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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,081 records · Page 60
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

Detecting anomalous behavior via user authentication graphs

Significant and aggregate user authentication activity may be analyzed across a population of users and computers in one or more networks to differentiate between authorized users and intruders in a network, and/or to detect inappropriate behavior by otherwise authorized users. Dynamic graphs and graph models over user and computer authentication activity, including time-constrained models, may be used for the purposes of profiling and analyzing user behavior in computer networks. More specifically, an edge-based breadth first search of graphs may be used that enforces time-constraints while maintaining traditional breadth first search computational complexity equivalence.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2014

The effect of substrate on thermodynamic and kinetic anisotropies in atomic thin films

Glasses have a wide range of technological applications. The recent discovery of ultrastable glasses that are obtained by depositing the vapor of a glass-forming liquid onto the surface of a cold substrate has sparked renewed interest in the effects of confinements on physicochemical properties of liquids and glasses. Here, we use molecular dynamics simulations to study the effect of substrate on thin films of a model glass-forming liquid, the Kob-Andersen binary Lennard-Jones system, and compute profiles of several thermodynamic and kinetic properties across the film. We observe that the substrate can induce large oscillations in profiles of thermodynamic properties such as density, composition, and stress, and we establish a correlation between the oscillations in total density and the oscillations in normal stress. We also demonstrate that the kinetic properties of an atomic film can be readily tuned by changing the strength of interactions between the substrate and the liquid. Most notably, we show that a weakly attractive substrate can induce the emergence of a highly mobile region in its vicinity. In this highly mobile region, structural relaxation is several times faster than in the bulk, and the exploration of the potential energy landscape is also more efficient. In the subsurface region near a strongly attractive substrate, however, the dynamics is decelerated and the sampling of the potential energy landscape becomes less efficient than the bulk. We explain these two distinct behaviors by establishing a correlation between the oscillations in kinetic properties and the oscillations in lateral stress. Our findings offer interesting opportunities for designing better substrates for the vapor deposition process or developing alternative procedures for situations where vapor deposition is not feasible.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

A method for the estimation of p-mode parameters from averaged solar oscillation power spectra

A new fitting methodology is presented that is equally well suited for the estimation of low-, medium-, and high-degree mode parameters from m-averaged solar oscillation power spectra of widely differing spectral resolution. This method, which we call the “Windowed, MuLTiple-Peak, averaged-spectrum” or WMLTP Method, constructs a theoretical profile by convolving the weighted sum of the profiles of the modes appearing in the fitting box with the power spectrum of the window function of the observing run, using weights from a leakage matrix that takes into account observational and physical effects, such as the distortion of modes by solar latitudinal differential rotation. We demonstrate that the WMLTP Method makes substantial improvements in the inferences of the properties of the solar oscillations in comparison with a previous method, which employed a single profile to represent each spectral peak. We also present an inversion for the internal solar structure, which is based upon 6366 modes that we computed using the WMLTP method on the 66 day 2010 Solar and Heliospheric Observatory/MDI Dynamics Run. To improve both the numerical stability and reliability of the inversion, we developed a new procedure for the identification and correction of outliers in a frequency dataset. We present evidence for a pronounced departure of the sound speed in the outer half of the solar convection zone and in the subsurface shear layer from the radial sound speed profile contained in Model S of Christensen-Dalsgaard and his collaborators that existed in the rising phase of Solar Cycle 24 during mid-2010.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Disentangling plant- and environment-mediated drivers of active rhizosphere bacterial community dynamics during short-term drought

Abstract Mitigating the effects of climate stress on crops is important for global food security. The microbiome associated with plant roots, the rhizobiome, can harbor beneficial microbes that alleviate stress, but the factors influencing their recruitment are unclear. We conducted a greenhouse experiment using field soil with a legacy of growing switchgrass and common bean to investigate the impact of short-term drought severity on the recruitment of active bacterial rhizobiome members. We applied 16S rRNA and 16S rRNA gene sequencing for both crops and metabolite profiling for switchgrass. We included planted and unplanted conditions to distinguish environment- versus plant-mediated rhizobiome drivers. Differences in community structure were observed between crops and between drought and watered and planted and unplanted treatments within crops. Despite crop-specific communities, drought rhizobiome dynamics were similar across the two crops. The presence of a plant more strongly explained the rhizobiome variation in bean (17%) than in switchgrass (3%), with a small effect of plant mediation during drought observed only for the bean rhizobiome. The switchgrass rhizobiome was stable despite changes in rhizosphere metabolite profiles between planted and unplanted treatments. We conclude that rhizobiome responses to short-term drought are crop-specific, with possible decoupling of plant exudation from rhizobiome responses.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Super-Maxwellian helium evaporation from pure and salty water

Helium atoms evaporate from pure water and salty solutions in super-Maxwellian speed distributions, as observed experimentally and modeled theoretically. The experiments are performed by monitoring the velocities of dissolved He atoms that evaporate from microjets of pure water at 252 K and 4–8.5 molal LiCl and LiBr at 232–252 K. The average He atom energies exceed the flux-weighted Maxwell-Boltzmann average of 2RT by 30% for pure water and 70% for 8.5m LiBr. Classical molecular dynamics simulations closely reproduce the observed speed distributions and provide microscopic insight into the forces that eject the He atoms from solution. Comparisons of the density profile and He kinetic energies across the water-vacuum interface indicate that the He atoms are accelerated by He–water collisions within the top 1-2 layers of the liquid. We also find that the average He atom kinetic energy scales with the free energy of solvation of this sparingly soluble gas. This free-energy difference reflects the steeply decreasing potential of mean force on the He atoms in the interfacial region, whose gradient is the repulsive force that tends to expel the atoms. The accompanying sharp decrease in water density suppresses the He–water collisions that would otherwise maintain a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, allowing the He atom to escape at high energies. Helium is especially affected by this reduction in collisions because its weak interactions make energy transfer inefficient.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2013

AN INVENTORY OF THE STELLAR INITIAL MASS FUNCTION IN EARLY-TYPE GALAXIES

Given a flurry of recent claims for systematic variations in the stellar initial mass function (IMF), we carry out the first inventory of the observational evidence using different approaches. This includes literature results, as well as our own new findings from combined stellar population synthesis (SPS) and Jeans dynamical analyses of data on {approx}4500 early-type galaxies (ETGs) from the SPIDER project. We focus on the mass-to-light ratio mismatch relative to the Milky Way IMF, {delta}{sub IMF}, correlated against the central stellar velocity dispersion, {sigma}{sub *}. We find a strong correlation between {delta}{sub IMF} and {sigma}{sub *}, for a wide set of dark matter (DM) model profiles. These results are robust if a uniform halo response to baryons is adopted across the sample. The overall normalization of {delta}{sub IMF} and the detailed DM profile are less certain, but the data are consistent with standard cold DM halos and a central DM fraction that is roughly constant with {sigma}{sub *}. For a variety of related studies in the literature, using SPS, dynamics, and gravitational lensing, similar results are found. Studies based solely on spectroscopic line diagnostics agree on a Salpeter-like IMF at high {sigma}{sub *} but differ at low {sigma}{sub *}. Overall, we find that multiple independent lines of evidence appear to be converging on a systematic variation in the IMF, such that high-{sigma}{sub *} ETGs have an excess of low-mass stars relative to spirals and low-{sigma}{sub *} ETGs. Robust verification of super-Salpeter IMFs in the highest-{sigma}{sub *} galaxies will require additional scrutiny of scatter and systematic uncertainties. The implications for the distribution of DM are still inconclusive.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Species Separation and Other Kinetic Effects at Shock Wave Fronts in Plasma Mixtures Assessed using Molecular Dynamics

The propagation of a shock through a binary plasma mixture of hydrogen isotopes is simulated with molecular dynamics (MD) and a multispecies continuum hydrodynamics model. Separation of the two species due to their mass difference is observed at the shock front in both simulations. We analyze the shock structure in detail to determine which aspects of the wave propagation and shock profile obey single-fluid hydrodynamics and which require multi-component hydrodynamics with Fickian and barodiffusion. In order to reduce possible sources of uncertainty due to transport models used in the continuum simulations, we have performed separate, equilibrium MD simulations which verify the accuracy of the recently proposed Kinetic Molecular Dynamics (KMD) viscosity model, even at the relatively cold pre-shock temperature of 1 eV. We find the post-shock temperature and density are generally consistent between continuum and atomic-scale calculations, but the MD simulations predict a significantly larger thickness of the leading light-ion shock front, with some associated differences in the species separation. We analyze the shape and anisotropy of the MD velocity distributions in detail and compute the electric field at the shock interface from both the MD and continuum simulations. We find that the continuum hydrodynamics calculation captures the major features of the electric fi eld through the electron pressure term in the barodiffusion model and conclude that the differences observed in the shock structures from the two simulations arise largely from non-Maxwellian effects in the longitudinal velocities (the velocities in the direction that the shock propagates) that are not captured in the hydrodynamic simulations.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Implementing Inertial Control for PMSG-WTG in Region 2 Using Virtual Synchronous Generator with Multiple Virtual Rotating Masses

With the increasing integration of renewable energy, the problems associated with a deteriorating grid frequency profile and potential power system instability have become more significant. In this paper, the inertial control algorithm using a virtual synchronous generator (VSG) is implemented on a Type 4 permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbine generator (WTG). The overall nonlinear dynamic model and its small-signal linearization of the PMSG-WTG using a VSG is established and comprehensively analyzed. Inevitably, the direct application of the VSG introduces a large inertia, which causes conflict between the fast variance of available wind power and inverter control with slow dynamics, particularly in Region 2 of the wind turbine. Aiming to address such issues, a VSG with multiple virtual rotating masses is proposed to improve the active power tracking performance as well as to boost the inertial control of a VSG. The inertial responses are verified in a modified 10-MVA IEEE 14-bus microgrid system. The assessment of the simulation results demonstrates the applicability of the VSG on renewable energy generation units.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2012

Molecular Mechanism of Specific Ion Interactions Between Alkali Cations and Acetate Anion in Aqueous Solution: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Specific ion interactions between the alkali cations (i.e., Li+, Na+ and K+) and an acetate anion in aqueous solution were studied using molecular dynamics simulation techniques and polarizable potential models. The ions-acetate systems were used as a model for understanding the interactions between ions and protein surfaces. We computed free energy profiles for different ion pairs using constrained mean force methods. Upon analyzing the computed free energy profiles for the Na+/K+-acetate ion-pairs, we observed a deeper contact ion minimum and also a larger association constant for the Na+-acetate pair compared to the corresponding K+-acetate pair. These observations help to demonstrate the preferential binding of Na+ over K+ to protein surfaces.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2013

DISCOVERY OF NINE INTERMEDIATE-REDSHIFT COMPACT QUIESCENT GALAXIES IN THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY

We identify nine galaxies with dynamical masses of M {sub dyn} ∼> 10{sup 10} M {sub ☉} as photometric point sources, but with redshifts between z = 0.2 and z = 0.6, in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) spectro-photometric database. All nine galaxies have archival Hubble Space Telescope images. Surface brightness profile fitting confirms that all nine galaxies are extremely compact (0.4 < R {sub e,c} < 6.6 kpc with the median R {sub e,c} = 0.74 kpc) for their velocity dispersion (110 < σ < 340 km s{sup –1}; median σ = 178 km s{sup –1}). From the SDSS spectra, three systems are dominated by very young stars; the other six are older than ∼1 Gyr (two are E+A galaxies). The three young galaxies have disturbed morphologies and the older systems have smooth profiles consistent with a single-Sérsic function. All nine lie below the z ∼ 0 velocity dispersion-half-light radius relation. The most massive system—SDSSJ123657.44+631115.4—lies right within the locus for massive compact z > 1 galaxies and the other eight objects follow the high-redshift dynamical size-mass relation.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Linear stability and nonlinear dynamics of the fishbone mode in spherical tokamaks

Extensive linear and nonlinear simulations have been carried out to investigate the energetic particle-driven fishbone instability in spherical tokamak plasmas with weakly reversed q profile and the q{sub min} slightly above unity. The global kinetic-MHD hybrid code M3D-K is used. Numerical results show that a fishbone instability is excited by energetic beam ions preferentially at higher q{sub min} values, consistent with the observed appearance of the fishbone before the “long-lived mode” in MAST and NSTX experiments. In contrast, at lower q{sub min} values, the fishbone tends to be stable. In this case, the beam ion effects are strongly stabilizing for the non-resonant kink mode. Nonlinear simulations show that the fishbone saturates with strong downward frequency chirping as well as radial flattening of the beam ion distribution. An (m, n) = (2, 1) magnetic island is found to be driven nonlinearly by the fishbone instability, which could provide a trigger for the (2, 1) neoclassical tearing mode sometimes observed after the fishbone instability in NSTX.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Real Time and Forecasted DLR: Use Cases

This document contains two use cases for the utilization of dynamic line ratings in operational practices. These use cases were developed in support of the Transmission Optimization and Grid Enhancing Technology (TOGETS) task force aimed at facilitating the deployment of dynamic line rating and power flow technologies across the United States. The project included a demonstration of the technology on the Idaho National Laboratory system. The procurement documents, tests scripts, and field-validated results from multiple vendors will be published to improve industry’s familiarity with the products. Because of the urgency in performing this work and INL’s unique test setup, the Task Force identified a need for additional public information on the information exchanges required for operationalizing DLR (i.e. integrating DLR’s within actual system operations). As such, this use case document and an accompanying interoperability profile have been developed with input from the Task Force and various vendors whose systems would ultimately support the functionality described. The use case and interoperability profile support two distinct functionalities with different purposes.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2023

A sui generis whipping-instability-based self-sequencing multi-monodisperse 2D spray from an anisotropic microfluidic liquid jet device

Well-defined aerosols pave the way for versatile basic and applied research. Here, we demonstrate a unique whipping instability that generates from a high-aspect-ratio microfluidic device resulting in a unique steady-state gas-focused whipping jet (WJ) without any need for electrification. This WJ device emanates a multi-monodisperse whipping spray jet with a two-dimensional (2D) profile. We demonstrate this phenomenon based on various fluidic parameters theoretically and experimentally. The 2D WJ’s unique behavior is derived using analytical fluid dynamics to explain jet diameter, whipping regime, and spreading angle. The phenomenon is further characterized experimentally by measuring the angle with respect to the flow rate, the distances between droplets, the droplet shapes, and the reproducibility of these parameters. We also explain the precise fabrication of such inexpensive devices. Lastly, we highlight these devices’ potential use as sample environments in versatile applications ranging from cryoelectron microscopy over mass spectrometry to drug formulation and structural studies at X-ray free-electron lasers.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2019

Practical gyrokinetics

We report thousands of gyrokinetic papers have been published since the introduction of the gyrokinetic change of variables. The intent here is not to review the field, but rather the goal is to present a tutorial providing insight into why gyrokinetics is an appropriate description of turbulent transport. The focus is on turbulent transport in axisymmetric tokamaks, but many of the ideas and techniques are applicable to stellarators and other magnetic fusion devices with nested surfaces of constant pressure. Besides the origins of gyrokinetics and recent insights, gyrokinetic orderings and gyrokinetic variables are summarized. Then a compact, but careful, derivation of the simplest electrostatic gyrokinetic equation for tokamaks is presented, along with a brief mention of gyrokinetics for stellarators. The advantages of assuming scale separation between the finer spatial scales and faster time variation of the turbulence and the global behaviour and slow temporal evolution of the background are stressed. Moreover, the procedure for removing the adiabatic or Maxwell–Boltzmann response is emphasized. Scale separation allows the near Maxwellian behaviour of the background and the rapid variation of the turbulence to be described by separate, local gyrokinetic equations. The turbulent fluctuations are found by solving the nonlinear gyrokinetic equation for the non-adiabatic portion of the fluctuating distribution function. Also, generalizations of the gyrokinetic equation so that it retains electromagnetic and flow modifications are considered in detail along with some symmetry properties. In addition, ambipolarity, particle transport and heat transport are addressed, along with a discussion of the complications associated with describing momentum transport and profile evolution.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Charged nanoparticle attraction in multivalent salt solution: A classical-fluids density functional theory and molecular dynamics study

Here, negatively charged nanoparticles (NPs) in 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 electrolyte solutions are studied in a primitive ion model using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and classical density functional theory (DFT). We determine the conditions for attractive interactions between the like-charged NPs. Ion density profiles and NP–NP interaction free energies are compared between the two methods and are found to be in qualitative agreement. The NP interaction free energy is purely repulsive for monovalent counterions, but can be attractive for divalent and trivalent counterions. Using DFT, the NP interaction free energy for different NP diameters and charges is calculated. The depth and location of the minimum in the interaction depend strongly on the NPs’ charge. For certain parameters, the depth of the attractive well can reach 8–10 k B T, indicating that kinetic arrest and aggregation of the NPs due to electrostatic interactions is possible. Rich behavior arises from the geometric constraints of counterion packing at the NP surface. Layering of counterions around the NPs is observed and, as secondary counterion layers form the minimum of the NP–NP interaction free energy shifts to larger separation, and the depth of the free energy minimum varies dramatically. We find that attractive interactions occur with and without NP overcharging.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2012

RELATION BETWEEN THE CORONAL MASS EJECTION ACCELERATION AND THE NON-THERMAL FLARE CHARACTERISTICS

We investigate the relationship between the main acceleration phase of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and the particle acceleration in the associated flares as evidenced in Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager non-thermal X-rays for a set of 37 impulsive flare-CME events. Both the CME peak velocity and peak acceleration yield distinct correlations with various parameters characterizing the flare-accelerated electron spectra. The highest correlation coefficient is obtained for the relation of the CME peak velocity and the total energy in accelerated electrons (c = 0.85), supporting the idea that the acceleration of the CME and the particle acceleration in the associated flare draw their energy from a common source, probably magnetic reconnection in the current sheet behind the erupting structure. In general, the CME peak velocity shows somewhat higher correlations with the non-thermal flare parameters than the CME peak acceleration, except for the spectral index of the accelerated electron spectrum, which yields a higher correlation with the CME peak acceleration (c Almost-Equal-To -0.6), indicating that the hardness of the flare-accelerated electron spectrum is tightly coupled to the impulsive acceleration process of the rising CME structure. We also obtained high correlations between the CME initiation height h{sub 0} and the non-thermal flare parameters, with the highest correlation of h{sub 0} to the spectral index {delta} of flare-accelerated electrons (c Almost-Equal-To 0.8). This means that CMEs erupting at low coronal heights, i.e., in regions of stronger magnetic fields, are accompanied by flares that are more efficient at accelerating electrons to high energies. In the majority of events ({approx}80%), the non-thermal flare emission starts after the CME acceleration, on average delayed by Almost-Equal-To 6 minutes, in line with the standard flare model where the rising flux rope stretches the field lines underneath until magnetic reconnection sets in. We find that the current sheet length at the onset of magnetic reconnection is 21 {+-} 7 Mm. The flare hard X-ray peaks are well synchronized with the peak of the CME acceleration profile, and in 75% of the cases they occur within {+-}5 minutes. Our findings provide strong evidence for the tight coupling between the CME dynamics and the particle acceleration in the associated flare in impulsive events, with the total energy in accelerated electrons being closely correlated with the peak velocity (and thus the kinetic energy) of the CME, whereas the number of electrons accelerated to high energies is decisively related to the CME peak acceleration and the height of the pre-eruptive structure.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Hysteresis as a probe of turbulent bifurcation in intrinsic rotation reversals on Alcator C-Mod

Analysis and modeling of a new set of rotation reversal hysteresis experiments unambiguously show that changes in turbulence are responsible for the intrinsic rotation reversal and the linear to saturated ohmic confinement (LOC/SOC) transition on Alcator C-Mod. Plasmas on either side of the reversal exhibit different toroidal rotation profiles and therefore different turbulence characteristics despite profiles of density and temperature that are indistinguishable within measurement uncertainty. The deactivation of subdominant (in linear growth rate and heat transport) ion-temperature gradient and trapped electron mode-like instabilities in a mixedmode state is identified as the only possible change in turbulence within a quasilinear transport approximation across the reversal which is consistent with the measured profiles and the inferred heat and particle fluxes. This indicates an explanation for the LOC/SOC transition that provides a mechanism for hysteresis through the dynamics of subdominant modes and changes in their relative populations, and does not involve a change in most (linearly) unstable ion-scale drift-wave instability.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗