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At least 1,081 records · Page 60

Differential correction technique for removing common errors in gas filter radiometer measurements

The Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellites (MAPS) gas filter radiometer experiment was designed to measure CO mixing ratios in the earth's atmosphere. MAPS also measures N2O to provide a reference channel for the atmospheric emitting temperature and to detect the presence of clouds. In this paper we formulate equations to correct the radiometric signals based on the spatial and temporal uniformity of the N2O mixing ratio in the atmosphere. Results of an error study demonstrate that these equations reduce the error in inferred CO mixing ratios. Subsequent application of the technique to the MAPS 1984 data set decreases the error in the frequency distribution of mixing ratios and increases the number of usable data points.

Wallio, H. A.↗

Effects of vertical distribution of water vapor and temperature on total column water vapor retrieval error

Results are presented of a test of the physically based total column water vapor retrieval algorithm of Wentz (1992) for sensitivity to realistic vertical distributions of temperature and water vapor. The ECMWF monthly averaged temperature and humidity fields are used to simulate the spatial pattern of systematic retrieval error of total column water vapor due to this sensitivity. The estimated systematic error is within 0.1 g/sq cm over about 70 percent of the global ocean area; systematic errors greater than 0.3 g/sq cm are expected to exist only over a few well-defined regions, about 3 percent of the global oceans, assuming that the global mean value is unbiased.

Sun, Jielun↗

Correction of magnetooptic device phase errors in optical correlators through filter design modifications

We address the problem of optical phase errors in an optical correlator introduced by the input and filter plane spatial light modulators. Specifically, we study a laboratory correlator with magnetooptic spatial light modulator (MOSLM) devices. We measure and characterize the phase errors, analyze their effects on the correlation process, and discuss a means of correction through a design modification of the binary phase-only optical filter function. The phase correction technique is found to produce correlation results close to those of an error-free correlator.

Downie, John D.↗

Error analysis applied to several inversion techniques used for the retrieval of middle atmospheric constituents from limb-scanning MM-wave spectroscopic measurements

The formal retrieval error analysis of Rodgers (1990) allows the quantitative determination of such retrieval properties as measurement error sensitivity, resolution, and inversion bias. This technique was applied to five numerical inversion techniques and two nonlinear iterative techniques used for the retrieval of middle atmospheric constituent concentrations from limb-scanning millimeter-wave spectroscopic measurements. It is found that the iterative methods have better vertical resolution, but are slightly more sensitive to measurement error than constrained matrix methods. The iterative methods converge to the exact solution, whereas two of the matrix methods under consideration have an explicit constraint, the sensitivity of the solution to the a priori profile. Tradeoffs of these retrieval characteristics are presented.

Puliafito, E.↗

Random errors of oceanic monthly rainfall derived from SSM/I using probability distribution functions

Global averages and random errors associated with the monthly oceanic rain rates derived from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) data using the technique developed by Wilheit et al. (1991) are computed. Accounting for the beam-filling bias, a global annual average rain rate of 1.26 m is computed. The error estimation scheme is based on the existence of independent (morning and afternoon) estimates of the monthly mean. Calculations show overall random errors of about 50-60 percent for each 5 deg x 5 deg box. The results are insensitive to different sampling strategy (odd and even days of the month). Comparison of the SSM/I estimates with raingage data collected at the Pacific atoll stations showed a low bias of about 8 percent, a correlation of 0.7, and an rms difference of 55 percent.

Chang, Alfred T. C.↗

Airborne gravimetry, altimetry, and GPS navigation errors

Proper interpretation of airborne gravimetry and altimetry requires good knowledge of aircraft trajectory. Recent advances in precise navigation with differential GPS have made it possible to measure gravity from the air with accuracies of a few milligals, and to obtain altimeter profiles of terrain or sea surface correct to one decimeter. These developments are opening otherwise inaccessible regions to detailed geophysical mapping. Navigation with GPS presents some problems that grow worse with increasing distance from a fixed receiver: the effect of errors in tropospheric refraction correction, GPS ephemerides, and the coordinates of the fixed receivers. Ionospheric refraction and orbit error complicate ambiguity resolution. Optimal navigation should treat all error sources as unknowns, together with the instantaneous vehicle position. To do so, fast and reliable numerical techniques are needed: efficient and stable Kalman filter-smoother algorithms, together with data compression and, sometimes, the use of simplified dynamics.

Colombo, Oscar L.↗

Error in Airspeed Measurement Due to the Static-Pressure Field Ahead of an Airplane at Transonic Speeds

The magnitude and variation of the static-pressure error for various distances ahead of sharp-nose bodies and open-nose air inlets and for a distance of 1 chord ahead of the wing tip of a swept wing are defined by a combination of experiment and theory. The mechanism of the error is discussed in some detail to show the contributing factors that make up the error. The information presented provides a useful means for choosing a proper location for measurement of static pressure for most purposes.

O'Bryan, Thomas C↗

Recognition of error symptoms in large systems

A methodology for automatically detecting symptoms of frequently occurring errors in large computer systems is developed. The proposed symptom recognition methodology and its validation are based on probabilistic techniques. The technique is shown to work on real failure data from two CYBER systems at the University of Illinois. The methodology allows for the resolution between independent and dependent causes and, also quantifies a measure of the strength of relationship among errors. Comparison made with failure/repair information obtained from field maintenance engineers shows that in 85% of the cases, the error symptoms recognized by our approach correspond to real system problems. Further, the remaining 15% although not directly supported by field data, were confirmed as valid problems. Some of these were shown to be persistent problems which otherwise would have been considered as minor transients and hence ignored.

Iyer, Ravishankar K.↗

Burst error correction extensions for large Reed Solomon codes

Reed Solomon codes are powerful error correcting codes that include some of the best random and burst correcting codes currently known. It is well known that an (n,k) Reed Solomon code can correct up to (n - k)/2 errors. Many applications utilizing Reed Solomon codes require corrections of errors consisting primarily of bursts. In this paper, it is shown that the burst correcting ability of Reed Solomon codes can be increased beyond (n - k)/2 with an acceptable probability of miscorrect.

Owsley, P.↗

Links between N-modular redundancy and the theory of error-correcting codes

N-Modular Redundancy (NMR) is one of the best known fault tolerance techniques. Replication of a module to achieve fault tolerance is in some ways analogous to the use of a repetition code where an information symbol is replicated as parity symbols in a codeword. Linear Error-Correcting Codes (ECC) use linear combinations of information symbols as parity symbols which are used to generate syndromes for error patterns. These observations indicate links between the theory of ECC and the use of hardware redundancy for fault tolerance. In this paper, we explore some of these links and show examples of NMR systems where identification of good and failed elements is accomplished in a manner similar to error correction using linear ECC's.

Bobin, V.↗

Comparison of Transmission Error Predictions with Noise Measurements for Several Spur and Helical Gears

Measured sound power data from eight different spur, single and double helical gear designs are compared with predictions of transmission error by the Load Distribution Program. The sound power data was taken from the recent Army-funded Advanced Rotorcraft Transmission project. Tests were conducted in the NASA gear noise rig. Results of both test data and transmission error predictions are made for each harmonic of mesh frequency at several operating conditions. In general, the transmission error predictions compare favorably with the measured noise levels.

Houser, Donald R.↗

Stability and error estimation for Component Adaptive Grid methods

Component adaptive grid (CAG) methods for solving hyperbolic partial differential equations (PDE's) are discussed in this paper. Applying recent stability results for a class of numerical methods on uniform grids. The convergence of these methods for linear problems on component adaptive grids is established here. Furthermore, the computational error can be estimated on CAG's using the stability results. Using these estimates, the error can be controlled on CAG's. Thus, the solution can be computed efficiently on CAG's within a given error tolerance. Computational results for time dependent linear problems in one and two space dimensions are presented.

Oliger, Joseph↗

The optical and X-ray content of the 1992 May 1 gamma-ray burst error box

A gamma-ray burst which occurred on 1992 May 1 was observed by three spacecraft in the third interplanetary network, and rapidly localized to a small error box. The coordinates were promptly circulated to a wide astronomical community, and radio, optical, and X-ray counterpart searches were carried out. A weak X-ray source was found in the error box, and two radio sources are discovered outside the error box, but in alignment with the X-ray source. The X-ray source position contains approximately 25 optical objects down to 23d magnitude. We discuss the prospects for identifying the burster counterpart.

Hurley, K.↗

Observations of geographically correlated orbit errors for TOPEX/Poseidon using the global positioning system

We have compared Global Positioning System (GPS)-based dynamic and reduced-dynamic TOPEX/Poseidon orbits over three 10-day repeat cycles of the ground-track. The results suggest that the prelaunch joint gravity model (JGM-1) introduces geographically correlated errors (GCEs) which have a strong meridional dependence. The global distribution and magnitude of these GCEs are consistent with a prelaunch covariance analysis, with estimated and predicted global rms error statistics of 2.3 and 2.4 cm rms, respectively. Repeating the analysis with the post-launch joint gravity model (JGM-2) suggests that a portion of the meridional dependence observed in JGM-1 still remains, with global rms error of 1.2 cm.

Christensen, E. J.↗

Error modeling for GPS geodetic applications

An extensive investigation was conducted to provide realistic error models for Global Positioning System (GPS) related numerical simulation. This study considers most of the important error sources for measurement and dynamic models which are currently being used for GPS geodetic applications. These error models were evaluated by comparing with real GPS data.

Rim, Hyung Jin↗

A method for correcting aspect solution errors in ROSAT HRI observations of compact sources

X-ray point sources observed with the ROSAT High Resolution Imager (HRI) often appear elongated over scales of approximately 5 sec-10 sec from the image core. This elongation has been attributed to errors in the attitude correction as the satellite is wobbled during the observations, and affects sources with both soft and hard X-ray spectra. In this paper, I report the results of an attempt to rid a high signal-to-noise observation of the soft X-ray point source HZ 43 of its characteristic elongation. I divided the observation into 181 separate images, each containing photons from only a small region on the detector through which the source passed during the satellite's wobble. By measuring the positions of the individual image centroids, I found clear evidence for systematic offsets from a common mean by up to approximately +/- 3 sec in both right ascension and declination as a function of phase in the satellite wobble. Shifting the subimages to a common center and then restacking them into a single image measurably improved the symmetry of the point-spread function. HRI observations are wobbled primarily to smooth out variations in the pixel-to-pixel sensitivity of the detector and also to extend the lifetime of the microchannel plates in the detector since these decay at a given location as a function of the number of photons detected. However, the elongations introduced by the aspect errors inhibit the identification of possible extended X-ray emission associated with sources such as pulsars and active galactic nuclei. In light of these results, I suggest that until the aspect errors are understood, observations of compact sources, where this effect may be important, should not be wobbled.

Morse, Jon A.↗

Error in predicting hydrosol backscattering from remotely sensed reflectance

Monte Carlo simulations are carried out to determine the error in the inversion of backscattering from remotely sensed reflectance when geometrical shape factors of the light field are assumed to be unity. The results show that error in backscattering inversion can vary from a 40% overestimation to a 20% underestimation and is dependent on the solar angle and the hydrosol consituents contributing to backscattering. The simulations also demostrate that for chlorophyll concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 20 mg/cu m the most dramatic change in the geometrical shape factors occurs near 1.0 to 1.5 mg/cu m chlorophyll. The potential importance of bacteria in influencing the shape factor and the subsequent effect of bacteria on the retrieval of the backscattering from remote sensing reflectance are shown. Quartzlike material's strong impact on geometrical shape factors and errors of retrieval of backscattering at low chlorophyll concentrations are also demonstrated. Remote sensing reflectance inversion schemes must include information about the backscattering function to be successful.

Weidemann, A. D.↗

Image data compression having minimum perceptual error

A method for performing image compression that eliminates redundant and invisible image components is described. The image compression uses a Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and each DCT coefficient yielded by the transform is quantized by an entry in a quantization matrix which determines the perceived image quality and the bit rate of the image being compressed. The present invention adapts or customizes the quantization matrix to the image being compressed. The quantization matrix comprises visual masking by luminance and contrast techniques and by an error pooling technique all resulting in a minimum perceptual error for any given bit rate, or minimum bit rate for a given perceptual error.

Watson, Andrew B.↗