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International Governmental Collaboration on Best Practice in Aging Infrastructure Management - 18027

Legacy nuclear sites in the US, UK and Canada are all facing a similar challenge of completing their operational and cleanup missions in parallel in a safe, efficient and cost-effective manner. Compounding the challenge is the fact that many important facilities are old with a significant level of deferred maintenance/capital needs, resulting in the need for a strategic approach to infrastructure management to ensure that maintenance and capital funding is directed at the highest priority items and that neither operations nor ongoing Decontamination and Decommissioning (D and D) activities are compromised. To help address this challenge, a Technical Information Exchange meeting was held in Ottawa, Canada in early June 2017 which brought together responsible parties from; - Government agencies including the UK Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA), US Department of Energy Environmental Management (DOE EM), US National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd (AECL) and Canadian Department of Defense - Implementers and other Government entities including Savannah River National Laboratory, Idaho National Laboratory and Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL) - Associations including representation on behalf of the Institute of Asset Management and; - Contractors including Mission Support Alliance, Mott McDonald, and Longenecker and Associates The objective of this meeting was to share information about respective 'best practices' and to begin to develop common approaches to the prioritization and management of aging infrastructure investment across the organizations. The exchange focused on identifying common critical issues which were discussed through a series of presentations and small group discussions. The outcome from the meeting was an improved understanding by all participants of the latest approaches being applied to Infrastructure Asset Management and the formation of four International Working Groups which now meet on a regular (4-6 week) basis to share lessons learned and to develop international best practice in their area of interest. This paper details; - the issues and challenges that were identified during the meeting - how these were assimilated and distilled into discrete areas to enable formation of specific Working Groups - progress made by the Working Groups to date. (authors)

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Comparison of microprecipitation methods for polonium source preparation for alpha spectrometry

Detection of radioactive isotopes of polonium is important for understanding natural processes, management and assessment of radioactive waste, and nuclear forensics applications. Further, the most common methods for preparation of polonium samples for alpha spectrometry are electrodeposition and spontaneous deposition which are time consuming. Here, we compare three approaches utilizing rapid microprecipitation from bismuth phosphate, copper sulfide, or tellurium alongside traditional spontaneous deposition methods. From these experiments, results show that copper sulfide microprecipitation recoveries are similar to spontaneous deposition on silver and less time consuming with an approximate five-fold decrease in preparation time, including in the presence of complex matrices like seawater.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗

Fiscal Year 2010 Program of the U.S. DOE Office of Groundwater and Soil Remediation

The mission of the Office of Groundwater and Soil Remediation (EM-32) is to perform assessments, establish technical criteria and promote cross-site integration. The Office provides guidance for the development and implementation of plans for remediation of groundwater and is responsible for development of technologies needed to reduce risk from groundwater contamination. It is also responsible for providing technical direction and/or assistance to sites in resolving difficult technical groundwater and soil remediation problems. This paper discusses the activities funded by EM-32 for FY-2010.

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ATMOSPHERIC MODELING IN SUPPORT OF A ROADWAY ACCIDENT

The United States Forest Service-Savannah River (USFS) routinely performs prescribed fires at the Savannah River Site (SRS), a Department of Energy (DOE) facility located in southwest South Carolina. This facility covers {approx}800 square kilometers and is mainly wooded except for scattered industrial areas containing facilities used in managing nuclear materials for national defense and waste processing. Prescribed fires of forest undergrowth are necessary to reduce the risk of inadvertent wild fires which have the potential to destroy large areas and threaten nuclear facility operations. This paper discusses meteorological observations and numerical model simulations from a period in early 2002 of an incident involving an early-morning multicar accident caused by poor visibility along a major roadway on the northern border of the SRS. At the time of the accident, it was not clear if the limited visibility was due solely to fog or whether smoke from a prescribed burn conducted the previous day just to the northwest of the crash site had contributed to the visibility. Through use of available meteorological information and detailed modeling, it was determined that the primary reason for the low visibility on this night was fog induced by meteorological conditions.

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Regulatory Consideration on Decommissioning Facilitation of Nuclear Power Plants In Korea

As the number of decommissioning NPPs worldwide increases, the necessity of decommissioning feasibility design at the initial design/construction stage of NPP is emphasized. Also as demand for NPP decommissioning increase, the generation of large amount of radioactive waste and environment contamination are expected. Based on the decommissioning experiences of nuclear facilities, it is recognized that the specific design and operational procedure are essentially required to minimize the radioactive waste generation and radiation exposure during decommissioning. Recently the legal framework of decommissioning in Korea was enhanced through the revision of Nuclear Safety Act (NSA) and its subordinate status in 2015. On the other hand, the Korean first NPP, Kori unit 1, will be scheduled permanently shut-down in mid-2017. The Korean regulatory body have experience for decommissioning of small-sized nuclear facilities like research reactors and nuclear fuel cycle facility. However we have no experience on decommissioning of NPP in Korea. Therefore the comprehensive and systematic technical standards and guidelines on safety review and inspection should be required for the Korean first case on decommissioning of NPP. According to the revised NSA, NPP operators in Korea should submit the decommissioning plan (DP) for the permanent shut-down NPP as well as the existing operating NPPs. The operator shall prepare and submit the design features and measures for decommissioning facilitation as one of DP items and regulatory body shall review the feasibility of decommissioning. Therefore the safety review guideline for those decommissioning facilitation should be required. In this paper, we studied the overseas safety requirements, design features and operational procedures for decommissioning facilitation. Through the overseas survey results, the regulatory position and major management plan were proposed for development of detailed implementation guideline on decommissioning facilitation of NPPs in Korea.

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Transitioning From Operations to Decommissioning - 16049

With the recent unplanned shutdown of a number of U.S. Nuclear Power Plants, a benchmarking effort was conducted in late 2104 to capture the lessons learned from these recently shutdown sites. The specific plants benchmarked for this effort included San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station (SONGS), Kewaunee, Zion, and Crystal River Nuclear Power Stations. The benchmark results found for the most part, site personnel had little or no decommissioning experience and in fact, were not aware of the challenges facing a plant in transitioning from operations to decommissioning. This lack of experience and knowledge resulted in a steep learning curve, a loss of productivity, and significant challenges by plant personnel prepared the site for decommissioning. The results of the benchmark identified a number of areas and challenges facing an operating plant during this period. All sites visited identified four key areas where significant cost savings and planning effectiveness could have been realized if they had been better prepared. The areas included transition planning, staffing, stakeholder involvement, and cost estimating. It was recognized if these areas are aggressively managed early in the process, it will have a significant positive impact on the effectiveness and cost of decommissioning and can better set the stage for a successful project. (authors)

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The User Guide for the ComPro Database

An extensive database of glass composition and durability data has been compiled at Savannah River National Laboratory to support the development of nuclear waste glasses. This database is referred to as the Glass Composition-Properties Database (ComPro). The ComPro Database, Revision 3, contains 14,134 total rows of data and 125 columns of composition, durability, as defined by the Product Consistency Test, and other fabrication and characterization information, if available, for each glass. Of the 14,134 total rows, 8,484 rows have been classified as “Model” data and 5,650 rows have been classified as “Non-Model” data. An integral supplement to the ComPro database is the User Guide. The User Guide was developed as a tool to aid the End User in a more effective use of the ComPro database. The User Guide provides a road-map of the specific datasets that comprise the ComPro database (both “Model” and “Non-Model” data) as well as a technical basis for the terminology and definitions the End User will encounter. In this report, a general description of the format and information contained in the User Guide is provided. In addition, specific terminology used in the User Guide is also discussed.

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Knowledge Management in the Field of Nuclear Energy - How to Bridge the Gap between Retiring Workforce and Next Generations - 17101

The current phase-out decision of the German Federal Government and the 'Energiewende' - resulting from the Fukushima Daiichi Accident in 2011 - changed the nuclear market significantly. Together with the change in political and social attitude towards nuclear energy since 2002 it has contributed to a decline in technical expertise. This as well as the generation change in the nuclear technology lead to the risk of losing accumulated knowledge and experience which still are essential for the future - not only in Germany but in other countries - even though the focus in Germany will shift from operating to decommissioning, dismantling and radioactive waste management. A long-term strategy in order to preserve technical expertise to solve the forthcoming tasks in Germany was required. This strategy should include e.g. the implementation of technical programs not only for internal training of the staff but also for authorities. Together with authorities TUV NORD developed individual training concepts for a broad range of customers to preserve a transfer of know-how with the state-of-the-art in science and technology and even support international projects, especially in countries with less experience in the nuclear fields. Additionally, special data bases were developed in order to ensure the accessibility of long-term nuclear data storage. Furthermore technical conferences in different fields like decommissioning and radioactive waste disposal were established as an opportunity for knowledge exchange. Based on given examples it is being demonstrated how technical expertise can be preserved even though the field of nuclear energy in Germany has changed. (authors)

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DOE EM Sponsored Research on Long-Term Dry Storage of Aluminum Clad SNF

This PowerPoint presentation describes and discusses DOE EM and INL lead studies on addressing potential technical issues associated with long-term dry storage of aluminum clad spent nuclear fuel. This same presentation was made to the US Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board in Nov 2019.

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Zirconium and fission product management in the ALSEP process

Solvent extraction systems that combine neutral donor extractants and acidic extractants are being investigated to provide a single process solvent for separating Am and Cm from acidic high-level liquid waste, including their separation from the trivalent lanthanides. This approach of combining extractants is collectively referred to as the Actinide-Lanthanide Separation (ALSEP) process. Managing Zr and other fission products is one of the critical factors in developing the ALSEP process. In this work, a strategy has been developed in which Zr(IV) is extracted into the process solvent, then it is stripped from the solvent after the actinides have been selectively stripped. The ALSEP solvent contains a bifunctional neutral donor extractant that extracts the minor actinides and the trivalent lanthanides (Ln) from nitric acid media. In this work, two such extractants were considered: N,N,N',N'- tetraoctyl-diglycolamide (TODGA) and N,N,N',N'-tetra(2- ethylhexyl)diglycolamide (T2EHDGA). Molybdenum is strongly extracted into ALSEP solvents. Scrubbing the solvent with a citrate buffer before the actinide stripping step effectively removes Mo. Distribution ratios for Ru and Fe are low for extraction from HNO{sub 3}, so these components can easily be routed to the high-level waste raffinate. (authors)

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FUSRAP Data Management and Information Transitions - 19459

The Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP) was created in the mid-1970's to clean up radiological contamination resulting from early development of nuclear weapons. The US Department of Energy (US DOE) was responsible for FUSRAP until October 1997, when Congress transferred administration and execution of FUSRAP site cleanup to the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). Currently, the US DOE Office of Legacy Management (LM) determines the eligibility of a site for referral to USACE. USACE determines whether the site is included in FUSRAP for cleanup, conducts remedial actions, and transfers sites back to LM for long-term surveillance and maintenance (LTS and M). LM and USACE established the Data Management Working Group (DMWG) to (1) establish a common understanding of US DOE and USACE district-specific data, records practices, and requirements as they apply to FUSRAP programmatic documents for site transition and transfer; (2) establish methods to ensure accurate data transfer; and (3) develop a timeline for data and records transfer. These methods will ensure continuity of stewardship while transitioning from cleanup to LTS and M and beyond as more FUSRAP sites transfer from USACE to LM. The DMWG has met monthly and the meetings are attended by a wide range of LM and USACE project managers and subject matter experts. Discussion topics have addressed site records management, including data needs and uses; transfer and posting of Administrative Record and Permanent Record files for public accessibility; and management of legal and classified files. There have been a number of group successes, including the following: - Establishment of a common understanding of data and records practices and requirements as the sites transition and transfer from USACE to LM; - Development of effective lines of communication between USACE and LM concerning data management for transition; - Establishment of a cohesive approach to data management between the two agencies. (authors)

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An Approach for Validating Actinide and Fission Product Burnup Credit Criticality Safety Analyses: Criticality (k eff ) Predictions

One of the most important remaining challenges associated with expanded implementation of burnup credit in the United States is the validation of depletion and criticality calculations used in the safety evaluation—in particular, the availability and use of applicable measured data to support validation, especially for fission products (FPs). Applicants and regulatory reviewers have been constrained by both a scarcity of data and a lack of clear technical basis or approach for use of the data. In this study, this paper describes a validation approach for commercial spent nuclear fuel (SNF) criticality safety (k eff ) evaluations based on best-available data and methods and applies the approach for representative SNF storage and transport configurations/conditions to demonstrate its usage and applicability, as well as to provide reference bias results. The criticality validation approach utilizes not only available laboratory critical experiment (LCE) data from the International Handbook of Evaluated Criticality Safety Benchmark Experiments and the French Haut Taux de Combustion program to support validation of the principal actinides but also calculated sensitivities, nuclear data uncertainties, and limited available FP LCE data to predict and verify individual biases for relevant minor actinides and FPs. The results demonstrate that (a) sufficient critical experiment data exist to adequately validate k eff calculations via conventional validation approaches for the primary actinides, (b) sensitivity-based critical experiment selection is more appropriate for generating accurate application model bias and uncertainty, and (c) calculated sensitivities and nuclear data uncertainties can be used for generating conservative estimates of bias for minor actinides and FPs. Results based on the SCALE 6.1 and the ENDF/B-VII.0 cross-section libraries indicate that a conservative estimate of the bias for the minor actinides and FPs is 1.5% of their worth within the application model. Finally, this paper provides a detailed description of the approach and its technical bases, describes the application of the approach for representative pressurized water reactor and boiling water reactor safety analysis models, and provides reference bias results based on the prerelease SCALE 6.1 code package and ENDF/B-VII nuclear cross-section data.

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Knowledge Management Initiatives Used to Maintain Regulatory Expertise in Transportation and Storage of Radioactive Materials - 12177

The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) was established in 1974 with the mission to license and regulate the civilian use of nuclear materials for commercial, industrial, academic, and medical uses in order to protect public health and safety, and the environment, and promote the common defense and security. Currently, approximately half (∼49%) of the workforce at the NRC has been with the Agency for less than six years. As part of the Agency's mission, the NRC has partial responsibility for the oversight of the transportation and storage of radioactive materials. The NRC has experienced a significant level of expertise leaving the Agency due to staff attrition. Factors that contribute to this attrition include retirement of the experienced nuclear workforce and mobility of staff within or outside the Agency. Several knowledge management (KM) initiatives have been implemented within the Agency, with one of them including the formation of a Division of Spent Fuel Storage and Transportation (SFST) KM team. The team, which was formed in the fall of 2008, facilitates capturing, transferring, and documenting regulatory knowledge for staff to effectively perform their safety oversight of transportation and storage of radioactive materials, regulated under Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations (10 CFR) Part 71 and Part 72. In terms of KM, the SFST goal is to share critical information among the staff to reduce the impact from staff's mobility and attrition. KM strategies in place to achieve this goal are: (1) development of communities of practice (CoP) (SFST Qualification Journal and the Packaging and Storing Radioactive Material) in the on-line NRC Knowledge Center (NKC); (2) implementation of a SFST seminar program where the seminars are recorded and placed in the Agency's repository, Agency-wide Documents Access and Management System (ADAMS); (3) meeting of technical discipline group programs to share knowledge within specialty areas; (4) development of written guidance to capture 'administrative and technical' knowledge (e.g., office instructions (OIs), generic communications (e.g., bulletins, generic letters, regulatory issue summary), standard review plans (SRPs), interim staff guidance (ISGs)); (5) use of mentoring strategies for experienced staff to train new staff members; (6) use of Microsoft SharePoint portals in capturing, transferring, and documenting knowledge for staff across the Division from Division management and administrative assistants to the project managers, inspectors, and technical reviewers; and (7) development and implementation of a Division KM Plan. A discussion and description of the successes and challenges of implementing these KM strategies at the NRC/SFST will be provided. (authors)

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The Role of the Sellafield Ltd Centres of Expertise in Engaging with the Science, Environment and Technology Supply Chain and University Sector to Support Site Operations and Decommissioning in the UK Nuclear Industry - 13018

The development and maintenance of the broad range of the highly technical skills required for safe and successful management of nuclear sites is of vital importance during routine operations, decommissioning and waste treatment activities.. In order to maintain a core team of technical experts, across all of the disciplines required for these tasks, the approach which has been taken by the Sellafield Ltd has been the formation of twenty five Centres of Expertise (CoE), each covering key aspects of the technical skills required for nuclear site operations. Links with the Specialist University Departments: The CoE leads are also responsible for establishing formal links with university departments with specialist skills and facilities relevant to their CoE areas. The objective of these links is to allow these very specialist capabilities within the university sector to be more effectively utilized by the nuclear industry, which benefits both sectors. In addition to the utilization of specialist skills, the university links are providing an important introduction to the nuclear industry for students and researchers. This is designed to develop the pipeline of potential staff, who will be required in the future by both the academic and industrial sectors. (authors)

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Accelerated Aging Humidity Chamber for Nuclear Grade HEPA Filter Media

A unique accelerated aging humidity chamber for simulating the natural aging process of nuclear grade high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter media is being designed, implemented, and tested. The nuclear industry currently lacks information regarding the shelf life and service life of HEPA filter media. The Department of Energy recommends disposing of HEPA filters 10 years after the manufacture date for filters operated under dry conditions. Studies have shown the tensile strength and water repellency of HEPA filter media diminish with age. The chamber's principal function is to sustain an elevated relative humidity condition for an extended duration specified by the Arrhenius aging model. To accomplish this, various design parameters were established: (1) consistently achieve uniform humidity conditions within the chamber to equally expose media sheets, (2) ensure the chamber is sufficiently sealed to mitigate the uncontrolled infiltration of air, (3) confidently secure the media sheets to avert the introduction of unnecessary stressing/creasing, (4) fabricate the chamber from clear polycarbonate material to allow inspection of the media sheets, (5) provide a safe and ergonomic design for personnel, (6) ensure the chamber design is replicable and relatively easy to fabricate/assemble. A humidity source, fan, PID controller, humidity and temperature transmitters, and data loggers are required for proper operation and control of the chamber. The humidity source must accommodate target values up to 95% relative humidity throughout the chamber. The three humidity and temperature transmitters are strategically spaced throughout the chamber to ensure uniform conditions. The 10 cubic feet per minute (CFM) fan selected intends to accomplish the desired air change rate inside the chamber of approximately 20 air changes per hour (ACH). The 2 plenums on the upper and lower portions of the chamber utilize a perforated design to uniformly distribute air, promote air mixing, and control the air velocity entering the chamber. Industrial blueprint hanging clamps are being retrofitted to be seated within the chamber drawers and firmly secure the nuclear grade filter media. The aged media will be evaluated using autopsy methodology, and the results obtained intend to help clarify the useful life of nuclear grade HEPA filters. Nuclear grade high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters are defined as disposable, extended-media, dry-type filters with a rigid casing enclosing the full depth of the pleats and have a minimum particle removal efficiency of 99.97%. [1] - HEPA filters are constantly exposed to stressors and subsequently have been shown to degrade as the filter ages. Properties such as tensile strength and water repellency, along with others, are negatively impacted. [2] - Due to the scarcity of naturally aged HEPA filters available, it is crucial to develop accelerated aging methods which effectively mimic the natural degradation effects. - After accelerated aging, the filters are subject to testing in the Axial Flow Large Scale Test Stand (ALSTS) and other analysis techniques such as the same qualification tests performed directly after being manufactured. - Quality data is necessary for future decisions regarding the lifetime of nuclear grade HEPA filters. - The objective is to develop a prototype accelerated aging humidity chamber for nuclear grade HEPA filter media. The chamber should expose the media to commonly occurring stressors to expedite the degradation process caused by aging. PID yields reliable and reproducible results: - CFD model correlates well with actual performance; - Further analysis is needed to complete characterization; - Future work for the chamber is still to be completed. The data shown in Figure 5 and Table 1 indicate the system is functioning as designed. As can be determined from the system response evaluation in Table 1, the PID controller is yielding reliable and reproducible results at each set point. As the set point increases, the time constant and 20% settling time increase accordingly. From the results in Table 1, it stands to reason that the CFD model correlates well with the actual performance of the system. Each system response parameter for the 90%RH* CFD model is slightly lower than the parameters collected from the physical model tested at an equivalent set point. This is to be expected considering the inlet in the CFD model is a constant supply of water vapor, whereas the physical model uses a PID controller to monitor the amount of water vapor needed and reacts accordingly. More analysis is still to be done on the prototype chamber. A pressure test will be conducted in order to determine the hourly leak rate of the chamber. This test will involve constant air flow into the chamber until the desired pressure is reached. A uniformity test will also be conducted in order to ensure each filter medium is being exposed to equivalent relative humidity levels. This test will involve an array of humidity meters strategically oriented inside the chamber to record any possible gradients. Future work for the chamber includes dehumidification abilities, tests while fully loaded with filters, and temperature control. Once completed, the autopsy team at Institute of Clean Energy Technology will conduct necessary accelerated aging studies as needed.

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Decontamination and Decommissioning Program of a Radiopharmaceuticals Production Facility - 17103

On May 2012, Best Medical Belgium (BMB) S.A., a manufacturer of pharmaceutical products located on the nuclear site of Fleurus, was declared bankrupt. According to the Belgian law, ONDRAF/NIRAS (Belgian Radioactive Waste Management Agency) was entrusted with the clean-up and the decommissioning operations of the former BMB facilities, nowadays known as 'ONDRAF/NIRAS Site Fleurus' (ONSF). In June 2015, ONSF launched a Decontamination and Decommissioning (D and D) program, for which Tractebel supports the definition of the clean-up and decommissioning strategies; the drafting of the Final Decommissioning Plan (FDP) and License Application for decommissioning; and the follow-up of the clean-up and upcoming D and D works on site. Four nuclear buildings are part of the clean-up and D and D activities. One of them, Building 14 (B14), represents the most challenging task with the clean-up of highly contaminated areas and their further decommissioning up to greenfield. Beside its two cyclotrons successively used for the production of radioisotopes, this building features hot cells and glove boxes used for the purification of radioisotopes and the conditioning of the final pharmaceutical product. The present paper aims at presenting the development of the D and D program in terms of modifications of existing facilities to allow carrying out the clean-up and D and D activities and the management of dismantled radioactive materials in a safe, efficient and cost-effective way as well as in terms of strategic options to be developed for the FDP. To support the clean-up and D and D activities, several workshops have been designed in order to treat radioactive materials removed from the building rooms. Those workshops feature an input buffer storage area, a common output buffer storage area and installations for the treatment of radioactive materials and waste (handling devices, cutting means, decontamination means, free release measurements means, etc.). Some modifications to the existing auxiliary systems will be required in order to dispose of appropriate systems to operate those workshops in a safe way. Activated concrete structures will constitute the most important part of radioactive materials that will arise from the decommissioning activities. To limit the total decommissioning costs, and especially the costs associated to radioactive waste management, two strategies have been developed in order to manage a part of activated concrete as candidate for free release with a certain decay period or as candidate for conventional landfill. Both strategies will have to be further detailed and discussed with the competent Authorities to ensure they can actually be implemented. (authors)

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Advanced Fuels Campaign FY 2015 Accomplishments Report

The mission of the Advanced Fuels Campaign (AFC) is to perform research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) activities for advanced fuel forms (including cladding) to enhance the performance and safety of the nation’s current and future reactors; enhance proliferation resistance of nuclear fuel; effectively utilize nuclear energy resources; and address the longer-term waste management challenges. This report is a compilation of technical accomplishment summaries for FY-15. Emphasis is on advanced accident-tolerant LWR fuel systems, advanced transmutation fuels technologies, and capability development.

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Supplemental Information Regarding the Application for Remediation of the Flanged Tritium Waste Containers at Los Alamos National Laboratory

This letter is in response to the October 18, 2021 letter from David Gray, Acting Regional Administrator, to Mr. Theodore Wyka, Manager of the National Nuclear Security Administration’s Los Alamos Field Office (NA-LA). That letter requested additional information regarding the Application for remediation of the Flanged Tritium Waste Containers (FTWCs) at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Technical Area 54, Area G. The Emissions Management Plan for the FTWC Venting Project is attached.

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