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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 109 records · Page 6
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2005

Modified Penning-Malmberg Trap for Storing Antiprotons

A modified Penning-Malmberg trap that could store a small cloud of antiprotons for a relatively long time (weeks) has been developed. This trap is intended for use in research on the feasibility of contemplated future matter/antimatter-annihilation systems as propulsion sources for spacecraft on long missions. This trap is also of interest in its own right as a means of storing and manipulating antiprotons for terrestrial scientific experimentation. The use of Penning-Malmberg traps to store antiprotons is not new. What is new here is the modified trap design, which utilizes state-of-the-art radiofrequency (RF) techniques, including ones that, heretofore, have been used in radio-communication applications but not in iontrap applications. A basic Penning-Malmberg trap includes an evacuated round tube that contains or is surrounded by three or more collinear tube electrodes. A steady axial magnetic field that reaches a maximum at the geometric center of the tube is applied by an external source, and DC bias voltages that give rise to an electrostatic potential that reaches a minimum at the center are applied to the electrodes. The combination of electric and magnetic fields confines the charged particles (ions or electrons) for which it was designed to a prolate spheroidal central region. However, geometric misalignments and the diffusive cooling process prevent the steady fields of a basic Penning- Malmberg trap from confining the particles indefinitely. In the modified Penning-Malmberg trap, the loss of antiprotons is reduced or eliminated by use of a "rotating-wall" RF stabilization scheme that also heats the antiproton cloud to minimize loss by matter/antimatter annihilation. The scheme involves the superposition of a quadrupole electric field that rotates about the cylindrical axis at a suitably chosen radio frequency. The modified Penning-Malmberg trap (see Figure 1) includes several collinear sets of electrodes inside a tubular vacuum chamber. Each set comprises either a single metal tube or else a tube that is segmented into four electrodes that subtend equal angles about the cylindrical axis. The output of an RF signal generator is fed through a 90 hybrid coupler and then through two baluns to generate four replicas of the signal at relative phase shifts of 0 , 90 , 180 , and 270 (see Figure 2). These signal replicas are fed through 6-dB directional couplers, then via coaxial cables to the vacuum chamber. The signal is then routed to a phase cancellation network, which filters out the drive signal with the difference representing the plasma interaction. Inside the vacuum chamber, twisted-pair wires feed the signals from the coaxial cables to the four electrodes of each segmented electrode tube.

Sims, William H.↗
NASA NTRS2013

Evidence of Nanoflare Heating in Coronal Loops Observed with Hinolde-XRT and SDO-AIA

We study a series of coronal loop lightcurves from X-ray and EUV observations. In search for signatures of nanoflare heating, we analyze the statistical properties of the observed lightcurves and compare them with synthetic cases obtained with a 2D cellular-automaton model based on nanoflare heating driven by photospheric motions. Our analysis shows that the observed and the model lightcurves have similar statistical properties. The asymmetries observed in the distribution of the intensity fluctuations indicate the possible presence of widespread cooling processes in sub-resolution magnetic strands.

Lopez-Fuentes, M. C.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Modeling Self-Pressurization and Spray Bar Pressure Control of a Cryogenic Storage Tank in Normal Gravity

This paper presents Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models for simulating self-pressurization and spray bar cooling processes in a large-scale liquid hydrogen storage tank under normal gravity. The self-pressurization model utilizes the kinetics-based Schrage equation with the Volume-Of-Fluid (VOF) model to account for the evaporative and condensing interfacial mass fluxes. It uses a laminar approach to model natural convection and compares the pressures and temperatures predicted by the CFD model with experimental data from the Multipurpose Hydrogen Test Bed (MHTB) self-pressurization experiment. Additionally, the predicted interfacial mass flux is presented. A CFD model for simulating pressure control using a spray bar is also presented. An Eulerian-Lagrangian approach models the interactions between the discrete droplets and the continuous ullage phase. The spray model is coupled with the VOF model by tracking particles in the ullage, removing particles from the ullage when they reach the interface, and then adding their contributions to the liquid. The T-sat model is used to calculate the droplet-ullage heat and mass transfer. In this model, droplets warm up to the saturation temperature corresponding to the ullage vapor pressure thereafter evaporating while remaining at the saturation temperature. The tank pressure, vapor, and liquid temperature evolutions are validated against data from the MHTB spray bar mixing experiment.

Self-Pressurization↗
NASA NTRS1979

Heat pipe cooling of power processing magnetics

The constant demand for increased power and reduced mass has raised the internal temperature of conventionally cooled power magnetics toward the upper limit of acceptability. The conflicting demands of electrical isolation, mechanical integrity, and thermal conductivity preclude significant further advancements using conventional approaches. However, the size and mass of multikilowatt power processing systems may be further reduced by the incorporation of heat pipe cooling directly into the power magnetics. Additionally, by maintaining lower more constant temperatures, the life and reliability of the magnetic devices will be improved. A heat pipe cooled transformer and input filter have been developed for the 2.4 kW beam supply of a 30-cm ion thruster system. This development yielded a mass reduction of 40% (1.76 kg) and lower mean winding temperature (20 C lower). While these improvements are significant, preliminary designs predict even greater benefits to be realized at higher power. This paper presents the design details along with the results of thermal vacuum operation and the component performance in a 3 kW breadboard power processor.

Hansen, I. G.↗
NASA NTRS1978

System design package for the solar heating and cooling central data processing system

The central data processing system provides the resources required to assess the performance of solar heating and cooling systems installed at remote sites. These sites consist of residential, commercial, government, and educational types of buildings, and the solar heating and cooling systems can be hot-water, space heating, cooling, and combinations of these. The instrumentation data associated with these systems will vary according to the application and must be collected, processed, and presented in a form which supports continuity of performance evaluation across all applications. Overall software system requirements were established for use in the central integration facility which transforms raw data collected at remote sites into performance evaluation information for assessing the performance of solar heating and cooling systems.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1976

Preliminary design review package for the solar heating and cooling central data processing system

The Central Data Processing System (CDPS) is designed to transform the raw data collected at remote sites into performance evaluation information for assessing the performance of solar heating and cooling systems. Software requirements for the CDPS are described. The programming standards to be used in development, documentation, and maintenance of the software are discussed along with the CDPS operations approach in support of daily data collection and processing.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1988

Fluorescence processes and line identifications in the UV spectra of cool stars

Fluorescence processes active in the outer atmospheres of noncoronal cool stars and the UV lines they produce are summarized. Eight pumping processes and 21 fluorescent line products are discussed. The processes, which produce 12 lines, involves energy levels not previously known to be radiatively populated. Four of these are examples of self-fluorescence, whereby one or more lines of Fe II photo-excite through coincident lines the upper levels of other Fe II lines lines seen in emission, while two others explain the selective excitation of solitary Ni II and Si I lines. Nine of the line products are decays from levels in Fe I and Fe II already known to be radiatively populated.

Carpenter, Kenneth G.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Development of gas-pressure bonding process for air-cooled turbine blades

An investigation was conducted on the application of gas-pressure bonding to the joining of components for convectively cooled turbine blades and vanes. A processing procedure was established for joining the fins of Udimet 700 and TD NiCr sheet metal airfoil shells to cast B1900 struts without the use of internal support tooling. Alternative methods employing support tooling were investigated. Testing procedures were developed and employed to determine shear strengths and internal burst pressures of flat and cylindrical bonded finned shell configurations at room temperature and 1750 F. Strength values were determined parallel and transverse to the cooling fin direction. The effect of thermal cycles from 1750 F to room temperature on strength was also investigated.

Meiners, K. E.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Ispra Mark-10 water splitting process

A thermochemical water splitting process, the Ispra Mark-10 chemical reaction cycle, was chosen for examining the possibility of using water to produce hydrogen on a large scale for fuel and major industrial chemical uses. The assumed energy source for the process is an HTGR (helium cooled). A process flow diagram, a material balance, and an energy balance were developed for the thermochemical reaction cycle. Principal reactions which constitute the cycle are included.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1984

Liquid-Droplet Radiative Cooler

Large-area, low-mass radiative cooler applicable to industrial processes requiring non-contacting cooling of process fluids. Droplet-stream radiators are used to radiate away waste heat. Extensive development required to produce practical system for terrestrial use. Effects of gravity and atmosphere are to be evaluated.

Knapp, K. K.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Interstellar processes; Proceedings of the Symposium, Grand Teton National Park, WY, July 1-7, 1986

The conference presents papers on the Milky Way as a galaxy; observations of components of the interstellar medium; interstellar magnetic properties; interstellar processes on a galactic scale; dynamical processes in interstellar clouds; interstellar dust grains; interstellar chemical processes; and heating, cooling, and radiative processes. Attention is given to H2 in the Galaxy, hot interstellar gas in the Galactic disk and halo, interstellar magnetic fields, cloud formation and destruction, theoretical approaches to interstellar turbulence, and infrared absorption and emission characteristics of interstellar PAHs. Other topics include gas phase chemical processes in molecular clouds, the chemical evolution of galaxies, and the atomic and molecular physics of interstellar heating and cooling.

Hollenbach, David J.↗
NASA NTRS1938

Heat-transfer processes in air-cooled engine cylinders

From a consideration of heat-transfer theory, semi-empirical expressions are set up for the transfer of heat from the combustion gases to the cylinder of an air-cooled engine and from the cylinder to the cooling air. Simple equations for the average head and barrel temperatures as functions of the important engine and cooling variables are obtained from these expressions. The expressions involve a few empirical constants, which may be readily determined from engine tests. Numerical values for these constants were obtained from single-cylinder engine tests for cylinders of the Pratt & Whitney 1535 and 1340-h engines. The equations provide a means of calculating the effect of the various engine and cooling variables on the cylinder temperatures and also of correlating the results of engine cooling tests. An example is given of the application of the equations to the correlation of cooling-test data obtained in flight.

Pinkel, Benjamin↗
NASA NTRS1992

Water Purification

Silver ionization water purification technology was originally developed for Apollo spacecraft. It was later used to cleanse swimming pools and has now been applied to industrial cooling towers and process coolers. Sensible Technologies, Inc. has added two other technologies to the system, which occupies only six square feet. It is manufactured in three capacities, and larger models are custom built on request. The system eliminates scale, corrosion, algae, bacteria and debris, and because of the NASA technology, viruses and waterborne bacteria are also destroyed. Applications include a General Motors cooling tower, amusement parks, ice manufacture and a closed-loop process cooling system.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS2008

Development and Characterization of the Bonding and Integration Technologies Needed for Fabricating Silicon Carbide Based Injector Components

Advanced ceramic bonding and integration technologies play a critical role in the fabrication and application of silicon carbide based components for a number of aerospace and ground based applications. One such application is a lean direct injector for a turbine engine to achieve low NOx emissions. Ceramic to ceramic diffusion bonding and ceramic to metal brazing technologies are being developed for this injector application. For the diffusion bonding technology, titanium interlayers (coatings and foils) were used to aid in the joining of silicon carbide (SiC) substrates. The influence of such variables as surface finish, interlayer thickness, and processing time were investigated. Electron microprobe analysis was used to identify the reaction formed phases. In the diffusion bonds, an intermediate phase, Ti5Si3Cx, formed that is thermally incompatible in its thermal expansion and caused thermal stresses and cracking during the processing cool-down. Thinner interlayers of pure titanium and/or longer processing times resulted in an optimized microstructure. Tensile tests on the joined materials resulted in strengths of 13-28 MPa depending on the SiC substrate material. Nondestructive evaluation using ultrasonic immersion showed well formed bonds. For the joining technology of brazing Kovar fuel tubes to silicon carbide, preliminary development of the joining approach has begun. Various technical issues and requirements for the injector application are addressed.

Halbig,Michael C.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Thermal Design Challenges Posed by the Four Bed CO2 Scrubber COTS Air-Save Pump

The Four Bed Carbon Dioxide (4BCO2) scrubber Air-Save Pump (ASP) operates as part of the adsorbent bed regeneration cycle. The ASP removes residual air from the bed for return to the cabin prior to heat and vacuum exposure which drives out the CO2 regenerating the bed. 4BCO2 employs a Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS) scroll type air pump, repackaged in an acoustically insulated enclosure to reduce noise and mounted to a cold plate. The International Space Station (ISS) Low Temperature Loop (LTL) flow (operating between 38°F and 50°F) first cools the process air, and then flows through the cold plate, cooling the pump. This results in competing ASP thermal design goals: (1) to keep the pump and motor sufficiently cool and (2) to avoid forming condensation due to over-cooling. Surfaces below 60°F typically warrant careful consideration of condensation. A test-calibrated thermal model demonstrates such a balanced design is feasible with temperatures above 60°F. A separate, coupled fluid model predicts the potential for condensation formation, allowing risk assessment of flying with the unmodified design.

Daniel P Popok↗
NASA NTRS1990

Formed platelet liner concept for regeneratively cooled chambers

A process for the fabrication of a formed platelet regeneratively cooled combustion chamber liner is described, and the benefits offered by the combustor liner are discussed. The advantages of using formed platelet combustor liners include a substantially increased cycle life and decreased coolant pressure drop in conjunction with low manufacturing costs. In the initial experiments, zirconium copper combustor liner sections with a hot gas wall thickness as small as 0.008 inch and channel aspect ratios of 15 have been achieved. It is also shown that HIP provides an excellent bonding technique for joining chamber liner panels.

Burkhardt, W. M.↗