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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,081 records · Page 60
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

A comparative study on the environmental impact of supermarket refrigeration systems using low GWP refrigerants

Supermarket refrigeration systems have high environmental impact due to their large refrigerant charge and high leak rates. Consequently, the interest in using low GWP refrigerants such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and new refrigerant blends is increasing. In this study, an open-source Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) framework is presented and used to compare the environmental impact of four supermarket refrigeration systems: a transcritical CO 2 booster system, a cascade CO 2 /N-40 system, a combined secondary circuit with central DX N-40/L-40 system, and a baseline multiplex direct expansion system utilizing R-404A and N-40. The study is performed for different climates within the USA using EnergyPlus to simulate the systems' hourly performance. Finally, further analyses are presented such as parametric, sensitivity, and uncertainty analyses to study the impact of different system parameters on the LCCP.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2014

Nonendemic HPV-Positive Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Association With Poor Prognosis

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in nonendemic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and assess the prognostic implications of viral status. Methods and Materials: Paraffin-embedded tumor specimens from 62 patients with primary NPC diagnosed between 1985 and 2011 were analyzed for EBV and high-risk HPV. EBV status was determined by the use of in situ hybridization for EBV encoded RNA. HPV status was assessed with p16 immunohistochemistry and multiplex polymerase chain reaction MassArray for determination of HPV type. Proportional hazards models were used to compare the risk of death among patients as stratified by viral status. Results: Of 61 evaluable tumors, 26 (43%) were EBV-positive/HPV-negative, 18 (30%) were HPV-positive/EBV-negative, and 17 (28%) were EBV/HPV-negative. EBV and HPV infection was mutually exclusive. HPV positivity was significantly correlated with World Health Organization grade 2 tumors, older age, and smoking (all P<.001). The racial distribution of the study population was 74% white, 15% African American, and 11% Asian/Middle Eastern. Among HPV-positive patients, 94% were white. At a median follow-up time of 7 years, HPV-positive and EBV/HPV-negative tumors exhibited worse outcomes than did EBV-positive tumors, including decreased overall survival (hazard ratio [HR] 2.98, P=.01; and HR 3.89, P=.002), progression-free survival (HR 2.55, P=.02; and HR 4.04, P<.001), and locoregional control (HR 4.01, P=.03; and HR 6.87, P=.001). Conclusion: In our Midwestern population, high-risk HPV infection may play an etiologic role in the development of nonendemic, EBV-negative NPC. Compared with EBV-positive NPC, HPV-positive and EBV/HPV-negative NPC are associated with worse outcomes. A larger confirmatory study is needed to validate these findings.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2023

The C 2 H 4 O isomers in the oxidation of ethylene

A combined rotational spectroscopy, thermochemistry, and kinetic modeling study explores the mechanism of acetaldehyde (ethanal), vinyl alcohol (ethenol), and ethylene oxide (oxirane) formation in the oxidation of ethylene (ethene). Multiplexed quantitative detection of oxidation intermediates and products exiting a SiO 2 / SiC microreactor at 1700 K is demonstrated with the BrightSpec W-band chirped-pulse Fourier transform millimeter-wave spectrometer. The broadband rotational spectrum contains transitions of formaldehyde (CH 2 O), methoxy (CH 3 O), methanol (CH 3 OH), ketene (CH 2 CO), acetaldehyde (CH 3 CHO), syn-vinyl alcohol (syn- CH 2 CHOH), anti-vinyl alcohol (anti-CH 2 CHOH), oxirane (c-CH 2 OCH 2 ), propyne (CH 3 CCH), and syn-propanal (syn-CH 3 CH 2 CHO). We focus on the three C 2 H 4 O species and deduce their concentration ratio [CH 3 CHO]:[CH 2 CHOH]:[c-CH 2 OCH 2 ] = 1:0.7(2):0.06(2) by comparing the observed line intensities to those simulated with the PGOPHER software. Detailed thermochemistry of the C 2 H 4 O isomers and conformers is provided by Active Thermochemical Tables. The observed excess concentrations of vinyl alcohol and oxirane relative to the more stable acetaldehyde compared to the equilibrium ratio at 1700 K (1:0.087:0.000024), point to direct chemical pathways to these higher energy isomers. The mechanism for the formation of the three C 2 H 4 O isomers is analyzed using a 0-D homogenous reactor kinetics simulation for ethylene oxidation. The ratios of the C 2 H 4 O isomers concentrations predicted by the kinetic model are compared to the experimental values.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Integrative Multi-PTM Proteomics Reveals Dynamic Global, Redox, Phosphorylation, and Acetylation Regulation in Cytokine-treated Pancreatic Beta Cells

Studying regulation of protein function at a systems level necessitates an understanding of the interplay among diverse post-translational modifications (PTMs). A variety of proteomics sample processing workflows are currently used to study specific PTMs but rarely characterize multiple types of PTMs from the same sample inputs. Method incompatibilities and laborious sample preparation steps complicate large-scale physiological investigations and can lead to variations in results. The single-pot, solid-phase-enhanced sample preparation (SP3) method for sample cleanup is compatible with different lysis buffers and amenable to automation, making it attractive for high-throughput multi-PTM profiling. Herein, we describe an integrative SP3 workflow for multiplexed quantification of protein abundance, cysteine thiol oxidation, phosphorylation, and acetylation. The broad applicability of this approach is demonstrated using cell and tissue samples, and its utility for studying interacting regulatory networks is highlighted in a time-course experiment of cytokine-treated ß-cells. We observed a swift response in global regulation of protein abundances consistent with rapid activation of JAK-STAT and NF-?B signaling pathways. Regulators of these pathways as well as proteins involved in their target processes displayed multi-PTM dynamics indicative of a complex cellular response stages: acute, adaptation, and chronic (prolonged stress). PARP14, a negative regulator of JAK-STAT, had multiple co-localized PTMs that may be involved in intraprotein regulatory crosstalk. Our workflow provides a high-throughput platform that can profile multi-PTMomes from the same sample set, which is valuable in unraveling the functional roles of PTMs and their co-regulation.

proteomics, PTM, automation, SP3, cysteine thiol o↗
DOE OSTI2020

A metal-ceramic coaxial cable with multipoint Fabry-Pérot interferometers for monitoring distributed high temperature

A metal ceramic coaxial cable (MCCC) sensor containing multiple Fabry-Pérot interferometers (FPIs) has been designed, fabricated, and evaluated for measuring distributed high temperatures. The MCCC sensor demonstrated here consists of stainless steel tube and wire conductors, alumina tube insulator, and three pairs of air gap reflectors distributed along the cable. The multipoint sensor operation is realized by the joint time-frequency domain technique, which combines the functions of time-domain reflectometry and frequency division multiplexing to enable the measurement of spatially distributed temperature. The 3-point MCCC-FPI sensor has been demonstrated for distributed temperature measurements between 250 and 550 °C and operability up to 1000 °C. The sensor offers high sensitivity of >0.18 MHz/°C with a measurement resolution of 1 Hz and reasonably small high temperature measurement error range of ±3 °C.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2014

Antibody-independent Targeted Quantification of TMPRSS2-ERG Fusion Protein Products in Prostate Cancer

Fusions between the transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and ETS related gene (ERG) represent one of the most specific biomarkers that define a distinct molecular subtype of prostate cancer. The studies on TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions have seldom been performed at the protein level, primarily due to the lack of high-quality antibodies or an antibody-independent method that is sufficiently sensitive for detecting the truncated ERG protein products resulting from TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions and alternative splicing. Herein, we applied a recently developed PRISM (high-pressure high-resolution separations with intelligent selection and multiplexing)-SRM (selected reaction monitoring) strategy for quantifying ERG protein in prostate cancer cell lines and tumors. The highly sensitive PRISM-SRM assays led to confident detection of 6 unique ERG peptides in either the TMPRSS2-ERG positive cell lines or tissues but not in the negative controls, indicating that ERG protein expression is highly correlated with TMPRSS2-ERG gene rearrangements. Significantly, our results demonstrated for the first time that at least two groups of ERG protein isoforms were simultaneously expressed at variable levels in TMPRSS2-ERG positive samples as evidenced by concomitant detection of two mutually exclusive peptides. Three peptides shared across almost all fusion protein products were determined to be the most abundant peptides, and hence can be used as “signature” peptides for detecting ERG overexpression resulting from TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion. These PRISM-SRM assays provide valuable tools for studying TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion protein products, thus improving our understanding of the role of TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion in the biology of prostate cancer.

Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory↗
DOE OSTI2015

A low-noise CMOS pixel direct charge sensor, Topmetal-II -

In this paper, we report the design and characterization of a CMOS pixel direct charge sensor, Topmetal-II-, fabricated in a standard 0.35 μm CMOS Integrated Circuit process. The sensor utilizes exposed metal patches on top of each pixel to directly collect charge. Each pixel contains a low-noise charge-sensitive preamplifier to establish the analog signal and a discriminator with tunable threshold to generate hits. The analog signal from each pixel is accessible through time-shared multiplexing over the entire array. Hits are read out digitally through a column-based priority logic structure. Tests show that the sensor achieved a <15e - analog noise and a 200e - minimum threshold for digital readout per pixel. The sensor is capable of detecting both electrons and ions drifting in gas. Lastly, these characteristics enable its use as the charge readout device in future Time Projection Chambers without gaseous gain mechanism, which has unique advantages in low background and low rate-density experiments.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2019

Front-end ASIC for spectroscopic readout of virtual Frisch-grid CZT bar sensors

Compact multi-channel radiation detectors rely on low noise front-end application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) to achieve high spectral resolution. Here, a new ASIC developed to readout virtual Frisch-grid cadmium zinc telluride (VFG CZT) detectors for gamma ray spectroscopy is presented. Corresponding to each ionizing event in the detector, the ASIC measures the amplitude and timing at the anode, the cathode and four pad sense electrodes associated with each sensor in a detector array. The ASIC is comprised of 52 channels of which there are 4 cathode channels and 48 channels which can be configured as either anode channels with a baseline of 250 mV or pad sense channels to process induced signals with a baseline of 1.2 V. With a static power dissipation of 3 mW, each channel performs low-noise charge amplification, high-order shaping, peak and timing detection along with analog storage and multiplexing. The overall channel linearity was better than ± 1% with timing resolution down to 700 ps for charges greater than 8 fC in the 3 MeV range. With a 4 × 4 array of 6 mm × 6 mm × 20 mm virtual Frisch-grid bar sensors connected and biased, an electronic resolution of ≈270 e - rms for charges up to 100 fC in the 3.2 MeV range was measured. Spectral measurements obtained with the 3D correction technique demonstrated resolutions of 1.8% FWHM at 238 keV and 0.9% FWHM at 662 keV.

3D↗
DOE OSTI2024

Incident beamline design for a modern cold triple axis spectrometer at the High Flux Isotope Reactor

A modern cold triple axis spectrometer is being planned for the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Here, we describe the design of an incident beamline that will put a flux of ~ 10 8 $\frac {n}{cm^{2}s}$ on a sample with an area of 2 cm X 2 cm. It takes current physical constraints at HFIR into account and it can accommodate both single and multiplexed analyzer-detector secondary spectrometers and large superconducting magnets. The proposed incident beamline includes a multi-channel guide with horizontal focusing, a neutron velocity selector, components to facilitate an incident beam polarization option, and a double-focusing pyrolytic graphite monochromator. Here, this work describes the process of optimizing the guide system and monochromator and summarizes the expected performance of the incident beamline for non-polarized operation.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2014

Chlorine atom-initiated low-temperature oxidation of prenol and isoprenol: The effect of C=C double bonds on the peroxy radical chemistry in alcohol oxidation

The chlorine atom-initiated oxidation of two unsaturated primary C5 alcohols, prenol (3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, (CH 3 ) 2 CCHCH 2 OH) and isoprenol (3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, CH 2 C(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 OH), is studied at 550 K and low pressure (8 Torr). The time- and isomer-resolved formation of products is probed with multiplexed photoionization mass spectrometry (MPIMS) using tunable vacuum ultraviolet ionizing synchrotron radiation. The peroxy radical chemistry of the unsaturated alcohols appears much less rich than that of saturated C4 and C5 alcohols. The main products observed are the corresponding unsaturated aldehydes – prenal (3-methyl-2-butenal) from prenol oxidation and isoprenal (3-methyl-3-butenal) from isoprenol oxidation. No significant products arising from QOOH chemistry are observed. These results can be qualitatively explained by the formation of resonance stabilized allylic radicals via H-abstraction in the Cl + prenol and Cl + isoprenol initiation reactions. The loss of resonance stabilization upon O 2 addition causes the energies of the intermediate wells, saddle points, and products to increase relative to the energy of the initial radicals and O 2 . These energetic shifts make most product channels observed in the peroxy radical chemistry of saturated alcohols inaccessible for these unsaturated alcohols. The experimental findings are underpinned by quantum-chemical calculations for stationary points on the potential energy surfaces for the reactions of the initial radicals with O 2 . Under our conditions, the dominant channels in prenol and isoprenol oxidation are the chain-terminating HO 2 -forming channels arising from radicals, in which the unpaired electron and the –OH group are on the same carbon atom, with stable prenal and isoprenal co-products, respectively. These results suggest that the presence of C=C double bonds in alcohols will reduce low-temperature reactivity during autoignition.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

Modeling Plastic Deformation of Steel Plates in Hypervelocity Impact Experiments

Hypervelocity impact experiments were done with a two-stage light gas gun to study the plastic deformation of metallic plates. Cylindrical Lexan projectiles were fired at A36 steel target plates with a velocity range of 4.5-6.0 km/s. Experiments were designed to produce a front side impact crater and a permanent bulging deformation on the back surface of the target while preventing complete perforation. Free surface velocities from the back surface of target plate were acquired using the newly developed Multiplexed Photonic Doppler Velocimetry (MPDV) system. Two different computational techniques were developed to simulate this type of experiment: Lagrangian-based smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) in LS-DYNA and the Eulerian-based hydrocode CTH. Parameters for material models including equation of state, compressive strength, and spall model were selected to obtain highest fidelity numerical results to compare with experiment.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Land surface dynamics and meteorological forcings modulate land surface temperature characteristics

This study examines the effect of land cover, vegetation health, climatic forcings, elevation heat loads, and terrain characteristics (LVCET) on land surface temperature (LST) distribution over West Africa (WA). We employ fourteen machine-learning models, which preserve nonlinear relationships, to downscale LST and other predictands while preserving the geographical variability of WA. Our results showed that the random forest model performs best in downscaling predictands. This is important for the sub-region since it has limited access to mainframes to power multiplex machine-learning algorithms. In contrast to the northern regions, the southern regions consistently exhibit healthy vegetation. Also, areas with unhealthy vegetation coincide with hot LST clusters. The positive Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) trends in the Sahel underscore rainfall recovery and subsequent Sahelian greening. The southwesterly winds cause the upwelling of cold waters, lowering LST in southern WA and highlighting the cooling influence of water bodies on LST. Identifying regions with elevated LST is paramount for prioritizing greening initiatives, and our study underscores the importance of considering LVCET factors in urban planning. Topographic slope-facing angles, heat loads, and diurnal anisotropic heat all contribute to variations in LST, emphasizing the need for a holistic approach when designing resilient and sustainable landscapes.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Evaluation of novel biomarkers of nephrotoxicity in Cynomolgus monkeys treated with gentamicin

Most studies to evaluate kidney safety biomarkers have been performed in rats. This study was conducted in Cynomolgus monkeys in order to evaluate the potential usefulness of novel biomarkers of nephrotoxicity in this species. Groups of 3 males were given daily intramuscular injections of gentamicin, a nephrotoxic agent known to produce lesions in proximal tubules, at dose-levels of 10, 25, or 50 mg/kg/day for 10 days. Blood and 16-h urine samples were collected on Days − 7, − 3, 2, 4, 7, and at the end of the dosing period. Several novel kidney safety biomarkers were evaluated, with single- and multiplex immunoassays and in immunoprecipitation-LC/MS assays, in parallel to histopathology and conventional clinical pathology parameters. Treatment with gentamicin induced a dose-dependent increase in kidney tubular cell degeneration/necrosis, ranging from minimal to mild severity at 10 mg/kg/day, moderate at 25 mg/kg/day, and to severe at 50 mg/kg/day. The results showed that the novel urinary biomarkers, microalbumin, α1-microglobulin, clusterin, and osteopontin, together with the more traditional clinical pathology parameters, urinary total protein and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), were more sensitive than blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (sCr) to detect kidney injury in the monkeys given 10 mg/kg/day gentamicin for 10 days, a dose leading to an exposure which is slightly higher than the desired therapeutic exposure in clinics. Therefore, these urinary biomarkers represent non-invasive biomarkers of proximal tubule injury in Cynomolgus monkeys which may be potentially useful in humans. - Highlights: • Gentamicin induced kidney tubular cell degeneration/necrosis in Cynomolgus monkey • Urinary clusterin and osteopontin were sensitive biomarkers of kidney injury. • Microalbumin and α1-microglobulin in urine were also more sensitive than serum creatinine.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Parsing the functional specificity of Siderocalin/Lipocalin 2/NGAL for siderophores and related small-molecule ligands

Siderocalin/Lipocalin 2/Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin/24p3 is an innate immune system protein with bacteriostatic activity, acting by tightly binding and sequestering diverse catecholate and mixed-type ferric siderophores from enteric bacteria and mycobacteria. Bacterial virulence achieved through siderophore modifications, or utilization of alternate siderophores, can be explained by evasion of Siderocalin binding. Siderocalin has also been implicated in a wide variety of disease processes, though often in seemingly contradictory ways, and has been proposed to bind to a broader array of ligands beyond siderophores. Using structural, directed mutational, and binding studies, we have sought to rigorously test, and fully elucidate, the Siderocalin recognition mechanism. Several proposed ligands fail to meet rigorous binding criteria, including the bacterial siderophore pyochelin, the iron-chelating catecholamine hormone norepinephrine, and the bacterial second messenger cyclic diguanylate monophosphate. While possessing a remarkably rigid structure, in principle simplifying analyses of ligand recognition, understanding Scn recognition is complicated by the observed conformational and stoichiometric plasticity, and instability, of its bona fide siderophore ligands. Since the role of Siderocalin at the early host/pathogen interface is to compete for bacterial ferric siderophores, we also analyzed how bacterial siderophore binding proteins and enzymes alternately recognize siderophores that efficiently bind to, or evade, Siderocalin sequestration – including determining the crystal structure of Bacillus cereus YfiY bound to schizokinen. These studies combine to refine the potential physiological functions of Siderocalin by defining its multiplexed recognition mechanism.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

A genetic toolbox for metabolic engineering of Issatchenkia orientalis

The nonconventional yeast Issatchenkia orientalis can grow under highly acidic conditions and has been explored for production of various organic acids. Yet, its broader application is hampered by the lack of efficient genetic tools to enable sophisticated metabolic manipulations. We recently constructed an episomal plasmid based on the autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScARS) in I. orientalis and developed a CRISPR/Cas9 system for multiplexed gene deletions. Here we report three additional genetic tools including: (1) identification of a 0.8 kb centromere-like (CEN-L) sequence from the I. orientalis genome by using bioinformatics and functional screening; (2) discovery and characterization of a set of constitutive promoters and terminators under different culture conditions by using RNA-Seq analysis and a fluorescent reporter; and (3) development of a rapid and efficient in vivo DNA assembly method in I. orientalis, which exhibited ~100% fidelity when assembling a 7 kb-plasmid from seven DNA fragments ranging from 0.7 kb to 1.7 kb. As evidence of concept, we used these genetic tools to rapidly construct a functional xylose utilization pathway in I. orientalis.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

In vitro prototyping of limonene biosynthesis using cell-free protein synthesis

Metabolic engineering of microorganisms to produce sustainable chemicals has emerged as an important part of the global bioeconomy. Unfortunately, efforts to design and engineer microbial cell factories are challenging because design-build-test cycles, iterations of re-engineering organisms to test and optimize new sets of enzymes, are slow. To alleviate this challenge, we demonstrate a cell-free approach termed in vitro Prototyping and Rapid Optimization of Biosynthetic Enzymes (or iPROBE). In iPROBE, a large number of pathway combinations can be rapidly built and optimized. The key idea is to use cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) to manufacture pathway enzymes in separate reactions that are then mixed to modularly assemble multiple, distinct biosynthetic pathways. As a model, we apply our approach to the 9-step heterologous enzyme pathway to limonene in extracts from Escherichia coli. In iterative cycles of design, we studied the impact of 54 enzyme homologs, multiple enzyme levels, and cofactor concentrations on pathway performance. In total, we screened over 150 unique sets of enzymes in 580 unique pathway conditions to increase limonene production in 24 h from 0.2 to 4.5 mM (23–610 mg/L). Finally, to demonstrate the modularity of this pathway, we also synthesized the biofuel precursors pinene and bisabolene. Finally, we anticipate that iPROBE will accelerate design-build-test cycles for metabolic engineering, enabling data-driven multiplexed cell-free methods for testing large combinations of biosynthetic enzymes to inform cellular design.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Combinatorial gene inactivation of aldehyde dehydrogenases mitigates aldehyde oxidation catalyzed by E. coli resting cells

Aldehydes are attractive chemical targets both as end products in the flavors and fragrances industry and as synthetic intermediates due to their propensity for C–C bond formation. Here, in this study, we identify and address unexpected oxidation of a model collection of aromatic aldehydes, including many that originate from biomass degradation. When diverse aldehydes are supplemented to E. coli cells grown under aerobic conditions, as expected they are either reduced by the wild-type MG1655 strain or stabilized by a strain engineered for reduced aromatic aldehyde reduction (the E. coli RARE strain). Surprisingly, when these same aldehydes are supplemented to resting cell preparations of either E. coli strain, under many conditions we observe substantial oxidation. By performing combinatorial inactivation of six candidate aldehyde dehydrogenase genes in the E. coli genome using multiplexed automatable genome engineering (MAGE), we demonstrate that this oxidation can be substantially slowed, with greater than 50% retention of 6 out of 8 aldehydes when assayed 4 h after their addition. Given that our newly engineered strain exhibits reduced oxidation and reduction of aromatic aldehydes, we dubbed it the E. coli ROAR strain. We applied the new strain to resting cell biocatalysis for two kinds of reactions – the reduction of 2-furoic acid to furfural and the condensation of 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde and glycine to form a non-standard β-hydroxy-α-amino acid. In each case, we observed substantial improvements in product titer 20 h after reaction initiation (9-fold and 10-fold, respectively). Moving forward, the use of this strain to generate resting cells should allow aldehyde product isolation, further enzymatic conversion, or chemical reactivity under cellular contexts that better accommodate aldehyde toxicity.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

ATLAS probe: Breakthrough science of galaxy evolution, cosmology, Milky Way, and the Solar System

Astrophysics Telescope for Large Area Spectroscopy Probe is a concept for a National Aeronautics and Space Administration probe-class space mission that will achieve ground-breaking science in the fields of galaxy evolution, cosmology, Milky Way, and the Solar System. It is the follow-up space mission to Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST), boosting its scientific return by obtaining deep 1–4 μm slit spectroscopy for ~70% of all galaxies imaged by the ~2 000 deg 2 WFIRST High Latitude Survey at z > 0.5. Astrophysics Telescope for Large Area Spectroscopy will measure accurate and precise redshifts for ~200 M galaxies out to z < 7, and deliver spectra that enable a wide range of diagnostic studies of the physical properties of galaxies over most of cosmic history. Astrophysics Telescope for Large Area Spectroscopy Probe and WFIRST together will produce a 3D map of the Universe over 2 000 deg 2 , the definitive data sets for studying galaxy evolution, probing dark matter, dark energy and modifications of General Relativity, and quantifying the 3D structure and stellar content of the Milky Way. Astrophysics Telescope for Large Area Spectroscopy Probe science spans four broad categories: (1) Revolutionising galaxy evolution studies by tracing the relation between galaxies and dark matter from galaxy groups to cosmic voids and filaments, from the epoch of reionisation through the peak era of galaxy assembly; (2) Opening a new window into the dark Universe by weighing the dark matter filaments using 3D weak lensing with spectroscopic redshifts, and obtaining definitive measurements of dark energy and modification of General Relativity using galaxy clustering; (3) Probing the Milky Way’s dust-enshrouded regions, reaching the far side of our Galaxy; and (4) Exploring the formation history of the outer Solar System by characterising Kuiper Belt Objects. Astrophysics Telescope for Large Area Spectroscopy Probe is a 1.5 m telescope with a field of view of 0.4 deg 2 , and uses digital micro-mirror devices as slit selectors. It has a spectroscopic resolution of R = 1 000, and a wavelength range of 1–4 μm. The lack of slit spectroscopy from space over a wide field of view is the obvious gap in current and planned future space missions; Astrophysics Telescope for Large Area Spectroscopy fills this big gap with an unprecedented spectroscopic capability based on digital micro-mirror devices (with an estimated spectroscopic multiplex factor greater than 5 000). Astrophysics Telescope for Large Area Spectroscopy is designed to fit within the National Aeronautics and Space Administration probe-class space mission cost envelope; it has a single instrument, a telescope aperture that allows for a lighter launch vehicle, and mature technology (we have identified a path for digital micro-mirror devices to reach Technology Readiness Level 6 within 2 yr). In conclusion, Astrophysics Telescope for Large Area Spectroscopy Probe will lead to transformative science over the entire range of astrophysics: from galaxy evolution to the dark Universe, from Solar System objects to the dusty regions of the Milky Way

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗