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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2014

Plans for an ERL Test Facility at CERN

The baseline electron accelerator for LHeC and one option for FCC-he is an Energy Recovery Linac. To prepare and study the necessary key technologies, CERNhas started – in collaboration with JLAB and Mainz University – the conceptual design of an ERL Test Facility (ERL-TF). Staged construction will allow the study under different conditions with up to 3 passes, beam energies of up to about 1 GeV and currents of up to 50 mA. The design and development of superconducting cavity modules, including coupler and HOM damper designs, are also of central importance for other existing and future accelerators and their tests are at the heart of the current ERL-TF goals. However, the ERL-TF could also provide a unique infrastructure for several applications that go beyond developing and testing the ERL technology at CERN. In addition to experimental studies of beam dynamics, operational and reliability issues in an ERL, it could equally serve for quench tests of superconducting magnets, as physics experimental facility on its own right or as test stand for detector developments. This contribution will describe the goals and the concept of the facility and the status of the R&D.

Jensen, Erik↗
DOE OSTI2019

Development of a CRISPR/Cas9 system for high efficiency multiplexed gene deletion in Rhodosporidium toruloides

The oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides is considered a promising candidate for production of chemicals and biofuels thanks to its ability to grow on lignocellulosic biomass, and its high production of lipids and carotenoids. However, efforts to engineer this organism are hindered by a lack of suitable genetic tools. In this paper, we report the development of a CRISPR/Cas9 system for genome editing in R. toruloides based on a fusion 5S rRNA–tRNA promoter for guide RNA (gRNA) expression, capable of greater than 95% gene knockout for various genetic targets. Additionally, multiplexed double-gene knockout mutants were obtained using this method with an efficiency of 78%. Finally, this tool can be used to accelerate future metabolic engineering work in this yeast.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Perturbative unitarity constraints on gauge portals

Dark matter that was once in thermal equilibrium with the Standard Model is generally prohibited from obtaining all of its mass from the electroweak phase transition. This implies a new scale of physics and mediator particles to facilitate dark matter annihilation. In this work, we focus on dark matter that annihilates through a generic gauge boson portal. We show how partial wave unitarity places upper bounds on the dark gauge boson, dark Higgs and dark matter masses. Outside of well-defined fine-tuned regions, we find an upper bound of 9 TeV for the dark matter mass when the dark Higgs and dark gauge bosons both facilitate the dark matter annihilations. In this scenario, the upper bound on the dark Higgs and dark gauge boson masses are 10 TeV and 16 TeV, respectively. When only the dark gauge boson facilitates dark matter annihilations, we find an upper bound of 3 TeV and 6 TeV for the dark matter and dark gauge boson, respectively. Overall, using the gauge portal as a template, we describe a method to not only place upper bounds on the dark matter mass but also on the new particles with Standard Model quantum numbers. Here, we briefly discuss the reach of future accelerator, direct and indirect detection experiments for this class of models.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

A review of challenges, barriers, and opportunities for large-scale deployment of cool surfaces

Major urban centers are warming due to a combination of global and local phenomena. City governments are increasingly adopting strategies to mitigate the causes and impacts of extreme heat on their populations. Among these strategies are high solar-reflectance (cool) surfaces installed on building roofs and walls. Use of cool surfaces is a cost-effective and simple strategy that replaces conventional darker surfaces with surfaces that have a high reflectance to shortwave (solar) energy. This report reviews the recent history of cool-surface deployment efforts. This includes peer-reviewed literature, conference proceedings, and grey literature to identify challenges and barriers to wide-scale deployment of cool surfaces. We have also researched heat action plans and programs from cities and different codes and standards, as well as available incentive and rebate programs. The review identifies challenges, barriers, and opportunities associated with large-scale deployment of cool surfaces and categorize them broadly as being related to product development & performance or policies & mandates. It provides a foundation upon which we intend to build a roadmap for rapidly accelerating future deployments of cool surfaces. Finally, this roadmap will address identified challenges and incorporate lessons learned from historical efforts to generate a practical and actionable plan.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2026

Agnostic capture of pathogens for the detection and diagnostics of emerging threats

The continued emergence of pathogens, whether novel, re-emerging, or engineered, poses a persistent global biosecurity and public health challenge. Recent outbreaks, including COVID-19, Lassa fever, Marburg virus, mpox, and avian influenza, underscore the urgent need for robust systems that enable rapid surveillance, early diagnosis, and timely countermeasures before widespread human transmission occurs. In this article, we focus on early detection technologies and systematically evaluate current diagnostic and sensing modalities. We highlight sequencing and spectroscopy as two complementary approaches capable of providing broad, agnostic detection and rich biological insight. Our analysis emphasizes that scientific innovation alone is insufficient: effective preparedness also requires improved data curation, integration, and sharing to build AI-ready resources that accelerate future responses. We argue for coordinated advances in both technological capabilities and supporting infrastructure to enable the rapid identification and characterization of emerging pathogens and to fully leverage modern science against evolving infectious threats.

Environmental health↗
DOE OSTI2022

Metall: A persistent memory allocator for data-centric analytics

Data analytics applications transform raw input data into analytics-specific data structures before performing analytics. Unfortunately, such data ingestion steps are often more expensive than analytics. In addition, various types of NVRAM devices are already used in many HPC systems today. Such devices will be useful for storing and reusing data structures beyond a single process life cycle. We developed Metall, a persistent memory allocator built on top of the memory-mapped file mechanism. Metall enables applications to transparently allocate custom C++ data structures into various types of persistent memories. Metall incorporates a concise and high-performance memory management algorithm inspired by Supermalloc and the rich C++ interface developed by Boost.Interprocess library. On a dynamic graph construction workload, Metall achieved up to 11.7x and 48.3x performance improvements over Boost.Interprocess and memkind (PMEM kind), respectively. We also demonstrate Metall’s high adaptability by integrating Metall into a graph processing framework, GraphBLAS Template Library. Here this study’s outcomes indicate that Metall will be a strong tool for accelerating future large-scale data analytics by allowing applications to leverage persistent memory efficiently.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2026

Unraveling plant phenotype to genotype associations with daily hyperspectral traits in Populus trichocarpa

Hyperspectral remote sensing is a powerful, high-throughput phenotyping tool that quantifies physiologically and structurally relevant wavelengths across diverse genotypes and over varying temporal scales. In this study, we combined tower-based continuous hyperspectral sensing with genome-wide association studies to analyze 1423 wavebands (400-900 nm) and derivative vegetation indices across 505 genotypes and the genetic architecture of hyperspectral phenotypes over time in Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray grown under field conditions. Wavelengths related to chlorophyll and carotenoid absorption spectra exhibited the strongest genetic variation resulting in 98 significant SNP associations. Notably, we found substantial overlap in genetic association between the blue and red spectral regions, indicative of carotenoids and chlorophyll, respectively, and identified more than 10 candidate genes associated with chloroplast function, underpinning photosynthetic activity. Furthermore, fluctuations in associations for vegetative indices, such as the chlorophyll:carotenoid index (CCI), across the growing season reveal a temporally dynamic genetic architecture of physiological traits associated with fall senescence of this temperate tree species. Finally, we also observed correlations (spearman rho = 0.3, p < 1x10 −8 ) between individual wavebands or vegetative indices and growth rate, assessed as the relative change of tree height over the growing season. The growth rate prediction was substantially improved by a regularization multivariate model (spearman rho>0.5, p < 1x10 −16 ), reinforcing the value of hyperspectral measurements for predicting traits linked to tree productivity. These findings highlight the potential of high-throughput, rapid, hyperspectral genome wide association studies GWAS to uncover physiologically meaningful genetic variation and offer promising insights for future acceleration for plant breeding.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Transferable Kinetic Monte Carlo Models with Thousands of Reactions Learned from Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of complex chemistry typically involves thousands of atoms propagating over millions of time steps, generating a wealth of data. Traditionally these data are used to calculate some aggregate properties of the system and then discarded, but we propose that these data can be reused to study related chemical systems. Using approximate chemical kinetic models and methods from statistical learning, we study hydrocarbon chemistries under extreme thermodynamic conditions. We discover that a single MD simulation can contain sufficient information about reactions and rates to predict the dynamics of related yet different chemical systems using kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulation. Our learned KMC models identify thousands of reactions and run four orders of magnitude faster than MD. In conclusion, the transferability of these models suggests that we can viably reuse data from existing MD simulations to accelerate future simulation studies and reduce the number of new MD simulations required.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2013

Measurement of the axial and the strangeness magnetic form factor of the proton with a P2 backward angle setup

The P2 experiment at the future accelerator facility MESA in Mainz aims for a precise determination of the weak charge of the proton at low momentum transfer. The experimental method is a measurement of the parity violating asymmetry in elastic electron-proton scattering at forward angle. This asymmetry is dominated by the weak charge, but also the proton structure plays a role. Here we consider a back angle measurement, which is more sensitive to the proton structure, and present its possible implications on the main P2 measurement.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2015

New scintillator materials for future and present facilities

In the recent years LaBr3:Ce crystals started a new generation of high performing scintillator detectors. In fact, a large number of different, new and promising scintillators are now becoming commercially available, as for example CeBr{sub 3}, CLYC, SrI{sub 2}. Some others, like GYGAG:Ce, CLLB, CLLC, will be available in the near future. The CLYC crystal enriched with {sup 6}Li provides extremely high efficiency for thermal neutron identification and detection with performances comparable to {sup 3}He tubes. The CLYC enriched with {sup 7}Li can provide the direct measurement of the neutron kinetic energy from the energy pulse signal. The most recent R and D activity shows that ‘co-doping’ technique has the effect to improve the crystal proportionality and the mechanical properties thus significantly increasing the reliability and energy resolution of LaBr{sub 3};Ce and CeBr{sub 3} scintillators. Such a new generation of detectors can be the backbone for the detectors array of the future accelerator facilities as for example ELI-NP which will provide very intense high-energy γ-ray beam with very low bandwidth.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2015

ICFA neutrino panel report

In the summer of 2013 the International Committee on Future Accelerators (ICFA) established a Neutrino Panel with the mandate: << >>In its first year the Panel organised a series of regional Town Meetings to collect input from the community and to receive reports from the regional planning exercises. The Panel distilled its findings and presented them in a report to ICFA [1]. In this contribution the formation and composition of the Panel are presented together with a summary of the Panel’s findings from the three Regional Town Meetings. The Panel’s initial conclusions are then articulated and the steps that the Panel seeks to take are outlined.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Investigation of ion beam space charge compensation with a 4-grid analyzer

Experiments to investigate the space charge compensation of pulsed high-current heavy ion beams are performed at the GSI ion source text benches with a 4-grid analyzer provided by CEA/Saclay. The technical design of the 4-grid analyzer is revised to verify its functionality for measurements at pulsed high-current heavy ion beams. The experimental investigation of space charge compensation processes is needed to increase the performance and quality of current and future accelerator facilities. Measurements are performed directly downstream a triode extraction system mounted to a multi-cusp ion source at a high-current test bench as well as downstream the post-acceleration system of the high-current test injector (HOSTI) with ion energies up to 120 keV/u for helium and argon. At HOSTI, a cold or hot reflex discharge ion source is used to change the conditions for the measurements. The measurements were performed with helium, argon, and xenon and are presented. Results from measurements with single aperture extraction systems are shown.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2018

Scaling of magnetized inertial fusion with drive current rise-time

The Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion (MagLIF) concept [Slutz et al. Phys. Plasmas 17, 056303 (2010); Gomez et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 155003 (2014)] is being studied on the Z facility at Sandia National Laboratories. MagLIF is a specific example of the more general Magnetized Inertial Fusion (MIF) approach to fusion. Numerical simulations indicate that yields approaching 100 kJ should be possible on the Z machine and much higher yields (10–1000 MJ) should be possible with pulsed power machines producing larger drive currents (45–60 MA) [Slutz et al. Phys. Plasmas 23, 022702 (2016)]. A significant advantage of MIF is that the implosions can be driven more slowly than conventional inertial fusion. In general, the efficiency of pulsed power machines increases with the current rise-time; however, we show by numerical simulation that the current and energy required to obtain a given fusion gain increase monotonically with the current rise-time over the range (10–500 ns). In conclusion, these results can be used to optimize the design of future accelerators to drive MIF concepts such as MagLIF. We also show that the required preheat energy increases strongly with current rise-time, which indicates that very long current rise-times are not desirable at least for MagLIF.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

A density-functional theory study of the Al/AlOx/Al tunnel junction

The aluminum oxide tunnel junction is a key component of the majority of superconducting quantum devices. For high-quality, reproducible, and scalably manufacturable qubits, the ability to fabricate Josephson junctions (JJs) with a targeted critical current and high uniformity is essential. In this study, we use first-principles modeling to assess fundamental aspects of the atomic structure of both amorphous and crystalline aluminum oxide tunnel junctions and relate the structure to predicted performance metrics. We use modified ab initio molecular dynamics to develop realistic models of the tunnel junction, from which interface roughness and local thickness fluctuations are analyzed in an unbiased manner by training a neural network to identify the boundary between metal and oxide. We show that the effective thickness of the insulating part of the junction can be different from the apparent physical thickness. We calculate the rate of Cooper pair tunneling for the atomically resolved electrostatic potential using direct numerical solution in 3D, which shows a channeling effect that impacts the junction critical current. The predicted critical current is a useful JJ design parameter that can be accessed from the ab initio calculations without fitting parameters. To assess the limits of uniformity and fabrication choices (e.g., oxidation vs epitaxy), we compare the amorphous junctions to crystalline models, which show order of magnitude more efficient tunneling compared to the amorphous case, underlining the connection between atomistic structure and Cooper pair tunneling efficiency. Further, this work provides a foundation for ab initio materials design and evaluation to help accelerate future development of improved tunnel junctions.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2024

Toward an integrated multi-gigahertz ionizing particle diagnostic

Needs arising at both current and future accelerator facilities call for the development of radiation-hardened position-sensing diagnostics that can operate with multi-GHz repetition rates. Such instruments are likely to also have applications in the diagnosis of rapid plasma behavior. Here, building on the recent work of our Advanced Accelerator Diagnostics Collaboration, we are exploring the development of integrated multi-GHz ionizing particle detection systems based on chemical-vapor deposition diamond sensors, with the initial goal of producing a quadrant detector that can determine the intensity and centroid position of a particle beam at a repetition rate between 5 and 10 GHz. Results from our initial high-speed characterization work are presented, including those from a single-channel sensor with a GHz response. Approaches to achieving multi-GHz (5–10 GHz) rate capability, including the design of a dedicated Application Specific Integrated Circuit and the use of 3D RF-solver computer aided design software, are presented and discussed in more detail. 3D RF simulations suggest clean pulses of duration less than 250 ps (FWHM less than 125 ps) can be achieved with the approaches developed by this work.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Superconducting RF materials other than bulk niobium: a review

For the last five decades, bulk niobium (Nb) has been the material of choice for Superconducting RF (SRF) cavity applications. Thin film alternatives such as Nb and other higher-Tc materials, mainly Nb compounds and A15 compounds, have been investigated with moderate effort in the past. In recent years, RF cavity performance has approached the theoretical limit for bulk Nb. For further improvement of RF cavity performance for future accelerator projects, research interest is renewed towards alternatives to bulk Nb. Institutions around the world are now investing renewed efforts in the investigation of Nb thin films and superconductors with higher transition temperature Tc for application to SRF cavities. Our paper gives an overview of the results obtained so far and challenges encountered for Nb films as well as other materials, such as Nb compounds, A15 compounds, MgB2, and oxypnictides, for SRF cavity applications. An interesting alternative using a Superconductor-Insulator- Superconductor multilayer approach has been recently proposed to delay the vortex penetration in Nb surfaces. This could potentially lead to further improvement in RF cavities performance using the benefit of the higher critical field Hc of higher-Tc superconductors without being limited with their lower Hc1.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2017

Theoretical estimates of maximum fields in superconducting resonant radio frequency cavities: stability theory, disorder, and laminates

Theoretical limits to the performance of superconductors in high magnetic fields parallel to their surfaces are of key relevance to current and future accelerating cavities, especially those made of new higher-Tc materials such as Nb$_3$Sn, NbN, and MgB$_2$. Indeed, beyond the so-called superheating field $H_{\mathcal{sh}}$, flux will spontaneously penetrate even a perfect superconducting surface and ruin the performance. We present intuitive arguments and simple estimates for $H_{\mathcal{sh}}$, and combine them with our previous rigorous calculations, which we summarize. We briefly discuss experimental measurements of the superheating field, comparing to our estimates. We explore the effects of materials anisotropy and the danger of disorder in nucleating vortex entry. Will we need to control surface orientation in the layered compound MgB$_2$? Can we estimate theoretically whether dirt and defects make these new materials fundamentally more challenging to optimize than niobium? Finally, we discuss and analyze recent proposals to use thin superconducting layers or laminates to enhance the performance of superconducting cavities. As a result, flux entering a laminate can lead to so-called pancake vortices; we consider the physics of the dislocation motion and potential re-annihilation or stabilization of these vortices after their entry.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2017

A review and prospects for Nb 3 Sn superconductor development

Nb 3 Sn superconductors have significant applications in constructing high-field (> 10 T) magnets. This article briefly reviews development of Nb 3 Sn superconductor and proposes prospects for further improvement. It is shown that significant improvement of critical current density (J c ) is needed for future accelerator magnets. After a brief review of the development of Nb 3 Sn superconductors, the factors controlling J c are summarized and correlated with their microstructure and chemistry. The non-matrix J c of Nb 3 Sn conductors is mainly determined by three factors: the fraction of current-carrying Nb 3 Sn phase in the non-matrix area, the upper critical field B c2 , and the flux-line pinning capacity. Then prospects to improve the three factors are discussed respectively. An analytic model was developed to show how the ratios of precursors determine the phase fractions after heat treatment, based on which it is predicted that the limit of current-carrying Nb 3 Sn fraction in subelements is ~65%. Then, since B c2 is largely determined by the Nb 3 Sn stoichiometry, a thermodynamic/kinetic theory was presented to show what essentially determines the Sn content of Nb 3 Sn conductors. This theory explains the influences of Sn sources and Ti addition on stoichiometry and growth rate of Nb 3 Sn layers. Next, to improve flux pinning, previous efforts in this community to introduce additional pinning centers (APC) to Nb 3 Sn wires are reviewed, and an internal oxidation technique is described. Lastly, prospects for further improvement of non-matrix J c of Nb 3 Sn conductors are discussed, and it is seen that the only opportunity for further significantly improving J c lies in improving the flux pinning.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗