Results for “energy conservation code” — Page 6

NASA NTRS1992

Numerical simulation of turbomachinery flows with advanced turbulence models

A three dimensional full Navier-Stokes (FNS) code is used to simulate complex turbomachinery flows. The code incorporates an explicit multistep scheme and solves a conservative form of the density averaged continuity, momentum, and energy equations. A compressible low Reynolds number form of the k-epsilon turbulence model, and a q-omega model and an algebraic Reynolds stress model have been incorporated in a fully coupled manner to approximate Reynolds stresses. The code is used to predict the viscous flow field in a backswept transonic centrifugal compressor for which laser two focus data is available. The code is also used to simulate the tip clearance flow in a cascade. The code has been extended to include unsteady Euler solutions for predicting the unsteady flow through a cascade due to incoming wakes, simulating rotor-stator interactions.

Lakshminarayana, B.↗

NASA NTRS2018

Application of Ab Initio Methods in the Development of Advanced Technical Ceramics

A significant need exists to develop materials not only capable of providing desired electronic and mechanical properties but also survival at extreme temperatures during service and device fabrication, such as co-firing. Computational methods offers an efficient and systematic manner to design new materials and guide their development. As an example computational -based material approaches can be used to determine the suitability of a given materials as a practical thermoelectric for energy harvesting. In this presentation examples are given of applications to relevant technical ceramics such as thermoelectrics, dielectrics, and magnetic systems. The calculation were based on density functional theory and carried out with norm conserving and projector augmented wave (PAW) methods using commercial codes Materials Studio ( Biovia, Inc) with the Cambridge Serial Total Energy Package (CASTEP) and MedeA (Materials Design Inc.) utilizing the Vienna Ab-initio Simulation Package (VASP) as the respective computational engines. This study makes predictions of relevant technical properties of ceramic materials.

thermoelectric↗

DOE OSTI2024

National Cost-Effectiveness of ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2022

The purpose of this analysis is to examine the cost-effectiveness of the 2022 edition of ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1, which is developed by the ASHRAE Standard Standing Project Committee (SSPC) 90.1 and is the model energy standard for all commercial buildings and multifamily residential buildings over three floors. PNNL analyzed the cost-effectiveness of changes in Standard 90.1-2022, compared to the previous 90.1-2019 edition, as applied in commercial buildings across the United States. In reviewing proposed changes to Standard 90.1, the SSPC considers the cost-effectiveness of individual changes (addenda). Due to the continuous nature of the development process, however, ASHRAE does not evaluate the entire package of addenda from one edition of the standard to the next, which is of particular interest to adopting state and local governments. Providing states with an analysis of cost-effectiveness facilitates a more comprehensive understanding of the impacts associated with updated model energy codes, informs the state decision-making process and its authorities, and ultimately encourages greater adoption of updated energy codes. This information also informs the development of future editions of Standard 90.1.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

NASA NTRS2010

Validation of a Three-Dimensional Ablation and Thermal Response Simulation Code

The 3dFIAT code simulates pyrolysis, ablation, and shape change of thermal protection materials and systems in three dimensions. The governing equations, which include energy conservation, a three-component decomposition model, and a surface energy balance, are solved with a moving grid system to simulate the shape change due to surface recession. This work is the first part of a code validation study for new capabilities that were added to 3dFIAT. These expanded capabilities include a multi-block moving grid system and an orthotropic thermal conductivity model. This paper focuses on conditions with minimal shape change in which the fluid/solid coupling is not necessary. Two groups of test cases of 3dFIAT analyses of Phenolic Impregnated Carbon Ablator in an arc-jet are presented. In the first group, axisymmetric iso-q shaped models are studied to check the accuracy of three-dimensional multi-block grid system. In the second group, similar models with various through-the-thickness conductivity directions are examined. In this group, the material thermal response is three-dimensional, because of the carbon fiber orientation. Predictions from 3dFIAT are presented and compared with arcjet test data. The 3dFIAT predictions agree very well with thermocouple data for both groups of test cases.

Chen, Yih-Kanq↗

DOE OSTI2021

National Cost-Effectiveness of ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1–2019

The purpose of this analysis is to examine the cost-effectiveness of the 2019 edition of ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1, which is developed by the ASHRAE Standard Standing Project Committee (SSPC) 90.1, and is the model energy standard for all commercial buildings and multifamily residential buildings over three floors. PNNL analyzed the cost-effectiveness of changes in Standard 90.1-2019, compared to the previous 90.1-2016 edition, as applied in commercial buildings across the United States. In reviewing proposed changes to Standard 90.1, the SSPC considers the cost-effectiveness of individual changes (addenda). Due to the continuous nature of the development process, however, ASHRAE does not evaluate the entire package of addenda from one edition of the standard to the next, which is of particular interest to adopting state and local governments. Providing states with an analysis of cost-effectiveness facilitates a more comprehensive understanding of the impacts associated with updated model energy codes, informs the state decision-making process and its authorities, and ultimately encourages greater adoption of updated of energy codes. This information also informs the development of future editions of Standard 90.1.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

NASA NTRS1985

Numerical techniques for large cosmological N-body simulations

Techniques for carrying out large N-body simulations of the gravitational evolution of clustering in the fundamental cube of an infinite periodic universe are described and compared. The accuracy of the forces derived from several commonly used particle mesh schemes is examined, showing how submesh resolution can be achieved by including short-range forces between particles by direct summation techniques. The time integration of the equations of motion is discussed, and the accuracy of the codes for various choices of 'time' variable and time step is tested by considering energy conservation as well as by direct analysis of particle trajectories. Methods for generating initial particle positions and velocities corresponding to a growing mode representation of a specified power spectrum of linear density fluctuations are described. The effects of force resolution are studied and different simulation schemes are compared. An algorithm is implemented for generating initial conditions by varying the number of particles, the initial amplitude of density fluctuations, and the initial peculiar velocity field.

Efstathiou, G.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Creating the Distributed Energy Resources Education Center (DEREC)

The built environment in the United States consumes 40% of the energy generated and emits roughly the same percentage of total carbon footprint. Distributed energy resources (DER), small or modular energy generation and storage technologies, present the nation with an opportunity to substantially improve those metrics while securing the nation’s energy independence. As opportunities increase for implementing such technologies, they also continue to evolve and often outpace the nation’s traditional building practices. In an effort to effectively and proactively incorporate distributed energy resources into the nation’s energy supply, Southface Energy Institute convened with national and regional partners to create the Distributed Energy Resources Education Center (DEREC). Using national model codes and their regionally amended versions as a collective starting point, the DEREC team collaborated with industry experts and identified impediments to effective implementation of DERs, developing discipline-specific curriculum to eliminate those impediments. The center, developed in collaboration with Interstate Renewable Energy Committee (IREC) and National Buildings Institute (NBI), leverages existing DER education content as well as new and dynamic training materials and online courses that collectively engage the many roles necessary for DER implementations, including designers, code officials, builders and skilled trades, and building owners who specify, inspect, build, operate, and maintain buildings with DERs.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2024

Electric Readiness in Residential Energy Code: Technical Brief

This technical brief provides requirements for electric readiness that could be incorporated into model residential energy codes. It provides background on the basis and benefits of the provisions, and model code language that can be plugged into the IECC or adapted into other energy codes. This brief has been updated to reflect changes in the 2024 IECC.

2021 IECC↗

DOE OSTI2025

A Safe Response to Renewable Energy Hazards

The International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF) and Underwriters Laboratories, LLC (UL) in conjunction with UL Solutions initiated a joint project in 2022 under an agreement with the United States Department of Energy-Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (DOE-EERE). This project focused on two separate and important initiatives related to energy efficiency in residential buildings. Initiative 1: Fire Performance on Energy Efficient Exterior Walls. Initiative 2: Firefighting Tactics in Residential Properties with Building Energy Storage Systems (BESS). The project’s first initiative addresses concerns surrounding new technologies with enhanced, energy-efficient exterior walls installed on residential properties. The concerns of fire rapidly traveling vertically up the exterior of these walls were examined. This addressed a growing concern from the first responder community that many times, the fires on the exterior of residential buildings have already evolved into an attic fire by the time of arrival – making it problematic to address the fire scenario. The test plan for Initiative 1 incorporated a modified version of an American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) test method, ASTM E2707, Standard Test Method for Determining Fire Penetration of Exterior Wall Assemblies Using a Direct Flame Impingement Exposure, as the foundation of the research. The test method involved a wall structure intended to represent retrofit construction to evaluate how fire would spread vertically or laterally. The second aspect of the UL-IAFF Project focuses on the fire service response to Residential Battery Energy Storage System (RBESS) incidents. These simulation tests were constructed in the large-scale fire test facility at UL Solutions’ Northbrook, IL campus. A baseline test was conducted that involved a test structure with no batteries—shelving units populated with standardized commodities, representing a typical garage with cellulosic and plastic contents. Three additional tests have been conducted to generate data with the contribution of energy storage system (ESS) batteries to compare fire and explosion hazards against the baseline test. Through this work, fire service tactical considerations can be explored. From the data, the team can determine 1) the visual indicators of a residential fire that has involved an RBESS (or, potentially, other large batteries) and 2) the impact of fire service-initiated ventilation of the structure on the fire conditions and explosion risks.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

Openpronghorn

OpenPronghorn is a simulation tool specifically tailored for modeling thermal-hydraulic phenomena in advanced nuclear reactors. It is built on the Multiphysics Object-Oriented Simulation Environment (MOOSE), an open-source platform that facilitates the development of high-performance scientific computing applications. OpenPronghorn solves the Navier-Stokes equations, which describe the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy in fluid flows, using the finite volume numerical method. The code supports a wide range of fluid flow conditions that are applicable to nuclear reactors, including incompressible and weakly compressible flows, as well as single-phase and multiphase flows. It is capable of modeling diverse flow regimes, including laminar and turbulent flows, using various turbulence models such as the standard k-epsilon models, the v2f model, and the mixing length model. For multiphase flows, OpenPronghorn employs a mixture a Eulerian modeling approach with mixture, drift-flux, and full Eulerian models, and includes open-sourced interfacial transfer correlations for drag, exchange, and heat transfer coming from the scientific literature. OpenPronghorn's modular design allows it to handle multiscale simulations, ranging from detailed Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) simulations to coarse-mesh and lumped parameter models. This flexibility enables users to perform high-fidelity simulations of specific reactor components as well as system-level analyses of entire reactor circuits. The code can be coupled with other MOOSE-based tools using the MultiApp system, allowing for the transfer of coupling quantities such as mass flow rates, heat fluxes, and boundary conditions between different simulation scales. One of the main features of OpenPronghorn is the it includes built-in validation cases from the open-source scientific literature and supports the implementation of user-defined models and correlations through MOOSE's FunctorMaterial system. OpenPronghorn is designed to be computationally efficient, leveraging the SIMPLE projection method for large-scale problems, and can be run on high-performance computing systems to handle the extensive computational demands of detailed reactor simulations. Overall, OpenPronghorn is a versatile and robust tool that provides critical insights into the thermal-hydraulic behavior of advanced nuclear reactors, supporting the design, safety, and optimization of next-generation nuclear energy systems.

Retamales, Mauricio Eduardo Tano [Idaho National L↗

DOE OSTI2024

Scaling Up to Zero Energy Ready - and Down to 530 ft2

There is a demonstrated need for affordable housing and smaller homes. Reduced square footage new construction projects present a solution for this growing need. Completion of these types of projects is not without challenges however, as high efficiency building measures present problems with proper equipment sizing and indoor environmental quality. This case study describes the support provided by FSEC to the Manatee County Habitat for Humanity to create a small footprint home design that qualifies for Zero Energy Ready Home (ZERH) certification in Florida. Specific measures to address equipment sizing challenges, and interior air quality targets are identified among other construction elements that contribute to qualifying for ZERH certification. Discussion of the approach to meeting these challenges is informative to other efforts to build to above code standards in hot humid climates, and other regions.

ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATION↗

DOE OSTI2023

Verifying Ray Tracing Amplitude Methods for Global Magnetospheric Modeling

Abstract Ray tracing is a commonly used method for modeling the propagation of electromagnetic waves in Earth's magnetosphere. To apply ray tracing results to global models of wave‐particle interaction such as energetic electron scattering, it is useful to map the discrete rays to a volume filling mesh. However, some methods have inherent losses of energy from the wave source, or do not account for the full range of wave properties within a sample volume. We have developed and tested a 3D magnetospheric ray tracing code “MESHRAY” which resolves these issues. MESHRAY uses the conservation of Poynting flux through ray triplets with finite volume to determine the local field amplitudes. Electromagnetic wave energy density from all ray data points is mapped to a mesh and verified against the wave source power for energy conservation varying time step length, number of rays, and total time steps. We find that the method is self‐consistent and numerically robust. We further investigate whether the neglect of phase information and superposition has a significant impact on the accuracy of mapping wave intensity to a mesh. We find excellent agreement between the analytic solution for waves emitted by a line source in a plane‐stratified medium and an equivalent ray tracing solution. When phase information is excluded, ray tracing reproduces an average amplitude spread over regions of coherent constructive and destructive interference. This may be an important consideration for interpolating ray tracing results of longer wavelength waves such as magnetosonic, electromagnetic ion cyclotron, or ULF waves.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2025

2003 Interstate 595 Vehicle Trip-Length Study

# 2003 Interstate 595 Vehicle Trip-Length Study The 2003 Vehicle Trip-Length Study focused on Interstate 595 between Davie Road and University Drive in Florida. Survey participants answered questions about their trip's origin and destination—including the type of location such as work, home, store, etc.—the on- and off-ramps used, how many people were in the car, and the type of vehicle. The survey also collected household demographic data such as annual household income, available vehicles, the number of people living in their household, and the number of workers in their household above the age of 16. It also asked if they would use proposed bus-only lanes or train service along the corridor, if available. ## Data Collection Agency The survey was conducted by and for the Florida Department of Transportation. ## Survey Methodology The survey was conducted via mail and online in March 2003. ## Survey Records, Data, and Documentation Survey records include 7,917 participants. Origin and destination locations include street addresses, nearest intersections or landmarks, city, state, zip code, and latitude/longitude.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

2003 Interstate 595 Vehicle Trip-Length Study

# 2003 Interstate 595 Vehicle Trip-Length Study The 2003 Vehicle Trip-Length Study focused on Interstate 595 between Davie Road and University Drive in Florida. Survey participants answered questions about their trip's origin and destination—including the type of location such as work, home, store, etc.—the on- and off-ramps used, how many people were in the car, and the type of vehicle. The survey also collected household demographic data such as annual household income, available vehicles, the number of people living in their household, and the number of workers in their household above the age of 16. It also asked if they would use proposed bus-only lanes or train service along the corridor, if available. ## Data Collection Agency The survey was conducted by and for the Florida Department of Transportation. ## Survey Methodology The survey was conducted via mail and online in March 2003. ## Survey Records, Data, and Documentation Survey records include 7,917 participants. Origin and destination locations include street addresses, nearest intersections or landmarks, city, state, zip code, and latitude/longitude.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

2003 Interstate 595 Vehicle Trip-Length Study

# 2003 Interstate 595 Vehicle Trip-Length Study The 2003 Vehicle Trip-Length Study focused on Interstate 595 between Davie Road and University Drive in Florida. Survey participants answered questions about their trip's origin and destination—including the type of location such as work, home, store, etc.—the on- and off-ramps used, how many people were in the car, and the type of vehicle. The survey also collected household demographic data such as annual household income, available vehicles, the number of people living in their household, and the number of workers in their household above the age of 16. It also asked if they would use proposed bus-only lanes or train service along the corridor, if available. ## Data Collection Agency The survey was conducted by and for the Florida Department of Transportation. ## Survey Methodology The survey was conducted via mail and online in March 2003. ## Survey Records, Data, and Documentation Survey records include 7,917 participants. Origin and destination locations include street addresses, nearest intersections or landmarks, city, state, zip code, and latitude/longitude.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

2003 Interstate 595 Vehicle Trip-Length Study

# 2003 Interstate 595 Vehicle Trip-Length Study The 2003 Vehicle Trip-Length Study focused on Interstate 595 between Davie Road and University Drive in Florida. Survey participants answered questions about their trip's origin and destination—including the type of location such as work, home, store, etc.—the on- and off-ramps used, how many people were in the car, and the type of vehicle. The survey also collected household demographic data such as annual household income, available vehicles, the number of people living in their household, and the number of workers in their household above the age of 16. It also asked if they would use proposed bus-only lanes or train service along the corridor, if available. ## Data Collection Agency The survey was conducted by and for the Florida Department of Transportation. ## Survey Methodology The survey was conducted via mail and online in March 2003. ## Survey Records, Data, and Documentation Survey records include 7,917 participants. Origin and destination locations include street addresses, nearest intersections or landmarks, city, state, zip code, and latitude/longitude.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

2003 Interstate 595 Vehicle Trip-Length Study

# 2003 Interstate 595 Vehicle Trip-Length Study The 2003 Vehicle Trip-Length Study focused on Interstate 595 between Davie Road and University Drive in Florida. Survey participants answered questions about their trip's origin and destination—including the type of location such as work, home, store, etc.—the on- and off-ramps used, how many people were in the car, and the type of vehicle. The survey also collected household demographic data such as annual household income, available vehicles, the number of people living in their household, and the number of workers in their household above the age of 16. It also asked if they would use proposed bus-only lanes or train service along the corridor, if available. ## Data Collection Agency The survey was conducted by and for the Florida Department of Transportation. ## Survey Methodology The survey was conducted via mail and online in March 2003. ## Survey Records, Data, and Documentation Survey records include 7,917 participants. Origin and destination locations include street addresses, nearest intersections or landmarks, city, state, zip code, and latitude/longitude.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

2003 Interstate 595 Vehicle Trip-Length Study

# 2003 Interstate 595 Vehicle Trip-Length Study The 2003 Vehicle Trip-Length Study focused on Interstate 595 between Davie Road and University Drive in Florida. Survey participants answered questions about their trip's origin and destination—including the type of location such as work, home, store, etc.—the on- and off-ramps used, how many people were in the car, and the type of vehicle. The survey also collected household demographic data such as annual household income, available vehicles, the number of people living in their household, and the number of workers in their household above the age of 16. It also asked if they would use proposed bus-only lanes or train service along the corridor, if available. ## Data Collection Agency The survey was conducted by and for the Florida Department of Transportation. ## Survey Methodology The survey was conducted via mail and online in March 2003. ## Survey Records, Data, and Documentation Survey records include 7,917 participants. Origin and destination locations include street addresses, nearest intersections or landmarks, city, state, zip code, and latitude/longitude.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗