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At least 109 records · Page 6

Cross Correlation versus Normalized Mutual Information on Image Registration

This is the first study to quantitatively assess and compare cross correlation and normalized mutual information methods used to register images in subpixel scale. The study shows that the normalized mutual information method is less sensitive to unaligned edges due to the spectral response differences than is cross correlation. This characteristic makes the normalized image resolution a better candidate for band to band registration. Improved band-to-band registration in the data from satellite-borne instruments will result in improved retrievals of key science measurements such as cloud properties, vegetation, snow and fire.

band-to-band↗

Impact Forces From Artificial and Real Birds on a Large Diameter Hopkinson Bar

Forces were measured from normal impacts with two different artificial bird recipes and two species of real birds on a very rigid flat surface. The tests were conducted by launching the soft body projectiles axially into a Hopkinson bar in accordance with the SAE AS6940 test standard at three different nominal impact conditions: (a) a 1 kg projectile at an impact velocity of 49 m/sec; (b) a 1.8 kg projectile at an impact velocity of 110 m/sec; and (c) a 1.8 kg projectile at an impact velocity of 310 m/sec. At each condition two artificial birds and one real bird projectile were tested with at least three test repeats. Simulations were conducted to assess the effects of projectile orientation and velocity on predicted forces. The Hopkinson bar consisted of an Aluminum 6061 solid cylindrical bar with a diameter of 305 mm and a length of 7.31 m, made up of two 3.66 m long sections that were in axial contact with each other. The bar was instrumented for strain measurement at two locations, 457.2 mm and 609.6 mm (1.5 and 2 diameters) from the impacted face. Forces were calculated from the measured strain. In addition, digital image correlation (DIC) was used to measure the velocity of the free end of the bar. The real bird projectiles were 1 kg Mallard ducks and 1.8 kg Golden Comet chickens that were prepared per ASTM F330-21. Prior to testing, the real birds were placed in muslin bags to minimize tumbling during flight. Two artificial bird formulations were tested, one produced by the University of Dayton Research Institute (UDRI) and the other by the German Aerospace Center, DLR. The UDRI projectile was a homogeneous, relatively soft solid, formulated with a mixture of water, gelatin and phenolic micro-balloons to achieve a nominal density of 0.95 g/cc. The DLR projectile consisted of a printed plastic shell with internal plastic ribs and filled with a gel material. The projectiles were designed such that the overall average density was the desired value of 0.95 g/cc. Initial testing showed that contact between the two Hopkinson bar segments was not sufficient to allow full transmission of the waves through the interface. For the 49 m/sec and 110 m/sec tests this resulted in reflections returning to the strain measurement site prior to the end of the impact. For these tests only a portion of the force pulse could be accurately measured. For the highest velocity tests at 310 m/sec the force pulse was complete by the time reflected waves interfered with the response. Despite this limitation, useful force data were obtained for all velocities. Impact forces were very sensitive to the impact orientation and velocity. The force history generally consisted of an initial region with varying amplitude followed by a relatively constant amplitude response. The steady state region was similar among all projectiles and similar to what would be predicted for an inviscid fluid with a density of 0.95 g/cc. The initial part of the force response exhibited varying degrees of test-to-test repeatability associated with each projectile type. Forces calculated from DIC velocity measurements of the free end of the bar compared favorably those from the strain measurements. In general, the artificial projectile impact forces were quite repeatable from test to test, with some exceptions which could be explained by issues associated with either the projectile itself or with how the projectile exited the gun barrel. For all impact velocities the initial portion of the impact force from the bird projectiles exhibited large test-to-test variability. In this paper, impact forces for three types of projectiles at three impact velocities will be presented with an emphasis on the test-to-test repeatability of the results. Based on test and simulation results a proposed method for normalizing the impact force to minimize effects of differences in projectile orientation, impact velocity and density will also be discussed.

Bird strike↗

Pressure-fluctuation inputs and response of panels underlying attached and separated supersonic turbulent boundary layers

Results are presented for an investigation of surface pressure fluctuations and response of panels underlying attached and separated turbulent boundary layers and shock waves. Tests conducted at transonic and supersonic Mach numbers to 3.6 to study the pressure fields. Assorted fixed edge flat panels were tested at Mach numbers from 1.6 to 3.6 in attached and completely separated flow fields, and also in mixed flow with a step-induced shock wave oscillating on the panels. The surface pressure fluctuations are described in terms of broadband rms, spectral density, and spatial correlation information. The effectiveness of parameters for scaling the pressure fluctuations is also illustrated. Measurements of the amplitude and strain response of the panels are compared with response computations by the normal mode method of analysis.

Coe, C. F.↗

Random response of rectangular panels to the pressure field beneath a turbulent boundary layer in subsonic flows

The response of a rectangular panel under the excitation of a turbulent boundary layer with a zero longitudinal mean pressure gradient in a subsonic flow was studied in detail. The method of normal mode was used together with the technique of spectral analysis. Both simply supported and clamped edge conditions of a panel were considered, and the displacement power spectral density of the panel response was computed. The results for the clamped edge panel compare favorably with existing data. Charts of structural acceptance, which provide a framework for estimating the response of other rectangular panels, are presented, and the physical significances of structural acceptances discussed.

Chyu, W. J.↗

Lumped parameter analysis of a stringer reinforced plate excited by band limited noise

The maximum root-mean-square response of a square clamped plate, subjected to a stationary random excitation, was determined both theoretically and empirically. For the tests, a 40 x 40 x 1/4 aluminum sheet was milled out to provide a thin waffle plate with 9 panels. The plate was acoustically excited, with the frequency range limited between 25 Hz and 500 Hz. The root-mean-square power of the random excitations, 149 decibels, was nearly constant for all natural frequencies of the plate system. Strain gage readings at 14 points were plotted as power spectral densities and root-mean-square displacements. A modal damping ratio matrix was determined from the response curves. Damping ratios were found to be a function of frequency, but not of location on the plate. For comparisons with the theoretical response, the plate was subdivided into 14 modes and anlayzed as a damped, lumped parameter system by use of an approximate normal-mode method. This method gave the best predictions of the power spectral densities for the lower frequencies. That prediction errors increased for the higher frequencies is attributed to improper assumptions for mass distribution and the insufficient number of lumped mass points.

Bilyeu, D. J.↗

Response of panels to turbulence-induced, surface-pressure fluctuations and resulting acoustic radiation to the flow field.

The response of finite rectangular panels, excited by turbulent boundary layers and the resulting acoustical radiation into the flow field is studied. The method of normal modes and the technique of spectral analysis are used to compute the power spectra of the panel amplitude and strain response. Computed results are compared with the corresponding response measurements for panels exposed to attached and separated flows at supersonic speeds and attached flow at subsonic speeds. The thin plate and the convected wave equations are coupled through the boundary condition on the panel to give a formula for the radiation pressure power spectra. A formula for the acoustical damping ratio of the panel is obtained through the principle of virtual work.-

Chyu, W. J.↗

Recommendations for the performance rating of flat plate terrestrial photovoltaic solar panels

A review of recommendations for standardizing the performance rating of flat plate terrestrial solar panels is given to develop an international standard code of practice for performance rating. Required data to characterize the performance of a solar panel are listed. Other items discussed are: (1) basic measurement procedures; (2) performance measurement in natural sunlight and simulated sunlight; (3) standard solar cells; (4) the normal incidence method; (5) global method and (6) definition of peak power.

Treble, F. C.↗

Economic consequences of improved temperature forecasts: An experiment with the Florida citrus growers (control group results)

A demonstration experiment is being planned to show that frost and freeze prediction improvements are possible utilizing timely Synchronous Meteorological Satellite temperature measurements and that this information can affect Florida citrus grower operations and decisions. An economic experiment was carried out which will monitor citrus growers' decisions, actions, costs and losses, and meteorological forecasts and actual weather events and will establish the economic benefits of improved temperature forecasts. A summary is given of the economic experiment, the results obtained to date, and the work which still remains to be done. Specifically, the experiment design is described in detail as are the developed data collection methodology and procedures, sampling plan, data reduction techniques, cost and loss models, establishment of frost severity measures, data obtained from citrus growers, National Weather Service, and Federal Crop Insurance Corp., resulting protection costs and crop losses for the control group sample, extrapolation of results of control group to the Florida citrus industry and the method for normalization of these results to a normal or average frost season so that results may be compared with anticipated similar results from test group measurements.

Source record↗

Nitrogen tetroxide scrubber data analysis

A major difficulty in the analysis of scrubber data is that of separating the physical effects, such as mass transfer, from the physico-chemical effects, such as reaction rates. This is especially true for the absorbtion of nitrogen tetroxide in the various liquids that were tested in the NASA-Kennedy Space Center Hypergolic Toxic Scrubber Program. A fruitful approach to correlating the data for outlet concentrations was to treat the overall absorbtion as a pseudo first-order absorbtion equation. This approach provided a method for normalizing the data to constant inlet concentration, constant sump liquor condition, and constant scrubbing time, and permitted evaluation of the test and fluid parameters that affected both absorbtion rate and scrubbing time. The analysis indicated that scrubber performance may be improved by optimizing liquor concentrations and liquor flowrate distributions.

Simon, E. D.↗

Economic consequences of improved temperature forecasts: An experiment with the Florida citrus growers (an update of control group results)

The economic experiment, the results obtained to date and the work which still remains to be done are summarized. Specifically, the experiment design is described in detail as are the developed data collection methodology and procedures, sampling plan, data reduction techniques, cost and loss models, establishment of frost severity measures, data obtained from citrus growers, National Weather Service and Federal Crop Insurance Corp. Resulting protection costs and crop losses for the control group sample, extrapolation of results of control group to the Florida citrus industry and the method for normalization of these results to a normal or average frost season so that results may be compared with anticipated similar results from test group measurements are discussed.

Braen, C.↗

Dynamic stability of a rotor blade using finite element analysis

The aeroelastic stability of flap bending, lead-lag bending, and torsion of a helicopter rotor blade in hover is examined using a finite element formulation based on the principle of virtual work. Quasi-steady two-dimensional airfoil theory is used to obtain the aerodynamic loads. The rotor blade is discretized into beam elements, each with ten modal degrees of freedom. The resulting nonlinear equations of motion are solved for steady-state blade deflections through an iterative procedure. The flutter solution is calculated assuming blade motion to be a small perturbation about the steady solution. The normal mode method based on the coupled rotating natural modes about the steady deflections is used to reduce the number of equations in the flutter eigenanalysis. Results are presented for hingeless and articulated rotor blade configurations.

Sivaneri, N. T.↗

Aeroelastic Stability of Rotor Blades Using Finite Element Analysis

The flutter stability of flap bending, lead-lag bending, and torsion of helicopter rotor blades in hover is investigated using a finite element formulation based on Hamilton's principle. The blade is divided into a number of finite elements. Quasi-steady strip theory is used to evaluate the aerodynamic loads. The nonlinear equations of motion are solved for steady-state blade deflections through an iterative procedure. The equations of motion are linearized assuming blade motion to be a small perturbation about the steady deflected shape. The normal mode method based on the coupled rotating natural modes is used to reduce the number of equations in the flutter analysis. First the formulation is applied to single-load-path blades (articulated and hingeless blades). Numerical results show very good agreement with existing results obtained using the modal approach. The second part of the application concerns multiple-load-path blades, i.e. bearingless blades. Numerical results are presented for several analytical models of the bearingless blade. Results are also obtained using an equivalent beam approach wherein a bearingless blade is modelled as a single beam with equivalent properties. Results show the equivalent beam model.

Chopra, I.↗

Investigation of continuously traversing microphone system for mode measurement

The continuously Traversing Microphone System consists of a data acquisition and processing method for obtaining the modal coefficients of the discrete, coherent acoustic field in a fan inlet duct. The system would be used in fan rigs or full scale engine installations where present measurement methods, because of the excessive number of microphones and long test times required, are not feasible. The purpose of the investigation reported here was to develop a method for defining modal structure by means of a continuously traversing microphone system and to perform an evaluation of the method, based upon analytical studies and computer simulated tests. A variety of system parameters were examined, and the effects of deviations from ideal were explored. Effects of traverse speed, digitizing rate, run time, roundoff error, calibration errors, and random noise background level were determined. For constant fan operating speed, the sensitivity of the method to normal errors and deviations was determined to be acceptable. Good recovery of mode coefficients was attainable. Fluctuating fan speed conditions received special attention, and it was concluded that by employing suitable time delay procedures, satisfactory information on mode coefficients can be obtained under realistic conditions. A plan for further development involving fan rig tests was prepared.

Cicon, D. E.↗

Mantle viscosity, J2 and the nontidal acceleration of Earth rotation

Recent interpretations of laser ranging for the LAGEOS satellite have rather conclusively established that the observed acceleration in the node of its orbit is just that expected to exist as a residual effect of the last deglaciation event which ended about 6000 years ago. The nontidal acceleration of rotation would be rather different than that observed if there were any significant melting of high latitude continental ice masses currently ongoing. The sensitivity of the expected nontidal acceleration to variations of several elements of the radial viscoelastic structure of the planet is explored using a new normal mode method for the computation of viscoelastic relaxation spectra. These calculations establish that the most important sensitivity is to variations in the mantle viscosity profile. Although the predicted nontidal acceleration does depend upon lithospheric thickness and on the elastic component of the radial structure, the dependence on these components of the structure is much weaker than it is upon mantle viscosity. The observed J sub 2 is therefore a particularly useful determinant of radial variations in the latter parameter.

Peltier, W. R.↗

Investigation of ultra wideband multi-channel dichroic beamsplitters from 0.3 to 52 microns

The development of a set of multi-channel dichroics which includes a 6 channel dichroic operating over the wavelength region from 0.3 to 52 microns is described. In order to achieve the optimum performance, the optical constraints of PbTe, Ge, and CdTe coatings in the strongly absorptive region have been determined by use of a new iterative method using normal incidence reflectance measurement of the multilayer together with initial values of energy gap and infinite refractive index for the semiconductor model. The design and manufacture of the dichroics is discussed and the final results are presented.

Zhang, K. Q.↗

Stationary and nonstationary random vibrations of laminated composite plates via a higher order theory

Higher order shear deformation theory is utilized to study he weakly stationary and nonstationary random vibrations of cross-ply laminated plates. Normal mode method, in conjunction with the biorthogonality condition, for the nonsymmetric differential equations is applied. Detailed derivation is given for the governing equations, biorthogonality condition, the generalized mass and the generalized forces. Results are listed for a plate which is simply supported at all the edges, and subjected to a point load which is either timewise stationary or nonstationary random process.

Elishakoff, Isaac↗