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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

IUPAC-IUGS recommendation on the half-lives of 147 Sm and 146 Sm

In this paper, the IUPAC-IUGS joint Task Group “Isotopes in Geosciences” recommends a value of (106.25 ± 0.38) Ga for the half-life of 147 Sm, and a corresponding decay constant λ 147 = (6.524 ± 0.024) × 10 –12 a –1 , both with a coverage factor k = 2. For the extinct radionuclide 146 Sm two very different half-lives are used in the scientific community ( c . 68 and 103 Ma), to such a degree that no consensus value can be endorsed at present by the Task Group. Pending dedicated re-investigations it is recommended that papers using the 146 Sm decay to quantify the cosmo/geological evolution of (extra)terrestrial samples perform a twin set of calculations using both proposed half-lives.

146Sm↗
DOE OSTI2023

New method for level-lifetime measurements with thick scintillators

Level lifetimes provide key insight into the structure of atomic nuclei and serve as stringent tests of theoretical descriptions. Though several methods for determining level lifetimes exist for both reaction measurements and decay studies, here the focus is on techniques involving the direct measurement of time differences between population and subsequent depopulation of excited states. The techniques presented herein are broadly applicable across multiple timing ranges, but the approach is specifically described for the βγ timing method. A multi-step, amplitude-dependent time walk correction was employed to address the data analysis complications that arise from using thick scintillators for electron detection. Further, additional corrections for the depth of the interaction must also be performed when the parent isotope has been implanted into the detector. Techniques are presented for performing these time walk and depth of interaction corrections. Subsequently, a new Monte Carlo method utilizing measured detector responses obtained from the data, coupled with chi-square minimization, is presented for extracting excited state lifetimes ≳ 100 picoseconds. The framework of this Monte Carlo method is developed for the decay of a state in 68 Zn with a known 1.6 ps half life, which is considered prompt given the detection sensitivity of the technique, and then benchmarked using two other excited states in neutron-rich Ni isotopes with 120(34) ps and 1.05(3) ns half lives. Using this new method which takes into account the thick scintillator used, these same half lives were measured to be 135(10) ps and 1.04(24) ns, respectively. The overall good agreement demonstrates the validity of the technique.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2020

Nuclear Data Sheets for A=212

Spectroscopic data for all nuclei with mass number A=212 have been evaluated and the corresponding level schemes from radioactive decay and reaction studies are presented. Highlights from this evaluation include the first observation of 212 Hg by 2010Al24 and the first measurement of the ground state half-life by 2012Be28and 2016Ca25. The first measurement of the β - decay of 212 Tl populating excited states in 2 12 Pb has been per-formed by 2014Mo02. Knowledge of excited levels and their half-lives in 212 Po has been significantly extended in the transfer reaction studies of 2010As01, 2010As03 and 2016Ko03, 2017Ko38. A new (9 - )isomer which α decays in 212 At was observed by 2007Ku30. The level scheme of 212 Rn was significantly extended through the(HI,xnγ) reaction studies of 2009Dr12 and 2008Dr01. New levels in 212 Ra were identified in a transfer reaction experiment by 2018Pa04. Finally, the α decay of both the ground state and an isomer in 216 U populating 212 Thwas reported for the first time by 2015Ma37 and 2015De22

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Slow Auger Recombination of Trapped Excitons Enables Efficient Multiple Electron Transfer in CdS–Pt Nanorod Heterostructures

We report solar-to-fuel conversion reaction often requires multiple proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) processes powered by the energetic electrons and/or holes generated by the absorption of multiple photons. The effective coupling of multiple electron transfer from the light absorber with the multiple PCET reactions at the catalytic center is one of the key challenges in efficient and selective conversion of solar energy to chemical fuels. In this paper, we examine the dynamics of multiple electron transfer in quantum confined CdS nanorods with a Pt tip, in which the CdS rod functions as the light absorber and the Pt tip the catalytic center. By excitation-fluence-dependent transient absorption spectroscopic measurements, we show that the multiexciton Auger recombination rate in CdS rods follows a carrier-collision model, k n A = n 2 (n – 1)/4k 2 A , with a biexciton lifetime (1/k 2 A ) of 2.0 ± 0.2 ns. In CdS–Pt nanorods, electron transfer kinetics from the CdS conduction band edge to the Pt show negligible dependence on the excitation fluence, occurring with a half-life time of 5.6 ± 0.6 ps. The efficiency of multiple exciton dissociation by multiple electron transfer to Pt decreases from 100% in biexciton states to ~41% at 22 exciton state due to the competition with Auger recombination. The half-lifetime of the n-charge separated state recombination (with n electrons in the Pt and n holes in the CdS) decreases from 10 μs in the single charge separated state to 42 ns in nine charge separated states. Our findings suggest the possibility of driving multielectron photocatalytic reactions under intense illumination and controlling product selectivity through multielectron transfer.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Achieving Diesel Powertrain Ownership Parity in Battery Electric Heavy Duty Commercial Vehicles Using a Rapid Recurrent Recharging Architecture

Battery electric vehicles (BEV) in heavy duty (HD) commercial freight transport face challenging technoeconomic barriers to adoption. Specifically, beyond safety and compliance, fleet and operational logistics require both high up-time and parity with diesel system productivity/Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) to enable strong adoption of electrified powertrains. At present, relatively high energy storage prices coupled with the increased weight of BEV systems limit the practicality of HD commercial freight transport to shorter range applications, where smaller batteries will suffice for the mission energy requirements (single operational shift). This paper presents an approach to extend the feasibility of BEV HD trucking for a broad range of applications. The concept is based on the leveraging rapid and recurrent recharging of a BEV HD truck that may either already make frequent stops due to shipment drop-offs/reloading or be required to make frequent stops along with longer missions for recharging. While the challenges of the latter are well appreciated, the concept proposed explores making minimal impact to overall mission time by targeting high C-rate charging while optimizing the frequency (miles) through which these events must occur. The concept optimizes battery size and chemistry, such that the expected life (years and total energy throughput) is balanced with the depth of discharge between recharging events, thus making complete use of the energy available through the life of the battery system. The solution is constrained to minimize the impact on payload capacity. The paper analyzes critical levers in achieving diesel price parity (based on a simplified vehicle TCO), achieved through different purchase options (including lease versus buy) and operational models (half-life swap out). Finally, the paper identifies the application design domain where these solutions are viable with limited impact on fleet operations.

Sujan, Vivek↗
DOE OSTI2022

Effects of triaxiality and residual n p interaction in the proton emission from Ho 140

Here we present a detailed theoretical investigation of proton emission from 140 Ho within the nonadiabatic quasiparticle approach. The calculated proton emission half-life reproduces well the measured data. The importance of triaxiality and of the residual np interaction are studied. The ground state spin and parity of 139 Dy (daughter) and 140 Ho (parent) are ascertained unambiguously as 7/2 + and 3 – , respectively, by analyzing the rotational energies, half-lives, and branching ratios.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Investigation of Coincidence Counting for Improving Minimal Detectable Activity of 110m Ag in Single Particle Gamma Analysis

Post-irradiation examination (PIE) of fuel particles from the fourth Advanced Gas Reactor Fuel Development and Qualification (AGR) Program irradiation (AGR-5/6/7) is being performed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Tristructural isotropic (TRISO)-coated particles and associated compacts for the AGR-5/6/7 experiment fabricated by BWX Technologies Nuclear Operations Group were formed into a graphite matrix compact and irradiated at the Advanced Test Reactor at Idaho National Laboratory. At ORNL, particles are deconsolidated from the graphite matrix compact and individually scanned for emitted gamma rays with the Irradiated Microsphere Gamma Analyzer (IMGA). The IMGA system comprises a single high purity germanium (HPGe) detector, an automated particle handling vacuum system, and an ORTEC DSPEC-50 digital spectrometer for gamma ray analysis. IMGA quantifies gamma ray-emitting fission product inventories of individual TRISO particles, and these inventories can be compared with the measured average inventories per particle and radionuclide inventories predicted by AGR-5/6/7 physics calculations to determine if a particle experienced radionuclide release. Details on IMGA data collection methods can be found in the literature. The TRISO particle’s SiC layer provides structural support, as well as a barrier for fission product release during irradiation or subsequent safety testing. A weakened or compromised SiC layer can be identified by the release of radionuclides, such as 137 Cs, which is detected by IMGA. However, select radionuclides, such as 90 Sr, 110 mAg, and 154 Eu have been shown to migrate through an intact SiC layer. Measurement of the radionuclide 110 mAg is significant as its release has been shown to be particularly sensitive to in-reactor conditions (e.g., temperature) with broad variable particle to-particle release behaviors observed within a single compact. As such, 110 mAg activity is often used for particle selection for comprehensive PIE as bounding 110 mAg retention particles are hypothesized to represent limits in particle behaviors within a compact. As TRISO particle fuel PIE activities continue over time, IMGA measurements of the 110 mAg inventory are eventually hindered because of its relatively short half-life (~250 days). As the fuel ages from its end of irradiation (EOI) date, the measurement uncertainty and minimum detectable activity (MDA) of 110m Ag increase because the detector background continuum begins to dominate. For particles from the second AGR irradiation experiment (AGR-2), the 110m Ag MDA was above 20% of the calculated average particle inventory after approximately five half-lives, and 110m Ag activity was no longer measurable with IMGA after approximately seven half-lives. Therefore, coincidence counting approaches have been explored to determine feasibility of leveraging new approaches to overcome limitations associated with increasing MDA over time.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2022

New isotope 286 Mc produced in the 243 Am + 48 Ca reaction

In this paper, we present results of the second experiment on the synthesis of Mc isotopes in the 243 Am + 48 Ca reaction performed at the gas-filled separator DGFRS-2 of the SHE Factory at JINR. Here, the new isotope 286 Mc was synthesized, and its half-life of $20^{+98}_{–9}$ ms and α-particle energy of 10.71 ± 0.02 MeV were determined. A 286 Mc α–decay chain was recorded down to the spontaneous fission of 266 Db. The spontaneous fission of 279 Rg was observed for the first time in one of four new decay chains of 287 Mc. The excitation function of the reaction was measured at three 48 Ca energies of 242, 250, and 259 MeV; the latter resulted in the first observation of the 5$\textit{n}$–evaporation channel with a cross section of $0.5^{+1.3}_{–0.4}$ pb. The decay properties of 21 previously known odd–$\textit{Z}$ isotopes were improved. The potential for an electron-capture decay mode is discussed for 288 Mc and 284 Nh isotopes. The half-lives of spontaneously fissioning nuclei produced in the 48 Ca–induced reactions with actinide targets are compared with several theoretical predictions.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Carbon Tetrachloride Degradation Results for 200-ZP-1 Operable Unit

Carbon tetrachloride (CT) contamination in the 200-ZP-1 Operable Unit (OU) at the Hanford Site originated from large-volume discharges to the subsurface during plutonium production operations between 1955 and 1973. Contamination migrated through more than 70 meters of unsaturated sediment to reach the underlying unconfined aquifer, where it persists as a large and complex groundwater plume. The 200-ZP-1 OU Record of Decision (ROD) requires that groundwater CT concentrations be reduced to 3.4 µg/L within 125 years. Current groundwater modeling projections estimate that the existing pump-and-treat, even when combined with monitored natural attenuation (specifically hydrolysis), will not achieve this target within the designated timeframe. A fundamental contributor to this shortfall is the extremely slow rate of CT hydrolysis under Hanford aquifer conditions, which has been estimated to have a half-life of 630 years. If faster-acting biotic and abiotic degradation processes are operating within the aquifer, their contribution to CT mass reduction could have a meaningful impact. However, site-specific measurements of these processes and their rates have not previously been performed. This report documents the results of a two-phase laboratory investigation designed to characterize and quantify the capacity of site-specific 200-ZP-1 OU sediments and groundwater to support natural attenuation of CT through biotic and abiotic pathways. In this context, degradation capacity is defined as the intrinsic potential of the subsurface matrix to transform CT under optimized, controlled conditions. System capacity is evaluated in two ways: (1) as rate-limited capacity, which establishes the maximum kinetic velocity of CT transformation and is measured using half-lives and first order rate constants; and (2) as mass limited capacity, which defines the total contaminant mass the batch experimental system can degrade before reactants are exhausted, representing the maximum amount of contaminant the microbial community and reactive mineral phases can transform under the experimental conditions.

abiotic degradation↗
DOE OSTI2024

Comprehensive review of 2 β decay half-lives

Here, the double-beta (2 β )-decay is the rarest nuclear physics process, and its experimental half-lives (T 1/2 ) exceed the age of the Universe from nine to fourteen orders of magnitude. Double-beta decay was observed, and its half-life was measured in 14 parent nuclei using direct, radiochemical, and geochemical methods. The decay observables are analyzed using the Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File (ENSDF) procedures, and the recommended T 1/2 were deduced. Using the calculated values of phase factors, the effective nuclear matrix elements were extracted and compared with available data. Thousands of theoretical and experimental works have been dedicated to these topics in the last 85 years, and we present two data sets of recommended values to encapsulate the results.

2β-decay↗
DOE OSTI2024

Comprehensive Review of 2$β$ Decay Half-Lives

The double-beta (2β)-decay is the rarest nuclear physics process, and its experimental half-lives (T 1/2 ) exceed the age of the Universe from nine to fourteen orders of magnitude. Double-beta decay was observed, and its half-life was measured in 14 parent nuclei using direct, radiochemical, and geochemical methods. The decay observables are analyzed using the Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File (ENSDF) procedures, and the recommended T 1/2 were deduced. Using the calculated values of phase factors, the effective nuclear matrix elements were extracted and compared with available data. Thousands of theoretical and experimental works have been dedicated to these topics in the last 85 years, and we present two data sets of recommended values to encapsulate the results.

2β-decay↗
DOE OSTI2020

PORFLOW modeling of Vadose zone flow and transport for the E-area intermediate level vault

In support of the E-Area Performance Assessment, a two-dimensional model of water flow and radionuclide transport through the E-Area Intermediate Level Vault (ILV) and local vadose zone has been developed using the PORFLOWTM software. The purpose of the model is to calculate flux to the water table for radionuclides eluted from the ILV during its operational life, the period of institutional control, and times following site closure. Results of model calculations will be used by a three-dimensional PORFLOW model of transport through the aquifer to determine radionuclide concentrations at a hypothetical 100 meter well and at the site boundary where contaminated groundwater could be assessed by members of the public following site closure. While newly developed, the model structure closely follows that used in the 2008 PA while incorporating a refined computational mesh, updated material properties for the vadose zone soil and vault concrete, revised infiltration rates, and new solid-liquid distribution coefficients. The model also addresses degradation of concrete hydraulic properties by blending soil and concrete water retention curves over a 500 year period. That is, the hydraulic properties of ILV concrete start out as fresh concrete at the time of site closure and degrade to soil properties over a 500 year time period. This approach has not been used previously in E-Area PA’s. The model has been used to calculate water flow through the ILV vadose zone and, on a trial basis, transport of a limited number of radionuclides from the waste region inside the ILV to the water table. Figure ES-1 provides a view of the model and an example of water flow after the concrete has substantially degraded. Figure dimensions are in centimeters. The red area in the left hand side figure is the waste disposal region within the ILV. Colored bands in the figures indicate different soil and concrete regions. Figure ES-2 shows a calculation of flux to the water table (mol/yr) for U-234 and its one-year half-life decay chain (U-234 → Th-230 → Ra-226 → Pb-210). Pb-210 flux is too small to show on the same scale used for Th-230 and Ra-226 in Figure ES-2. The model has also been used to make a preliminary evaluation of the release of tritium from TPBAR disposal containers that will be place in the ILV. A separately calculated tritium release rate as a function of time was used as a source in the PORFLOW model. The TPBAR disposal schedule and tritium release rate differ from the values used in the 2008 PA. Results from these initial trial runs are compared to calculations made for the 2008 PA ILV analysis. In brief, a new PORFLOW model of flow and transport through the ILV vadose zone has been developed and tested. The model is ready to be used for PA calculations.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2023

Inclusion Complexes of a Metastable‐State Photoacid with High Acidity and Chemical Stability

Abstract Metastable‐state merocyanine photoacids (MCHs) have been widely applied to various chemical, material and biomedical areas to drive or control chemical processes with light. In this work, stoichiometry and association constants have been determined for inclusion complexes of a photoacid MCH1 ((E)‐3‐(2‐(2‐hydroxystyryl)‐3,3‐dimethyl‐3H‐indol‐1‐ium‐1‐yl)propane‐1‐sulfonate) withβ‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD), 2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐CD (HP‐β‐CD),γ‐CD and HP‐γ‐CD by means of UV‐Vis absorption spectroscopic titrations. The inclusion complexes were studied to enhance acidity and chemical stability. Kinetic study showed that CDs stabilized the acidic metastable state and slowed its thermal relaxation. The acidity of the ground and metastable state (pK a GS and pK a MS ) increased upon addition of CDs. The pK a MS of [MCH1 ⋅ (γ‐CD) 2 ] is as low as 0.92 in comparison with 2.24 for MCH1, which is close to the lowest pK a MS values (1.20 and 1.03) reported previously, in which case the MCH1 was structurally modified with alkylammonium side chains. Addition of CDs also significantly enhanced the chemical stability of MCH1 against hydrolysis, which is one of the major concerns for the application of MCHs. In particular, the addition of HP‐β‐CD increased the half‐life of MCH1 in aqueous solution more than four‐fold. Moreover, the quantum chemical calculations confirmed the stoichiometry and analyzed the binding sites and hydrogen bonds of the inclusion complexes.

Chemistry↗
DOE OSTI2025

Metastable‐State Photoacids with Fast Reverse Reactions

Metastable-state photoacid (mPAH) has become a common tool for controlling and driving chemical processes with light. mPAHs with fast reverse reactions are desirable for precise temporal control or generating quick pulses of proton concentration. Here, in this work, different approaches towards fast reversing mPAHs are studied. Experimental and computational results showed that stabilizing the charge–transfer intermediate is an effective way to increase the rate. A novel mPAH with a reverse reaction ≈500 times faster than the most used mPAH in methanol is developed. Another water-soluble mPAH showed a reverse reaction with a rate constant of 7.8 s −1 , which is the fastest ever reported. The half-life of the acidic state is calculated to be 89 ms, which allowed to demonstrate sub-second switching using this mPAH.

Abbood, Rana [Florida Institute of Technology, Mel↗
DOE OSTI2020

Strategies for the Photoreduction of Tc-99 Pertechnetate to Low-Valent Tc by Keggin Polyoxometalates

Technetium-99 (half-life of 2.1 × 10 5 yrs, β max = 0.29 MeV) is a hazardous radiological contaminant, which, in its predominant form of pertechnetate (TcO 4 – ), is highly mobile in the environment. Most strategies for the removal of pertechnetate from the environment involve uptake and/or absorption of pertechnetate using resins, clays, cationic metal-organic frameworks and even thorium borate ceramic like materials. Alternative approaches have involved the reduction and subsequent sequestration of lower valent technetium species using iron, sulfides, or iron sulfides. Here, our lab has explored this strategy using the lacunary alpha-2 Wells–Dawson polyoxometalate (α 2 -[P 2 W 17 O 61 ] 10– ) to both reduce and sequester lower valent technetium, and we have reported on the ligand features that stabilize the reduced species. In this work we investigate the potential of “plenary” Keggin POMs (XW 12 O 40 n – ) (X = P, Si, Al, n = 3, 4, 5, respectively) to both reduce TcO 4 – and stabilize the reduced Tc species. Specifically, we report on the mechanism by which the reduction of technetium occurs and find that PW 12 , SiW 12 , and AlW 12 promote the reduction of TcO 4 – to lower valent states. X-ray absorption spectroscopy was used to confirm a combination of Tc IV {in the form of TcO 2 · 2H 2 O and Tc 2 (µ-O) 2 4+ } and Tc V , which is subsequently complexed into a POM defect as a Tc V =O species.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Reduction of Pertechnetate by Chemical and Photochemical Approaches and Incorporation of Tc(IV) into Titanium Dioxide

Technetium-99 is a prevalent fission product from nuclear waste. The long half-life (211,000 yr) and environmental mobility of pertechnetate (TcO 4 - ) render Tc particularly challenging to isolate and stabilize. Here, in this study, we present two approaches for development of potential wasteforms using titanium dioxide, TiO 2 . Approach 1 is a low temperature chemical synthesis of TiO 2 doped with Tc(IV) from TcO 4 - intended to mimic the Tc waste stream from the UREX family of separations and removes 98.5 % of the Tc, mainly present as edge-shared Tc(IV) pairs. Approach 2 utilizes TiO 2 to photocatalytically reduce TcO 4 - to Tc(IV) stabilized on the surface of or within the TiO 2 lattice. The %Tc removed from solution and adsorbed to TiO 2 is pH dependent, with the maximum Tc(IV) adsorbed at pH 3–4 as either TcO 2 or edge-sharing Tc(IV) octahedra. The Tc(IV)-TiO 2 composites materials formed by both approaches are suitable for consolidation into a dense wasteform by Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIPing).

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Construction of the Bioconjugate Py‐Macrodipa‐PSMA and Its In Vivo Investigations with Large 132/135 La 3+ and Small 47 Sc 3+ Radiometal Ions

To harness radiometals in clinical settings, a chelator forming a stable complex with the metal of interest and targets the desired pathological site is needed. Toward this goal, we previously reported a unique set of chelators that can stably bind to both large and small metal ions, via a conformational switch. Within this chelator class, py-macrodipa is particularly promising based on its ability to stably bind several medicinally valuable radiometals including large 132/135 La 3+ , 213 Bi 3+ , and small 44 Sc 3+ . Here, in this study, we report a 10-step organic synthesis of its bifunctional analogue py-macrodipa-NCS, which contains an amine-reactive −NCS group that is amenable for bioconjugation reactions to targeting vectors. The hydrolytic stability of py-macordipa-NCS was assessed, revealing a half-life of 6.0 d in pH 9.0 aqueous buffer. This bifunctional chelator was then conjugated to a prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-binding moiety, yielding the bioconjugate py-macrodipa-PSMA, which was subsequently radiolabeled with large 132/135 La 3+ and small 47 Sc 3+ , revealing efficient and quantitative complex formation. The resulting radiocomplexes were injected into mice bearing both PSMA-expressing and PSMA-non-expressing tumor xenografts to determine their biodistribution patterns, revealing delivery of both 132/135 La 3+ and 47 Sc 3+ to PSMA+ tumor sites. However, partial radiometal dissociation was observed, suggesting that py-macrodipa-PSMA needs further structural optimization.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Experimental and Computational Insights into the Structural Dynamics of the Fc Fragment of IgG1 Subtype from Biosimilar VEGF‐Trap

The constant fragment (Fc) of the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) subtype is increasingly recognized as a crucial scaffold in the development of advanced therapeutics due to its enhanced specificity, efficacy, and extended half‐life. A prime example is VEGF‐Trap (Aflibercept), a recombinant fusion protein that merges the Fc region of the IgG1 subtype with the binding domains of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR)‐1 and VEGFR‐2. The Fc region's role in N‐glycosylation is particularly important, as it significantly influences protein stability. Herein, the first near‐physiological temperature structures of the N‐glycan‐bound Fc fragment of IgG1 subtype from a biosimilar VEGF‐Trap are presented, determined using the SPring‐8 Angstrom Compact free electron LAser (SACLA) and the Turkish Light Source (Turkish DeLight). Comparative analysis with cryogenic structures, including existing data, reveals alternate conformations within the glycan‐binding pocket. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations indicate the presence of a high degree of structural plasticity, explaining how the protein adapts its structure through conformational changes. The observed structural fluctuations/conformational changes demonstrate the effect of N‐glycans on protein stability. These findings offer new insights into the molecular basis of Fc‐mediated functions and provide valuable information for the design of next‐generation therapeutics.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗