weeks into two distinct outflows with different properties. We discuss the implications of our results for the links between the state of the accretion flow and the presence of transient disk winds.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

A NEAR-INFRARED TEMPLATE DERIVED FROM I Zw 1 FOR THE Fe II EMISSION IN ACTIVE GALAXIES

In active galactic nucleus spectra, a series of Fe II multiplets form a pseudo-continuum that extends from the ultraviolet to the near-infrared (NIR). This emission is believed to originate in the broad-line region, and it has been known for a long time that pure photoionization fails to reproduce it in the most extreme cases, as does the collisional excitation alone. The most recent models by Sigut and Pradhan include details of the Fe II ion microphysics and cover a wide range in the ionization parameter log U{sub ion} = (- 3.0 {yields} -1.3) and density log n{sub H} = (9.6 {yields} 12.6). With the aid of such models and a spectral synthesis approach, we studied for the first time in detail the NIR emission of I Zw 1. The main goals were to confirm the role played by Ly{alpha} fluorescence mechanisms in the production of the Fe II spectrum and to construct the first semi-empirical NIR Fe II template that best represents this emission, consequently allowing its clean subtraction in other sources. A good overall match between the observed Fe II+Mg II features with those predicted by the best-fitted model was obtained, corroborating the Ly{alpha} fluorescence as a key process to understand the Fe II spectrum. The best model was fine-tuned by applying a deconvolution method to the observed Fe II+Mg II spectrum. This derived semi-empirical template was then fitted to the spectrum of Ark 564, showing that it nicely reproduced its observed Fe II+Mg II emission. Our work extends the current set of available Fe II templates into the NIR region.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

SPITZER OBSERVATIONS OF MF 16 NEBULA AND THE ASSOCIATED ULTRALUMINOUS X-RAY SOURCE

We present Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph observations of the ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) NGC 6946 X-1 and its associated nebula MF 16. This ULX has very similar properties to the famous Holmberg II ULX, the first ULX to show a prominent infrared [O IV] emission line comparable to those found in active galactic nuclei. This paper attempts to constrain the ULX spectral energy distribution (SED) given the optical/UV photometric fluxes and high-resolution X-ray observations. Specifically, Chandra X-ray data and published Hubble optical/UV data are extrapolated to produce a model for the full optical to X-ray SED. The photoionization modeling of the IR lines and ratios is then used to test different accretion spectral models. While either an irradiated disk model or an O-supergiant plus accretion disk model fits the data very well, we prefer the latter because it fits the nebular parameters slightly better. In this second case the accretion disk alone dominates the extreme-UV and X-ray emission, while an O-supergiant is responsible for most of the far-UV emission.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

A 10 kpc SCALE SEYFERT GALAXY OUTFLOW: HST/COS OBSERVATIONS OF IRAS F22456-5125

We present analysis of the UV spectrum of the low-z AGN IRAS F22456-5125 obtained with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph on board the Hubble Space Telescope. The spectrum reveals six main kinematic components, spanning a range of velocities of up to 800 km s{sup -1}, which for the first time are observed in troughs associated with C II, C IV, N V, Si II, Si III, Si IV, and S IV. We also obtain data on the O VI troughs, which we compare to those available from an earlier Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer epoch. Column densities measured from these ions allow us to derive a well-constrained photoionization solution for each outflow component. Two of these kinematic components show troughs associated with transitions from excited states of Si II and C II. The number density inferred from these troughs, in combination with the deduced ionization parameter, allows us to determine the distance to these outflow components from the central source. We find these components to be at a distance of {approx}10 kpc. The distances and the number densities derived are consistent with the outflow being part of a galactic wind.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

OBSERVATIONS OF OUTFLOWING ULTRAVIOLET ABSORBERS IN NGC 4051 WITH THE COSMIC ORIGINS SPECTROGRAPH

We present new Hubble Space Telescope (HST)/Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) observations of the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 4051. These data were obtained as part of a coordinated observing program including X-ray observations with the Chandra/High Energy Transmission Grating (HETG) spectrometer and Suzaku. We detected nine kinematic components of UV absorption, which were previously identified using the HST/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS). None of the absorption components showed evidence for changes in column density or profile within the {approx}10 yr between the STIS and COS observations, which we interpret as evidence of (1) saturation, for the stronger components, or (2) very low densities, i.e., n{sub H} < 1 cm{sup -3}, for the weaker components. After applying a +200 km s{sup -1} offset to the HETG spectrum, we found that the radial velocities of the UV absorbers lay within the O VII profile. Based on photoionization models, we suggest that, while UV components 2, 5, and 7 produce significant O VII absorption, the bulk of the X-ray absorption detected in the HETG analysis occurs in more highly ionized gas. Moreover, the mass-loss rate is dominated by high-ionization gas which lacks a significant UV footprint.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

HST-COS OBSERVATIONS OF AGNs. I. ULTRAVIOLET COMPOSITE SPECTRA OF THE IONIZING CONTINUUM AND EMISSION LINES

The ionizing fluxes from quasars and other active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are critical for interpreting the emission-line spectra of AGNs and for photoionization and heating of the intergalactic medium. Using ultraviolet spectra from the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), we have directly measured the rest-frame ionizing continua and emission lines for 22 AGNs. Over the redshift range 0.026 < z < 1.44, COS samples the Lyman continuum and many far-UV emission lines (Ly{alpha} {lambda}1216, C IV {lambda}1549, Si IV/O IV] {lambda}1400, N V {lambda}1240, O VI {lambda}1035). Strong EUV emission lines with 14-22 eV excitation energies (Ne VIII {lambda}{lambda}770, 780, Ne V {lambda}569, O II {lambda}834, O III {lambda}833, {lambda}702, O IV {lambda}788, 608, 554, O V {lambda}630, N III {lambda}685) suggest the presence of hot gas in the broad emission-line region. The rest-frame continuum, F{sub {nu}}{proportional_to}{nu}{sup {alpha}{sub {nu}}}, shows a break at wavelengths {lambda} < 1000 A, with spectral index {alpha}{sub {nu}} = -0.68 {+-} 0.14 in the FUV (1200-2000 A) steepening to {alpha}{sub {nu}} = -1.41 {+-} 0.21 in the EUV (500-1000 A). The COS EUV index is similar to that of radio-quiet AGNs in the 2002 HST/FOS survey ({alpha}{sub {nu}} = -1.57 {+-} 0.17). We see no Lyman edge ({tau}{sub HI} < 0.03) or He I {lambda}584 emission in the AGN composite. Our 22 AGNs exhibit a substantial range of FUV/EUV spectral indices and a correlation with AGN luminosity and redshift, likely due to observing below the 1000 A spectral break.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

ABUNDANCES OF PLANETARY NEBULAE IN THE OUTER DISK OF M31

We present spectroscopic observations and chemical abundances of 16 planetary nebulae (PNe) in the outer disk of M31. The [O III] {lambda}4363 line is detected in all objects, allowing a direct measurement of the nebular temperature essential for accurate abundance determinations. Our results show that the abundances in these M31 PNe display the same correlations and general behaviors as Type II PNe in the Milky Way. We also calculate photoionization models to derive estimates of central star properties. From these we infer that our sample PNe, all near the bright-end cutoff of the planetary nebula luminosity function, originated from stars near 2 M{sub Sun }. Finally, under the assumption that these PNe are located in M31's disk, we plot the oxygen abundance gradient, which appears shallower than the gradient in the Milky Way.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

COINCIDENCES BETWEEN O VI AND O VII LINES: INSIGHTS FROM HIGH-RESOLUTION SIMULATIONS OF THE WARM-HOT INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM

With high-resolution (0.46 h{sup -1} kpc), large-scale, adaptive mesh-refinement Eulerian cosmological hydrodynamic simulations we compute properties of O VI and O VII absorbers from the warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM) at z = 0. Our new simulations are in broad agreement with previous simulations with {approx}40% of the intergalactic medium being in the WHIM. Our simulations are in agreement with observed properties of O VI absorbers with respect to the line incidence rate and Doppler-width-column-density relation. It is found that the amount of gas in the WHIM below and above 10{sup 6} K is roughly equal. Strong O VI absorbers are found to be predominantly collisionally ionized. It is found that (61%, 57%, 39%) of O VI absorbers of log N(O VI) cm{sup 2} = (12.5-13, 13-14, > 14) have T < 10{sup 5} K. Cross correlations between galaxies and strong [N(O VI) > 10{sup 14} cm{sup -2}] O VI absorbers on {approx}100-300 kpc scales are suggested as a potential differentiator between collisional ionization and photoionization models. Quantitative prediction is made for the presence of broad and shallow O VI lines that are largely missed by current observations but will be detectable by Cosmic Origins Spectrograph observations. The reported 3{sigma} upper limit on the mean column density of coincidental O VII lines at the location of detected O VI lines by Yao et al. is above our predicted value by a factor of 2.5-4. The claimed observational detection of O VII lines by Nicastro et al., if true, is 2{sigma} above what our simulations predict.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

A CLASSIFICATION OF H II REGIONS BASED ON OXYGEN AND HELIUM LINES: THE CASES OF TOL 2146-391 AND TOL 0357-3915

We present long-slit spectrophotometry of two H II galaxies: TOL 2146-391 and TOL 0357-3915. We performed a detailed analysis that involves abundance determinations relaxing the assumption of homogeneous temperature. The temperature inhomogeneity values, t{sup 2}, were obtained through two methods: (1) comparing abundances from oxygen recombination lines to abundances from collisionally excited lines and (2) by using the line intensity ratios of a set of He I lines together with the HELIO10 program. We find that the HELIO10 program is a good alternative to obtain a t{sup 2} value in photoionized regions where recombination lines of heavy elements are not available. We have plotted 27 high- and low-metallicity H II regions in an oxygen degree of ionization versus t{sup 2} diagram; we find areas populated by H II regions and areas void of them; the physical characteristics of each area are discussed. In addition, an average t{sup 2} value can be determined for the objects in each area. We propose to use this (t{sup 2}) value for the cases where a direct measurement of t{sup 2} cannot be determined.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

ELECTRON-ION RECOMBINATION OF Fe XII FORMING Fe XI: LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS AND THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS

We have measured electron-ion recombination for Fe XII forming Fe XI using a merged-beam configuration at the heavy-ion storage ring TSR located at the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg, Germany. The measured merged-beam recombination rate coefficient (MBRRC) for collision energies from 0 to 1500 eV is presented. This work uses a new method for determining the absolute MBRRC based on a comparison of the ion beam decay rate with and without the electron beam on. For energies below 75 eV, the spectrum is dominated by dielectronic recombination (DR) resonances associated with 3s {yields} 3p and 3p {yields} 3d core excitations. At higher energies, we observe contributions from 3 {yields} N' and 2 {yields} N' core excitation DR. We compare our experimental results to state-of-the-art multi-configuration Breit-Pauli (MCBP) calculations and find significant differences, both in resonance energies and strengths. We have extracted the DR contributions from the measured MBRRC data and transformed them into a plasma recombination rate coefficient (PRRC) for temperatures in the range of 10{sup 3}-10{sup 7} K. We show that the previously recommended DR data for Fe XII significantly underestimate the PRRC at temperatures relevant for both photoionized plasmas (PPs) and collisionally ionized plasmas (CPs). This is contrasted with our MCBP PRRC results, which agree with the experiment to within 30% at PP temperatures and even better at CP temperatures. We find this agreement despite the disagreement shown by the detailed comparison between our MCBP and experimental MBRRC results. Last, we present a simple parameterized form of the experimentally derived PRRC for easy use in astrophysical modeling codes.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

FEEDBACK FROM MASS OUTFLOWS IN NEARBY ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI. I. ULTRAVIOLET AND X-RAY ABSORBERS

We present an investigation into the impact of feedback from outflowing UV and X-ray absorbers in nearby (z < 0.04) active galactic nuclei (AGNs). From studies of the kinematics, physical conditions, and variability of the absorbers in the literature, we calculate the possible ranges in the total mass outflow rate (M-dot{sub out}) and kinetic luminosity (L{sub KE}) for each AGN, summed over all of its absorbers. These calculations make use of values (or limits) for the radial locations of the absorbers determined from variability, excited-state absorption, and other considerations. From a sample of 10 Seyfert 1 galaxies with detailed photoionization models for their absorbers, we find that 7 have sufficient constraints on the absorber locations to determine M-dot{sub out} and L{sub KE}. For the low-luminosity AGN NGC 4395, these values are low, although we do not have sufficient constraints on the X-ray absorbers to make definitive conclusions. At least five of the six Seyfert 1s with moderate bolometric luminosities (L{sub bol} = 10{sup 43} - 10{sup 45} erg s{sup -1}) have mass outflow rates that are 10-1000 times the mass accretion rates needed to generate their observed luminosities, indicating that most of the mass outflow originates from outside the inner accretion disk. Three of these (NGC 4051, NGC 3516, and NGC 3783) have L{sub KE} in the range 0.5%-5% L{sub bol}, which is the range typically required by feedback models for efficient self-regulation of black hole and galactic bulge growth. At least two of the other three (NGC 5548, NGC 4151, and NGC 7469) have L{sub KE} {approx}> 0.1%L{sub bol}, although these values may increase if radial locations can be determined for more of the absorbers. We conclude that the outflowing UV and X-ray absorbers in moderate-luminosity AGNs have the potential to deliver significant feedback to their environments.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

THE FIRST GALAXIES: ASSEMBLY WITH BLACK HOLE FEEDBACK

We study how the first galaxies were assembled under feedback from the accretion onto a central black hole (BH) that is left behind by the first generation of metal-free stars through self-consistent, cosmological simulations. X-ray radiation from the accretion of gas onto BH remnants of Population III (Pop III) stars, or from high-mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs), again involving Pop III stars, influences the mode of second generation star formation. We track the evolution of the BH accretion rate and the associated X-ray feedback starting with the death of the Pop III progenitor star inside a minihalo and following the subsequent evolution of the BH as the minihalo grows to become an atomically cooling galaxy. We find that X-ray photoionization heating from a stellar-mass BH is able to quench further star formation in the host halo at all times before the halo enters the atomic cooling phase. X-ray radiation from an HMXB, assuming a luminosity close to the Eddington value, exerts an even stronger, and more diverse, feedback on star formation. It photoheats the gas inside the host halo, but also promotes the formation of molecular hydrogen and cooling of gas in the intergalactic medium and in nearby minihalos, leading to a net increase in the number of stars formed at early times. Our simulations further show that the radiative feedback from the first BHs may strongly suppress early BH growth, thus constraining models for the formation of supermassive BHs.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

THREE-DIMENSIONAL MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC MODELING OF THE SOLAR WIND INCLUDING PICKUP PROTONS AND TURBULENCE TRANSPORT

To study the effects of interstellar pickup protons and turbulence on the structure and dynamics of the solar wind, we have developed a fully three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic solar wind model that treats interstellar pickup protons as a separate fluid and incorporates the transport of turbulence and turbulent heating. The governing system of equations combines the mean-field equations for the solar wind plasma, magnetic field, and pickup protons and the turbulence transport equations for the turbulent energy, normalized cross-helicity, and correlation length. The model equations account for photoionization of interstellar hydrogen atoms and their charge exchange with solar wind protons, energy transfer from pickup protons to solar wind protons, and plasma heating by turbulent dissipation. Separate mass and energy equations are used for the solar wind and pickup protons, though a single momentum equation is employed under the assumption that the pickup protons are comoving with the solar wind protons. We compute the global structure of the solar wind plasma, magnetic field, and turbulence in the region from 0.3 to 100 AU for a source magnetic dipole on the Sun tilted by 0 Degree-Sign -90 Degree-Sign and compare our results with Voyager 2 observations. The results computed with and without pickup protons are superposed to evaluate quantitatively the deceleration and heating effects of pickup protons, the overall compression of the magnetic field in the outer heliosphere caused by deceleration, and the weakening of corotating interaction regions by the thermal pressure of pickup protons.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

FORMING EARLY-TYPE GALAXIES IN {Lambda}CDM SIMULATIONS. I. ASSEMBLY HISTORIES

We present a sample of nine high-resolution cosmological simulations in the mass range of M{sub vir} = 7 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 11}-4 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 12} M{sub Sun} starting from {Lambda}CDM initial conditions. Our simulations include primordial radiative cooling, photoionization, star formation, supernova II feedback, but exclude supernova-driven winds and active galactic nucleus feedback. The simulated galaxies assemble in two phases, with the initial growth dominated by compact (r < r{sub eff}) in situ star formation fueled by cold, low-entropy gas streams resulting in a very similar mean assembly redshift of z{sub f,ins} {approx} 2.5 for the in situ stellar component in all galaxies. The late growth is dominated by accretion of old stars formed in subunits outside the main galaxy (r > r{sub eff}) resulting in an assembly redshift of z{sub f,acc} {approx} 0.5-1.5 with much larger scatter. We find a positive correlation between the fraction of accreted stars and the final mass of our galaxies. We show that gravitational feedback strongly suppresses late star formation in massive galaxies contributing to the observed galaxy color bimodality. The accretion of stellar material is also responsible for the observed size growth of early-type galaxies. In addition, we find that the dark matter fractions within the stellar half-mass radii continuously increase toward lower redshift from about f{sub DM} {approx} 0.05 at z {approx} 3 to f{sub DM} {approx} 0.1-0.3 at z = 0. Furthermore, the logarithmic slope of the total density profile is nearly isothermal at the present day ({gamma}' {approx} 1.9-2.2). Finally, the input of gravitational heating lowers the central dark matter densities in the galaxies, with the effect being smaller compared to simulations without supernova feedback.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

REVERBERATION MAPPING RESULTS FOR FIVE SEYFERT 1 GALAXIES

We present the results from a detailed analysis of photometric and spectrophotometric data on five Seyfert 1 galaxies observed as a part of a recent reverberation mapping program. The data were collected at several observatories over a 140 day span beginning in 2010 August and ending in 2011 January. We obtained high sampling-rate light curves for Mrk 335, Mrk 1501, 3C 120, Mrk 6, and PG 2130+099, from which we have measured the time lag between variations in the 5100 A continuum and the H{beta} broad emission line. We then used these measurements to calculate the mass of the supermassive black hole at the center of each of these galaxies. Our new measurements substantially improve previous measurements of M{sub BH} and the size of the broad line-emitting region for four sources and add a measurement for one new object. Our new measurements are consistent with photoionization physics regulating the location of the broad line region in active galactic nuclei.

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