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A catalogue is presented of space shuttle electrical equipment as used within a standardized data base for EPS consumables analyses. The general function and expected usage of each type of electrical equipment are described, and the usage of specific equipment of each type in the performance of EPS consumables analyses is defined.
Experiment MA-011, electrophoresis technology, was designed to test electrophoresis hardware that would continue the development of technology for electrophoretic separation of materials in the near zero g environment of space. The experimental hardware generally functioned as planned. Frozen live cells were successfully transported into space, electrophoretic processing was performed, and viable cells were returned to earth. A separation of the three types of fixed red blood cells (rabbit, human, and horse) was demonstrated. The human lymphocytes, however, showed no apparent migration. The separation of human kidney cells produced the most exciting data. Analysis shows electrophoretic separation throughout the entire column with at least four bands of viable cells. The isotachophoresis experiment definitely demonstrated the isotachophoretic separation of biological cells in a near zero g environment.
Mathematical analysis and dispersion relations are used to obtain the general functional form of the neutrino charge form-factor. It is shown that if the scale for weak interactions is given by G, where G is the Fermi coupling constant, then for a large range of momentum transfer values, the form-factor may be approximated by a function that is linear in the square of the momentum transfer.
This experiment was developed in order to conduct engineering and operational tests of electrokinetic equipment in a micro-gravity environment. The experimental hardware in general functioned as planned and electrophoretic separations were obtained in space. The results indicated the development of satisfactory sample collection, return, and preservation techniques. The application of a near-zero zeta potential interior wall coating to the experimental columns, confirmation of biocompatibility of all appropriate hardware components, and use of a sterile operating environment provided a significant step forward in the development of a biological processing facility in space. A separation of a test of aldehyde-fixed rabbit, human, and horse red blood cells was obtained. Human kidney cells were separated into several components and viable cells returned to earth. The isotachophoretic separation of red cells was also demonstrated. Problems associated with the hardware led to a lack of success in the attempt to separate subpopulations of human lymphocytes.
Opportunities were found for electrochemical energy storage devices in the U.S. electric utility industry. Application requirements for these devices were defined, including techno-economic factors. A new device, the Redox storage battery was analyzed. The Redox battery features a decoupling of energy storage and power conversion functions. General computer methods were developed to simulate Redox system operations. These studies showed that the Redox system is potentially attractive if certain performance goals can be achieved. Pathways for reducing the cost of the Redox system were identified.
The effects of departures from the spherical symmetry assumption are investigated by describing the refractivity profile on the earth's surface as a generalized function of the surface coordinates. Aspects of satellite ranging geometry are considered and the representation of the true group refractivity of the atmosphere at any point on the earth's surface is discussed. Surface meteorological data obtained from a few east coast weather stations are analyzed to obtain typical values of the higher order bias terms.
The author has identified the following significant results. First order benefits can generally be quantified, thus allowing quantitative comparisons of candidate land cover data systems. A meaningful dollar evaluation of LANDSAT can be made by a cost comparison with equally effective data systems. Users of LANDSAT data can be usefully categorized as performing three general functions: planning, permitting, and enforcing. The value of LANDSAT data to the State of Georgia is most sensitive to the parameters: discount rate, digitization cost, and photo acquisition cost. Under a constrained budget, LANDSAT could provide digitized land cover information roughly seven times more frequently than could otherwise be obtained. Thus on one hand, while the services derived from LANDSAT data in comparison to the baseline system has a positive net present value, on the other hand if the budget were constrained, more frequent information could be provided using the LANDSAT system than otherwise be obtained.
The general functional design and implementation of processors for a space flight design system are briefly described. Discussions of a basetime initialization processor; conic, analytical, and precision coasting flight processors; and an orbit lifetime processor are included. The functions of several utility routines are also discussed.
A general functional description of totally automatic photometry of emission spectra is not available for an operating environment in which the sample compositions and analysis procedures are low-volume and non-routine. The advantages of using an interactive approach to computer control in such an operating environment are demonstrated. This approach includes modular subroutines selected at multiple-option, menu-style decision points. This style of programming is used to trace elemental determinations, including the automated reading of spectrographic plates produced by a 3.4 m Ebert mount spectrograph using a dc-arc in an argon atmosphere. The simplified control logic and modular subroutine approach facilitates innovative research and program development, yet is easily adapted to routine tasks. Operator confidence and control are increased by the built-in options including degree of automation, amount of intermediate data printed out, amount of user prompting, and multidirectional decision points.
High-precision digital spectra of the HDE 226868/Cygnus X-1 system have been obtained at a variety of orbital phases, using a Digicon photon counting array at the coude focus of the Lick Shane reflector. The spectra have been cross-correlated to search for evidence for the existence of a luminous stellar companion to HDE 226868, as has been suggested by several models where the secondary star is not a black hole. We find no evidence for such a star and place a lower limit on the difference between HDE 226868 and its companion of 4 magnitudes. This limit rules out all of the models for the Cygnus X-1 system calculated by Avni and Bahcall which include main-sequence stars as secondaries rather than black holes. A merit function generally useful for cross-correlation of digital spectra is described.
The distinction between two types of upstream ion populations is made on the basis of pronounced differences in their distribution functions. The reflected ions represent a fast beam with temperatures typically one-million to five-million K and speeds up to five times the solar wind speed. An important feature of the reflected ion distributions is their strong temperature anisotropy, with perpendicular temperature exceeding parallel temperature by a factor of two or three. In contrast, the diffuse ions occupy a much larger region of phase space, both in energy and angle; their distribution function generally has the form of a circular ridge in two dimensions and a spherical shell in three dimensions. Accordingly, their temperature is much larger (not less than about 10-million K) and their bulk speed is typically smaller than the solar wind speed.
Consideration is given to the criticism of Nei and Tateno (1978) of the REH (random evolutionary hits) theory of genetic divergence in nucleic acids and proteins, and to their proposed alternative estimator of total fixed mutations designated X2. It is argued that the assumption of nonuniform amino acid or nucleotide substitution will necessarily increase REH estimates relative to those made for a model where each locus has an equal likelihood of fixing mutations, thus the resulting value will not be an overestimation. The relative values of X2 and measures calculated on the basis of the PAM and REH theories for the number of nucleotide substitutions necessary to explain a given number of observed amino acid differences between two homologous proteins are compared, and the smaller values of X2 are attributed to (1) a mathematical model based on the incorrect assumption that an entire structural gene is free to fix mutations and (2) the assumptions of different numbers of variable codons for the X2 and REH calculations. Results of a repeat of the computer simulations of Nei and Tateno are presented which, in contrast to the original results, confirm the REH theory. It is pointed out that while a negative correlation is observed between estimations of the fixation intensity per varion and the number of varions for a given pair of sequences, the correlation between the two fixation intensities and varion numbers of two different pairs of sequences need not be negative. Finally, REH theory is used to resolve a paradox concerning the high rate of covarion turnover and the nature of general function sites as permanent covarions.
Orbital flight tests of the Space Shuttle Program involved three types of activities, including classic flight testing of the vehicle hardware and software, operational procedures evaluation and development, and performance of payload mission operations. This combination of activities required a capability of the Mission Control Center (MCC) to provide thorough support to the Orbiter and its crew across a broad spectrum of activities. Attention is given to MCC organization, the general functions performed by the MCC teams, a flight support description, the motivation for a change in MCC operations, support elements, orbit phase functions, and dynamic flight phase functions. It is pointed out that the MCC facilities for the operational mode of support will not be fully implemented until 1984.
A national nonmetropolitan land mobile traffic model for 1990-2000 addresses user classes, density classes, traffic mix statistics, distance distribution, geographic distribution, price elasticity, and service quality elasticity. Traffic demands for business, special industrial, and police were determined on the basis of surveys in 73 randomly selected nonurban counties. The selected services represent 69% of total demand. The results were extrapolated to all services in the non-SMSA areas of the contiguous United States. Radiotelephone services were considered separately. Total non-SMSA mobile radio demand (one way) estimates are given. General functional requirements include: hand portability, privacy, reduction of blind spots, two way data transmission, position location, slow scan imagery.
In this paper, a new formula for the prediction of the noise of supersonic propellers is derived in the time domain which is superior to the previous formulations in several respects. The governing equation is based on the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) equation with the thickness source term replaced by an equivalent loading source term derived by Isom (1975). Using some results of generalized function theory and simple four-dimensional space-time geometry, the formal solution of the governing equation is manipulated to a form requiring only the knowledge of blade surface pressure data and geometry. The final form of the main result of this paper consists of some surface and line integrals. The surface integrals depend on the surface pressure, time rate of change of surface pressure, and surface pressure gradient. These integrals also involve blade surface curvatures. The line integrals which depend on local surface pressure are along the trailing edge, the shock traces on the blade, and the perimeter of the airfoil section at the inner radius of the blade. The new formulation is for the full blade surface and does not involve any numerical observer time differentiation. The method of implementation on a computer for numerical work is also discussed.
Prediction of aerodynamic loads on bodies in arbitrary motion is considered from an acoustic point of view, i.e., in a frame of reference fixed in the undisturbed medium. An inhomogeneous wave equation which governs the disturbance pressure is constructed and solved formally using generalized function theory. When the observer is located on the moving body surface there results a singular linear integral equation for surface pressure. Two different methods for obtaining such equations are discussed. Both steady and unsteady aerodynamic calculations are considered. Two examples are presented, the more important being an application to propeller aerodynamics. Of particular interest for numerical applications is the analytical behavior of the kernel functions in the various integral equations.
An outline covering the history, development methodology, and major hardware/software components of the Land Analysis System (LAS) is presented. System support services including the Transportable Applications Executive (TAE), Catalog Manager, history files, and applications services are briefly described along with the general functional capabilities of the 224 available applications programs. Example interface menus are given and desired enhancements to the LAS system are listed.
The aim of this paper is to perform a theoretical study of the quadrupole term of the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) equation to obtain practical results for applications to rotating blades. The quadrupole term of the FW-H equation is algebraically manipulated into volume, surface and line sources using generalized function theory and differential geometry. The volume source is of the type in Lighthill's jet noise theory. The surface sources are on the blade and shock surfaces and the line source is at the trailing edge. It is shown that contribution of volume sources in the boundary layer and wakes can be written in the form of surface integrals. It is argued that the surface and line sources and the part of the volume sources in the boundary layer, wakes and vortices near the blades should be sufficient in calculation of the noise of high speed rotating blades. The integrals correspoding to the various sources appearing in the formula for calculation of the acoustic pressure are briefly derived.