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NASA NTRS1950

Effect of Various Modifications on Drag and Longitudinal Stability and Control Characteristics at Transonic Speeds of a Model of the XF7U-1 Tailless Airplane: NACA Wing-FLow Method, TED No. NACA DE 307

An investigation was made by the NACA wing-flow method to determine the drag, pitching-moment, lift, and angle-of-attack characteristics at transonic speeds of various configurations of a semispan model of an early configuration of the XF7U-1 tailless airplane. The results of the tests indicated that for the basic configuration with undeflected ailavator, the zero-lift drag rise occurred at a Mach number of about 0.85 and that about a five-fold increase in drag occurred through the transonic speed range. The results of the tests also indicated that the drag increment produced by -8.0 degrees deflection of the ailavator increased with increase in normal-force coefficient and was smaller at speeds above than at speeds below the drag rise. The drag increment produced by 35 degree deflection of the speed brakes varied from 0.040 to 0.074 depending on the normal-force coefficient and Mach number. These values correspond to drag coefficients of about 0.40 and 0.75 based on speed-brake frontal area. Removal of the fin produced a small positive drag increment at a given normal-force coefficient at speeds during the drag rise. A large forward shift of the neutral-point location occurred at Mach numbers above about 0.90 upon removal of the fin, and also a considerable forward shift throughout the Mach number range occurred upon deflection of the speed brakes. Ailavator ineffectiveness or reversal at low deflections, similar to that determined in previous tests of the basic configuration of the model in the Mach number range from about 0.93 to 1.0, was found for the fin-off configuration and for the model equipped with skewed (more highly sweptback) hinge-line ailavators. With the speed brakes deflected, little or no loss in the incremental pitching moment produced by deflection of the ailavator from O degrees to -8.00 degrees occurred in the Mach number range from 0.85 to 1.0 in contrast to a considerable loss found in previous tests with the speed brakes off.

Sawyer, Richard H.↗

DOE OSTI2026

Metabolic flux, metabolite, and transcript analysis uncover reprogramming of metabolism toward higher seed oil

Overexpression of WRINKLED1 (WRI1), a master regulator of glycolysis and fatty acid biosynthesis, together with DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE1 (DGAT1), which catalyzes the final step of triacylglycerol assembly, is a promising strategy for enhancing seed oil content. However, how these regulators coordinate system-wide metabolic reprogramming at the levels of gene expression, metabolite pools, and fluxes remains poorly understood. To address this, we performed 13 C-metabolic flux analysis, metabolomics, and transcriptomics on in vitro cultured pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) embryos overexpressing the native WRI1 and DGAT1 homologs. Here, in cultured embryos, WRI1/DGAT1 overexpression increased triacylglycerol accumulation by 28% while reducing protein content by 34%, relative to the wild type. Embryos showed ∼20-fold and 50-fold upregulation of WRI1 and DGAT1 along with induction of WRI1 target genes in glycolysis and fatty acid biosynthesis. Genes associated with photosynthesis and Calvin cycle functions were also upregulated, whereas genes encoding ribosomal proteins and seed storage proteins were strongly repressed, consistent with the observed lipid–protein tradeoff. Flux analysis revealed that enhanced triacylglycerol biosynthesis is supported by increased flux through the Rubisco shunt and cytosolic pyruvate kinase, while the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway and malic enzyme contributed little to NADPH or pyruvate supply. Metabolomic profiling revealed extensive perturbations in glycolytic intermediates, tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites, and amino acids. In plant grown seeds, WRI1/DGAT1 lines also showed a modest but significant increase in total lipid content. Collectively, these findings reveal how WRI1 and DGAT1 reprogram central metabolism to enhance oil accumulation, with relevance to mature seeds.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗