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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,081 records · Page 60
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

2-Deoxy-d-glucose increases GFAT1 phosphorylation resulting in endoplasmic reticulum-related apoptosis via disruption of protein N-glycosylation in pancreatic cancer cells

Highlights: • 2DG causes ER stress-induced cell death by disrupting protein N-glycosylation. • This is caused by inactivation of GFAT1 in pancreatic cancer. • In addition, combination treatment with 2DG and Met enhanced disruption of protein N-glycosylation. The glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG) causes energy starvation, affecting cell viability in a wide range of cancer cell lines. To determine the action of 2DG in pancreatic cancer, we performed proteomic analysis of pancreatic cancer cell line after 2DG treatment. Eighty proteins showed differential expression and among these, proteins involved in phosphohexose metabolism were upregulated. Up-regulation of glutamine: fructose 6-phosphate aminotransferase 1 (GFAT1), which belongs to the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) that produces uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) to maintain glycoprotein, was validated by evaluation of mRNA and protein levels. Therefore, we assessed the amounts of total N-glycoproteins. Unexpectedly, we found a reduction of total N-glycoproteins and phosphorylation of GFAT1 by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). These data may shed light on HBP dysfunction. Furthermore, we found endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress accompanied by increased expression of ER stress markers, such as glucose response protein 78 (GRP78) and C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), in 2DG-treated cells. Moreover, the additive activation of AMPK by metformin (Met) synergistically enhanced the reduction of protein N-glycosylation and cell growth inhibition in the presence of 2DG. These results suggest that 2DG reduces N-glycosylation of proteins following the increase of phosphorylation of GFAT1 and results in the inhibition of cell growth mediated by ER stress in pancreatic cancer cells.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

1-α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 potentiates avian osteoclast activation by increasing the formation of zipper-like structure via Src/Rac1 signaling

Highlights: • 1α,25-(OH){sub 2}D{sub 3} potentiates the formation and activation of avian osteoclasts. • 1α,25-(OH){sub 2}D{sub 3} promotes the formation of the zipper-like structure in OC precursors. • 1α,25-(OH){sub 2}D{sub 3} stimulates zipper-like structure formation via Src/Rac1 signaling. Avian bone metabolism diseases affect the development and production of chickens, and many of these diseases can be prevented and controlled by balanced nutrition and hormone medicine. The steroid hormone 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D{sub 3} plays a key role in maintaining the balance of avian bone metabolism. Clinically, 1α,25-(OH){sub 2}D{sub 3} has been used to treat several bone diseases. Although several previous studies have investigated the effects of 1α,25-(OH){sub 2}D{sub 3} on osteoclastogenesis, the mechanisms underpinning osteoclast (OC) activity remain largely unknown. Herein, we used molecular and cell biology approaches to demonstrate that 1α,25-(OH){sub 2}D{sub 3} increases avian OC formation and activity, and upregulates bone resorption-related genes. Moreover, 1α,25-(OH){sub 2}D{sub 3} regulates the OC cytoskeleton by increasing the formation of zipper-like structure in OC precursor cells to potentiate OC activity via the Src/Rac1 signaling pathway. These findings provide new insight into the role of 1α,25-(OH){sub 2}D{sub 3} in OC activity.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Structure-based protein engineering of bacterial β-xylosidase to increase the production yield of xylobiose from xylose

Highlights: • The crystal structures of β-xylosidase from Bacillus pumilus in complex with xylobiose were determined. • β-xylosidase was engineered to increase the yield of xylobiose based on the determined structures. • The protein engineering strategy used in this study could be applied within the same family of enzymes. Xylobiose consists of two molecules of xylose and has been highly recognized as a food supplement because it possesses high prebiotic functions. β-xylosidase exhibits enzymatic activity to hydrolyze xylobiose, and the enzyme can also catalyze the reverse reaction in the presence of high concentrations of xylose. Previously, β-xylosidase from Bacillus pumilus IPO (BpXynB), belonging to GH family 43, was employed to produce xylobiose from xylose. To improve the enzymatic efficiency, this study determined the high-resolution structure of BpXynB in a complex with xylobiose and engineered BpXynB based on the structures. The structure of BpXynB deciphered the residues involved in the recognition of the xylobiose. A site-directed mutation at the residue for xylobiose recognition increased the yield of xylobiose by 20% compared to a similar activity of the wild type enzyme. The complex structure of the mutant enzyme and xylobiose provided the structural basis for a higher yield of the engineered protein. This engineered enzyme would enable a higher economic production of xylobiose, and a similar engineering strategy could be applied within the same family of enzymes.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

The anti-malarial atovaquone selectively increases chemosensitivity in retinoblastoma via mitochondrial dysfunction-dependent oxidative damage and Akt/AMPK/mTOR inhibition

Highlights: • Anti-malarial atovaquone exhibits preferential toxicity to retinoblastoma cells. • Atovaquone increases chemosensitivity in retinoblastoma. • Retinoblastoma cells have higher mitochondrial biogenesis than normal retinal cells. • Atovaquone targets Akt/AMPK/mTOR signaling via inducing mitochondrial dysfunction. • Mitochondrial respiration inhibition is required for atovaquone's action. Mitochondria has been identified as a promising target in several cancers. However, little is known on the effects of targeting mitochondria in retinoblastoma. In this work, we show that anti-malarial atovaquone, at clinically achievable concentration, demonstrates inhibitory effects to retinoblastoma cells, to a more extent than in normal retinal cells. Atovaquone also significantly increases chemosensitivity in retinoblastoma. Importantly, we show that retinoblastoma cells have higher level of mitochondrial respiration, membrane potential, mass and ATP compared to normal retinal cells. Although atovaquone significantly inhibits mitochondrial respiration and decrease ATP level in both malignant and normal retinal cells in a similar manner, atovaquone induces much more oxidative stress and damage in retinoblastoma than normal retinal cells. These suggest that normal retinal cells are more tolerable to mitochondrial dysfunctions than retinoblastoma cells. We further demonstrate that atovaquone targets Akt/AMPK/mTOR signaling via inducing mitochondrial dysfunction. Our pre-clinical work demonstrates the translational potential of atovaquone as an addition to the treatment armamentarium for retinoblastoma. Our work also demonstrates the differences of mitochondrial biogenesis and function in malignant versus normal retinal cells which are important for the targeted therapy in retinoblastoma.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

The glutamate receptors AtGLR1.2 and AtGLR1.3 increase cold tolerance by regulating jasmonate signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana

Highlights: • AtGLR1.2 and 1.3 positively enhance cold tolerance in Arabidopsis. • AtGLR1.2 and 1.3 promote jasmonate accumulation in response to cold stress. • AtGLR1.2 and 1.3 increase cold resistance by affecting the CBF/DREB1 pathway. • AtGLR1.2 and 1.3 drove similar functions without directly interacting. Plant glutamate-like receptors (GLRs), which are homologs of mammalian ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs), are thought to be involved in plant growth, development, and environmental stress responses. In this study, we demonstrated that two members of Arabidopsis glutamate-like receptors, AtGLR1.2 and AtGLR1.3, play positive roles in the plant response to cold stress. Genetic and biochemical experiments revealed that exogenous jasmonate could attenuate the cold sensitivity of glr1.2 and glr1.3 mutants, and the overexpression of GLR1.2 or GLR1.3 enhanced cold tolerance by increasing endogenous jasmonate levels under cold stress. In addition, the expression of genes in the CBF/DREB1 signaling pathway was decreased in the glr1.2 and glr1.3 mutants, but was promoted in GLR1.2-OE and GLR1.3-OE transgenic plants compared with the wild-type during cold treatment. Further investigation revealed that AtGLR1.2 and AtGLR1.3 independently drove similar functions without directly interacting. Together, our findings suggest that AtGLR1.2 and 1.3 positively enhance cold tolerance in Arabidopsis by activating endogenous jasmonate accumulation and subsequently promoting the downstream CBF/DREB1 cold response pathway during cold stress.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Prolonged MEK inhibition leads to acquired resistance and increased invasiveness in KRAS mutant gastric cancer

Highlights: • MAPK pathway is important for the survival of KRAS mutant gastric cancer cells. • Prolonged MEK inhibition leads to acquired resistance. • c-MET activity is upregulated in MEK inhibitor resistant gastric cancer cells. • MEK inhibitor resistant gastric cancer cells harbor more invasive phenotype. • The increased invasiveness is abrogated by c-MET TKI or PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor. Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-associated death. However, traditional therapeutic strategies have failed to significantly improve the survival of patient with advanced GC. While KRAS mutations have been found in some patients with gastric cancer, an effective therapy to treat KRAS-driven gastric cancer has not been established yet. To provide a rationale for clinical application of kinase inhibitors targeting RAS pathways, we first determined the sensitivity of GC cell lines harboring KRAS mutations or amplification to RAS pathway inhibitors. We found that MAPK pathway inhibitors (MEKi and ERKi) were more effective than AKT inhibitor, suggesting that KRAS-driven gastric cancer cells are dependent on MAPK pathway for survival. Further, we established a KRAS mutant GC cell line with acquired resistance to MEK inhibitors in order to mimic clinical situation of kinase inhibitor resistance. A comprehensive analysis of tyrosine phosphorylation in receptor tyrosine kinases in combination with small molecule chemical library screening revealed upregulated c-MET phosphorylation in this resistance cell line with elevated sensitivity to c-MET TKI (crizotinib) and PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor (BEZ235). We also showed that migration and invasion of resistant cells were promoted, and crizotinib and BEZ235 could inhibit this malignant phenotype. Overall, our results indicate that prolonged MAPK pathway inhibition could result in acquired resistance which is associated with increased malignant phenotype in KRAS mutant GC and pharmacological targeting c-MET and PI3K/mTOR could overcome this problem.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Disturbance and diversity: Lichen species richness decreases with increasing anthropogenic disturbance

Anthropogenic disturbance is rapidly increasing through habitat degradation, development, and deforestation. Gaps remain in understanding the effects of this disturbance on diverse and ecologically important organisms such as lichens. In North America, studies have focused on epiphytic macrolichens and catastrophic disturbance, largely ignoring microlichens and less severe disturbances. The Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis predicts these moderate disturbances will lead to higher species richness. Here we examine the effects of anthropogenic disturbance in the form of land management on overall lichen richness, including microlichens, and on the species richness of eight lichen functional groups. The study draws on a comprehensive data set of 872 species, in 208 one-hectare plots throughout the Southern Appalachian Mountains, a global biodiversity hotspot in eastern North America. A habitat quality index based on an established forestry metric was used as a proxy for anthropogenic disturbance and was quantified using a 10-part score including categories such as percent native tree canopy cover and degree of fragmentation. Linear models were used to compare habitat quality scores to overall species richness and to species richness of functional groups. Rather than following the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis, all groups uniformly follow a negative linear relationship: as disturbance increases, species richness decreases. This pattern held even for widely variable functional groups such as morphotype. Effective conservation of lichen richness should prioritize the maintenance of existing older, less-disturbed stands within large, contiguously forested areas.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2017

Can upstream biofuel production increase the flow of downstream ecosystem goods and services?

Here, advanced biomass feedstocks tend to provide more non-fuel ecosystem goods and services (ES) than 1st-generation alternatives. We explore the idea that payment for non-fuel ES could facilitate market penetration of advanced biofuels by closing the profitability gap. As a specific example, we discuss the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Basin (MARB), where 1st-generation bioenergy feedstocks (e.g., corn-grain) have been integrated into the agricultural landscape. Downstream, the MARB drains to the Gulf of Mexico, where the most-valuable fishery in the US is impacted by annual formation of a large hypoxic “Dead zone.” We suggest that advanced biomass production systems in the MARB can increase and stabilize the provision of ES derived from the coastal and marine ecosystems of the Gulf-of-Mexico. Upstream, we suggest that choosing feedstocks based on their resistance or resilience to disturbance (e.g., perennials, diverse feedstocks) can increase reliability in ES provision over time. Direct feedbacks to incentivize producers of advanced feedstocks are currently lacking. Perhaps a shift from first-generation biofuels to perennial-based fuels and other advanced bioenergy systems (e.g., algal diesel, biogas from animal wastes) can be encouraged by bringing downstream environmental externalities into the market for upstream producers. In future, we can create such feedbacks through payments for ES, but significant research is needed to pave the way.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Increasing ethanol yield through fiber conversion in corn dry grind process

Conversion of corn fiber to ethanol in the dry grind process could increase ethanol yields, reduce downstream processing costs and improve overall process profitability. In this work, we investigate the in-situ conversion of corn fiber into ethanol (cellulase addition during simultaneous saccharification and fermentation) during dry grind process. Addition of 30 FPU/g fiber cellulase resulted in 4.6% increase in ethanol yield compared to the conventional process. Use of excess cellulase (120 FPU/g fiber) resulted in incomplete fermentation and lower ethanol yield compared to the conventional process. Lastly, multiple factors including high concentrations of ethanol and phenolic compounds were responsible for yeast stress and incomplete fermentation in excess cellulase experiments.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2025

pH adjustment increases biofuel production from inhibitory switchgrass hydrolysates

Biofuels derived from renewable and sustainable lignocellulosic biomass, such as switchgrass, offer a promising means to limit greenhouse gas emissions. However, switchgrass grown under drought conditions contains high levels of chemical compounds that inhibit microbial conversion to biofuels. Fermentation of drought switchgrass hydrolysates by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis results in lower ethanol production than does fermentation of hydrolyzed switchgrass from a typical rainfall year. Here, it is demonstrated that this inhibitory effect can be alleviated by altering the pH of drought switchgrass hydrolysates produced by two different pretreatment methods: Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) and Soaking in Aqueous Ammonia (SAA). Fermentation rates and biofuel production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis were higher at pH 5.8 than at pH 5.0 from all feedstock years and following both pretreatment methods. SAA pretreatment of drought switchgrass furthermore enabled increased fermentation rates and biofuel titers compared to AFEX pretreatment. A synthetic mimic of switchgrass hydrolysate was developed and identified relief from pH-dependent inhibition by lignocellulose-derived inhibitors as the cause of increased biofuel production above a pH of 5.0. These results demonstrate that SAA pretreatment and pH adjustment can significantly improve fermentation and biofuel production from inhibitory feedstocks by industrial microorganisms.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Overexpression of a gibberellin 20-oxidase gene in poplar xylem led to an increase in the size of nanocellulose fibrils and improved paper properties

Cellulose, the major component of secondary cell walls, is the most abundant renewable long-chain polymer on earth. Nanocellulose has become a prominent nano-reinforcement agent for polymer matrices in various industries. We report the generation of transgenic hybrid poplar overexpressing the Arabidopsis gibberellin 20-oxidase1 gene driven by a xylem-specific promoter to increase gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis in wood. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and sum frequency generation spectroscopic (SFG) analyses showed that cellulose in transgenic trees was less crystalline, but the crystal size was larger. The nanocellulose fibrils prepared from transgenic wood had an increased size compared to those from wild type. When such fibrils were used as a reinforcing agent in sheet paper preparation, the mechanical strength of the paper was significantly enhanced. Engineering the GA pathway can therefore affect nanocellulose properties, providing a new strategy for expanding nanocellulose applications.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Increases in Cell-Wall Homogalacturonan but Decreases in Xylogalacturonan Accompany Transition from Dormant to Vegetative Stages in Chrysolaena Obovata Rhizophores

The rhizophores of Chrysolaena obovata, a perennial herb native to the Brazilian Cerrado, are underground storage organs that accumulate fructans and support vegetative propagation. Here, we investigated how the content of fructans and the composition of rhizophore cell wall polysaccharides change across developmental stages and contribute to seasonal adaptation. In addition to the accumulation of fructans in vacuoles (~26-55% of the dry mass according to the developmental stage), cell-wall polysaccharide composition changed throughout the growth cycle, reflecting structural adjustments linked to developmental and environmental cues. These cell walls have a type I architecture, typical of eudicots. Although total pectin content remained stable, homogalacturonans increased in proportion during the transition from dormant to vegetative stages, whereas amounts of xylogalacturonans decreased. Xylogalacturonans accumulate within the middle lamella during the dormant phase and are potentially associated with flexibility and water retention. Hemicelluloses consisted mainly of low-substituted arabinoxylans and xyloglucan, consistent with a secondary cell wall profile. Xylans decreased slightly in the transition from the dormant to vegetative stage, while xyloglucan proportions increased. Overall, our findings show that seasonal metabolic changes in C. obovata involve dynamic modifications of rhizophore cell wall polysaccharides, which contribute to organ development and drought adaptation throughout the seasonal cycle.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2011

Inhibition of Trehalose Breakdown Increases New Carbon Partitioning into Cellulosic Biomass in Nicotiana tabacum

Validamycin A was used to inhibit in vivo trehalase activity in tobacco enabling the study of subsequent changes in new C partitioning into cellulosic biomass and lignin precursors. After 12-h exposure to treatment, plants were pulse labeled using radioactive {sup 11}CO{sub 2}, and the partitioning of isotope was traced into [{sup 11}C]cellulose and [{sup 11}C]hemicellulose, as well as into [{sup 11}C]phenylalanine, the precursor for lignin. Over this time course of treatment, new carbon partitioning into hemicellulose and cellulose was increased, while new carbon partitioning into phenylalanine was decreased. This trend was accompanied by a decrease in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity. After 4 d of exposure to validamycin A, we also measured leaf protein content and key C and N metabolite pools. Extended treatment increased foliar cellulose and starch content, decreased sucrose, and total amino acid and nitrate content, and had no effect on total protein.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2019

SILAC Analysis Reveals Increased Secretion of Hemostasis-Related Factors by Senescent Cells

Cellular senescence irreversibly arrests cell proliferation, accompanied by a multi-component senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that participates in several age-related diseases. Using stable isotope labeling with amino acids (SILACs) and cultured cells, we identify 343 SASP proteins that senescent human fibroblasts secrete at 2-fold or higher levels compared with quiescent cell counterparts. Bioinformatic analysis reveals that 44 of these proteins participate in hemostasis, a process not previously linked with cellular senescence. We validated the expression of some of these SASP factors in cultured cells and in vivo. Mice treated with the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin, which induces widespread cellular senescence in vivo, show increased blood clotting. Conversely, selective removal of senescent cells using transgenic p16-3MR mice showed that clearing senescent cells attenuates the increased clotting caused by doxorubicin. Our study provides an in-depth, unbiased analysis of the SASP and unveils a function for cellular senescence in hemostasis.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2012

A mechanistic study explaining the synergistic viscosity increase obtained from polyethylene oxide (PEO) and {beta}-naphthalene sulfonate (BNS) in shotcrete

In shotcrete, a combination of polyethylene oxide (PEO) and {beta}-naphthalene sulfonate (BNS) is commonly applied to reduce rebound. Here, the mechanism for the synergistic viscosity increase resulting from this admixture combination was investigated via x-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It was found that the electron-rich aromatic rings present in BNS donate electrons to the alkyl protons of PEO and thus increase the electron density there. This rare interaction is known as CH-{pi} interaction and leads to the formation of a supramolecular structure whereby PEO chains bind weakly to BNS molecules. Through this mechanism a polymer network exhibiting exceptionally high molecular weight and thus viscosity is formed. Among polycondensates, sulfanilic acid-phenol-formaldehyde (SPF) provides even higher synergy with PEO than BNS while melamine (PMS), acetone (AFS) or polycarboxylate (PCE) based superplasticizers do not work at all. Effectiveness of lignosulfonates is dependent on their degree of sulfonation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Energy considerations associated with increased adoption of seawater desalination in the United States

Due in part to increased water demand and uncertainty around the availability of existing freshwater resources, there is interest in expanding the use of seawater desalination in the U.S. In order for greater adoption to occur, existing barriers need to be mitigated. One of these barriers is the energy consumption of seawater desalination. This paper reviews the existing energy requirements for membrane and thermal-based seawater desalination systems to produce potable water. Through literature review, it identifies the commercially-available option with the lowest energy intensity and the thermodynamic minimum energy requirement for each unit operation of the system. The paper then estimates the energy requirements to expand seawater desalination capacity to meet the potable water needs of water-stressed regions in the U.S. The results show that supplying 10% of the potable water demand for these regions located within 250 miles of a coastline using the lowest energy-intensity seawater desalination system commercially available would require <0.1% of 2018 U.S. electricity consumption. This increases to approximately 0.5% if all public water for these same regions is supplied via desalinated seawater. Furthermore, these estimates of the energy implications of broader adoption provide an initial comparison to current U.S. electricity consumption.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2020

Role of electron pathway in dimensionally increasing water splitting reaction sites in liquid electrolytes

Hydrogen from water splitting is one of the most promising alternatives for fossil fuels in solving the global energy crisis, while its electrochemical reaction mechanism, especially in liquid electrolytes, remains unclear. Herein, how the electrode conductivity affects the reaction sites of oxygen evolution reactions (OERs) in acidic and alkaline solutions was investigated by employing visualization system and electrochemical testing. Inserting Au nanolayers greatly increased electrode conductivities, improved OER kinetics and reduced cell ohmic resistance, leading to excellent water splitting performances in both acidic and alkaline electrolytes. Furthermore, the in-situ visualization results showed more reaction sites and higher catalyst utilizations were achieved by augmenting the electrode conductivity, and reaction sites increased from 1-dimension to 2-dimension. Additionally, it was discovered that electrical conductivities of acidic and alkaline solutions are insufficient to overcome the sharp drop of potential in the electrical double layer for activating OER uniformly on low-conductivity catalysts, indicating the importance of electrical conductivity of the electrode in acidic and alkaline water electrolyzers. This study provided a guidance on how to develop efficient and compact electrodes for acidic and alkaline water electrolyzer stacks and other electrochemical devices, such as fuel cell, N2 reduction, CO 2 conversion, etc.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

Electricity market design for generator revenue sufficiency with increased variable generation

Here, we present a computationally efficient mixed-integer program (MIP) that determines optimal generator expansion decisions, and hourly unit commitment and dispatch in a power system. The impact of increasing wind power capacity on the optimal generation mix and generator profitability is analyzed for a test case that approximates the electricity market in Texas (ERCOT). We analyze three market policies that may support resource adequacy: Operating Reserve Demand Curves (ORDC), Fixed Reserve Scarcity Prices (FRSP) and fixed capacity payments (CP). Optimal expansion plans are comparable between the ORDC and FRSP implementations, while capacity payments may result in additional new capacity. The FRSP policy leads to frequent reserves scarcity events and corresponding price spikes, while the ORDC implementation results in more continuous energy prices. Average energy prices decrease with increasing wind penetration under all policies, as do revenues for baseload and wind generators. Intermediate and peak load plants benefit from higher reserve prices and are less exposed to reduced energy prices. All else equal, an ORDC approach may be preferred to FRSP as it results in similar expansion and revenues with less extreme energy prices. A fixed CP leads to additional new flexible NGCT units, but lower profits for other technologies.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗