Detailed evaluation of electric demand load shifting potential of heat pump water heaters in a hot humid climate
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54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
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Results for “demand potential”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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The Technical, Demand, and Economic Potential of H2@Scale within the United States
This presentation summarizes the current analysis status of H2@Scale's technical and economic potential. It provides preliminary results and discusses the drivers of those results for each of the five economic potential scenarios.
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
Potential Oil Supply and CO2 Demand for CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery in the United States
This presentation was given at the 2020 Pittsburgh Coal Conference on Sept 10, 2020. It describes an analysis using the FE/NETL CO<sub>2</sub> EOR Evaluation System in order to develop price curves for both oil supply as well as CO<sub>2</sub> demand resulting from potential application of CO<sub>2</sub> EOR. The analysis was conducted on a dataset of conventional oil reservoirs in the lower-48 states.
Morgan, David↗
Civil Uses of Remotely Piloted Aircraft
The technology effort is identified and assessed that is required to bring the civil uses of RPVs to fruition and to determine whether or not the potential market is real and economically practical, the technologies are within reach, the operational problems are manageable, and the benefits are worth the cost. To do so, the economic, technical, and environmental implications are examined. The time frame is 1980-85. Representative uses are selected; detailed functional and performance requirements are derived for RPV systems; and conceptual system designs are devised. Total system cost comparisons are made with non-RPV alternatives. The potential market demand for RPV systems is estimated. Environmental and safety requirements are examined, and legal and regulatory concerns are identified. A potential demand for 2,000-11,000 RPV systems is estimated. Typical cost savings of 25-35% compared to non-RPV alternatives are determined. There appear to be no environmental problems, and the safety issue appears manageable.
Aderhold, J. R.↗
Civil Uses of Remotely Piloted Aircraft
The economic, technical, and environmental implications of remotely piloted vehicles (RVP) are examined. The time frame is 1980-85. Representative uses are selected; detailed functional and performance requirements are derived for RPV systems; and conceptual system designs are devised. Total system cost comparisons are made with non-RPV alternatives. The potential market demand for RPV systems is estimated. Environmental and safety requirements are examined, and legal and regulatory concerns are identified. A potential demand for 2,000-11,000 RVP systems is estimated. Typical cost savings of 25 to 35% compared to non-RPV alternatives are determined. There appear to be no environmental problems, and the safety issue appears manageable.
Aderhold, J. R.↗
Utilizing Thermal Mass in Refrigerated Display Cases to Reduce Peak Demand
The potential to store energy within refrigerated food products presents convenience store and supermarket operators with an opportunity to participate in utility sponsored demand response programs, whereby electricity usage can be shifted or reduced during peak periods. To determine the feasibility of reducing peak demand by shifting the refrigeration load to off-peak times, experimental and analytical analyses were performed. Simulated product, consisting of one-pint containers filled with a 50% ethylene glycol and 50% water solution, were stored in a medium-temperature vertical open refrigerated display case. Product temperature rise as a function of time was determined by turning off the refrigeration to the display case, while product temperature pull-down time was subsequently determined by turning on the refrigeration to the display case. It was found that the thermal mass of the product in a medium-temperature display case was such that during a 2.5 hour period with no refrigeration, the average product temperature increased by 5.5 C. In addition, it took approximately 3.5 hours for the product to recover to its initial temperature after the refrigeration was turned on. Transient heat conduction analyses for one-dimensional objects is in good agreement with the experimental results obtained in this study. From the analysis, it appears that the thermal mass of the stored product in refrigerated display cases is sufficient to allow product temperatures to safely drift for a significant time under reduced refrigeration system operation. Thus, strategies for shifting refrigeration system electrical demand can be developed. The use of an advanced refrigeration system controller that can respond to utility signals can enable demand shifting with minimal impact.
Fricke, Brian A↗
Pilot Testing of Commercial Refrigeration-Based Demand Response
Supermarkets potentially offer a substantial demand response (DR) resource because of their high energy intensity and use patterns. This report describes a pilot project conducted to better estimate supermarket DR potential. Previous work has analyzed supermarket DR using heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC), lighting, and anti-condensate heaters. This project was concerned with evaluating DR using the refrigeration system and quantifying the DR potential inherent in supermarket refrigeration systems. Ancillary aims of the project were to identify practical barriers to the implementation of DR programs in supermarkets and to determine which high-level control strategies were most appropriate for achieving certain DR objectives. The scope of this project does not include detailed control strategy development for DR or development of a strategy for regional implementation of DR in supermarkets.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
A multi-product landscape life-cycle assessment approach for evaluating local climate mitigation potential
Increasing demand for land-based climate mitigation requires more efficient management of agricultural landscapes for competing objectives. Here we develop methods for assessing trade-offs and synergies between intensification and carbon-sequestering conservation measures in annual crop production landscapes using the DayCent ecosystem model and the Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Technologies (GREET) life-cycle assessment (LCA) model. We compiled county-scaled crop yields, fertilizer application rates, and tillage intensity for a corn–soybean farming case study landscape in the US state of Iowa. Using DayCent, we estimated a baseline soil organic carbon (SOC) accrual rate of 0.29 Mg C ha -1 y -1 driven by historical increases in crop productivity and reductions in tillage intensity. We then simulated the effects of management interventions targeted toward intensification (stover removal) and SOC sequestration (tillage intensity reduction and winter cover crop addition) individually and in combination. We propose a new multi-product landscape–LCA approach that analyzes marginal changes in corn grain, corn stover, and soybean production from the landscape in terms of their value for biofuel production (corn ethanol, soy biodiesel, and cellulosic ethanol from stover) and associated net displacement of conventional fossil-derived fuel use. This enables us to evaluate both intensification and sequestration effects in common CO 2 -equivalent mitigation units. We also used DayCent-simulated yields under the different land management scenarios to estimate farm-level costs and revenues. Our results show that intensification via collecting 30% of corn stover for biofuel production would increase the total greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation potential of this landscape by 0.93 Mg CO 2 e ha -1 y -1 and provide $49 ha -1 y -1 of additional net revenue from biomass sales, but would reduce the baseline SOC accumulation rate by approximately 40%. In contrast, integrated approaches that include co-adoption of winter cover cropping and/or tillage intensity reduction would result in increased rates of SOC accumulation above the baseline, achieving simultaneous improvements in both farm profits and the overall GHG mitigation potential of the landscape.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Exploring Demand Charge Savings from Commercial Solar
Commercial retail electricity rates commonly include a demand charge component, based on some measure of the customer’s peak demand. Customer-sited solar PV can potentially reduce demand charges, but the magnitude of these savings can be difficult to predict, given variations in demand charge designs, customer loads, and PV generation profiles. Moreover, depending on the circumstances, demand charges from solar may or may not align well with associated utility cost savings. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) are collaborating in a series of studies to understand how solar PV can reduce demand charge levels for a variety of customer types and demand charges designs. Previous work focused on residential customs with solar. This study, instead, focuses on commercial customers and seeks to understand the extent and conditions under which rooftop can solar reduce commercial demand charges. To answer these questions, we simulate demand charge savings for a broad range of commercial customer types, demand charge designs, locations, and PV system characteristics. This particular analysis does not include storage, but a subsequent analysis in this series will evaluate demand charge savings for commercial customers with solar and storage.
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
Puerto Rico Demand Response Impact and Forecast Tool (PR-DRIFT) - Beta Version [Slides]
Due to high fossil fuel imports, high electricity rates, an unreliable electricity grid, and 100% renewable electricity goals, demand response can play a crucial role for the Puerto Rico electricity grid. The Puerto Rico Demand Response Impact and Forecast Tool (PR-DRIFT) is a spreadsheet-based tool in which users can estimate the potential impacts of demand response, energy efficiency, and VRE and storage adoption in Puerto Rico from 2021 through 2040. The tool includes projections for solar, wind, and battery adoption based on released RFPs and energy targets (including Act-17 2019) to generate a projected net load profile for each hour through 2040. Based on user inputs and default assumptions, the tool also projects load profile impacts of demand response and energy efficiency, and is specifically focused on highlighting projected demand response technical potential. This demand response technical potential can be used by local utilities, regulators, program administrators, or researchers to help design demand response programs for larger impact.
24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
Design and optimization of NbCN/PbBi mixer elements for heterodyne receivers
Superconductor-Insulator-Superconductor (SIS) quantum mixers provide a relatively new approach to millimeter wave mixing potentially offering conversion gain, a low local oscillator power demand and potential mixer temperatures near the quantum limit. This paper presents device modeling and fabrication development for NbCN lead-alloy submicron edge-contact SIS mixers for use at 115 GHz.
Lichtenberger, A. W.↗
Optimization of SIS mixer elements
Superconductor-Insulator-Superconductor (SIS) quantum mixers provide an approach to millimeter wave mixing - potentially offering conversion gain, a low local oscillator power demand, and potential mixer noise temperatures near the quantum limit. The development of a reliable fabrication technology for producing such high quality SIS devices for mixer applications in radio astronomy is the focus of the work.
Mattauch, Robert J.↗
Demand-adaptive Transit Design for Urban Transportation Hubs
In this study, we proposed a novel three-stage framework for planning the optimal demand-adaptive transit (DAT) at urban transportation hubs. Given the potential trip demand and road traffic condition, the proposed framework sequentially generates the optimal set of candidate routes, combines the outgoing routes and incoming routes at the hub, and derives the optimal fleet size and corresponding route frequency under the fixed budget. In particular, we build the route generation algorithm which maximizes passenger demand coverage with travel time deviation constraint. And a heuristic algorithm is further developed which yields near-optimal operation routes for real-time demand. The fleet optimization problem is formulated to minimize the weighted cost of energy savings, operation cost and trip revenue. We conduct comprehensive numerical experiments for planning DAT with electric buses at JFK airport in NYC using NYC taxi and for-hire vehicle trip data and GoogleMap speed data. The results show the superior performance of the proposed route generation algorithm which is able to cover citywide passenger demand with only 61 DAT routes. The results also suggest that the proposed DAT planning framework may serve over 47% of existing taxi and FHV demand by operating 18 routes using the fleet of 62 electric buses.
demand adaptive↗
DFAT: A web-based toolkit for estimating demand flexibility in building-to-grid integration
Demand Flexibility Assessment Tool (DFAT) is an open source web-based tool that estimates the demand flexibility potential of common control strategies in commercial buildings. The toolkit features a demand flexibility estimation tool that contains two calculators, basic and advanced, based on the level of input of customer data. The basic version calculates demand shed metrics for the control strategy “global temperature adjustment” and “cycle on/off compressors” using customer building information, local weather data, and electrical meter data. The advanced version, which uses detailed HVAC equipment data, calculates demand flexibility metrics for control strategies such as static pressure reset, global temperature adjustment, and cycle on/off compressors. In addition to the demand flexibility estimation tool, this toolkit offers a benchmarking tool that helps facility operators, aggregators, and utility resource managers assess demand flexibility opportunities, quantify/verify performance, and compare their performance against that of their peers.
Leong, Michael↗
Quantifying the impacts of climate change and extreme climate events on energy systems
Climate induced extreme weather events and weather variations will affect both the demand of energy and the resilience of energy supply systems. The specific potential impact of extreme events on energy systems has been difficult to quantify due to the unpredictability of future weather events. In this work, we develop a stochastic-robust optimization method to consider both low impact variations and extreme events. Applications of the method to 30 cities in Sweden, by considering 13 climate change scenarios, reveal that uncertainties in renewable energy potential and demand can lead to a significant performance gap (up to 34% for grid integration) brought by future climate variations and a drop in power supply reliability (up to 16%) due to extreme weather events. Finally, appropriate quantification of the climate change impacts will ensure robust operation of the energy systems and enable renewable energy penetration above 30% for a majority of the cities.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Analyzing Residential Charging Demand for Light-Duty Electric Vehicles in Colorado
The past decade has witnessed a remarkable surge in adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). The momentum is expected to continue with strong support from governments and industry. Rapid EV adoption will add significant electricity demand, making it critical to plan for and manage EV charging to avoid causing additional stress and non-negligible risks to the already-aging power grid. To help power grid operators understand the impacts of residential EV charging and identify risk factors, this study presents a data-driven charging demand analysis for light-duty vehicles. This study considers two real-world grid service regions in Colorado and merges multiple data sources and state-of-the-art tools that characterize EV adoption projections, vehicle travel patterns, seasonal variations, residential charging accessibility, ambient temperature impact, EV charging behaviors, grid utility customers, vehicle registration, and household-level EV charging demand distribution. We characterize potential residential charging demand in 2030 for two regions within the state of Colorado: Boulder and Aurora regions. We project that EVs will be 26% of the light-duty vehicle population in Boulder and 16% in Aurora areas. Charging demand is characterized for ten power grid feeders (five for each study region). Across the ten feeders, peak total EV charging powers during wintertime range from less than 1 MW to more than 4 MW.
ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
Analyzing Residential Charging Demand for Light-Duty Electric Vehicles in Colorado: Preprint
The past decade has witnessed the rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). The momentum is expected to continue with strong support from the government and industry. Rapid EV adoption brings significant charging demand to the power grid, causing additional stress and non-negligible risks to the already-aging power grid. To help power grid operators understand the impacts of EV home charging on the grid and identify risk factors, this study presents a data-driven residential charging demand analysis for light-duty vehicles. This study considers two real-world grid service regions in Colorado and merges multiple data sources and state-of-the-art tools that characterize EV adoption projections, vehicle travel patterns, seasonal variations, residential charging accessibility, ambient temperature impact, EV charging behaviors, grid utility customers, vehicle registration, and household-level EV charging demand distribution. We characterize potential residential charging demand in 2030 for two regions within the state of Colorado: Boulder and Aurora. We project that EVs will be 26% of the light-duty vehicle population in Boulder and 16% in Aurora. Charging demand is characterized for ten power grid feeders (five for each study region). Across the ten feeders, peak total EV charging powers during wintertime range from less than 1 MW to more than 4 MW.
ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗