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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 109 records · Page 6

Infrared Spectroscopy of Star Formation in Galactic and Extragalactic Regions

This report details work done in a project involving spectroscopic studies, including data analysis and modeling, of star-formation regions using an ensemble of archival space-based data including some from the Infrared Space Observatory's Long Wavelength Spectrometer and Short Wavelength Spectrometer, and other spectroscopic databases. We will include four kinds of regions: (1) disks around more evolved objects; (2) young, low or high mass pre-main sequence stars in star-formation regions; (3) star formation in external, bright IR (infrared) galaxies; and (4) the galactic center. During this period, work proceeded fully on track and on time. Details on workshops and conferences attended and research results are presented. A preprint article entitled 'The Far Infrared Lines of OH as Molecular Cloud Diagnostics' is included as an appendix.

Smith, Howard A.↗

SPRUCE Peat Mercury, Methylmercury and Sulfur Concentrations from Experimental Plot Cores, 2012

This data set reports the results of analyses of peat core samples for total mercury and methylmercury, as well as carbon, nitrogen and sulfur. Samples were collected as part of a larger sampling campaign from the SPRUCE experimental study plots located in the S1-Bog. From 2012-08-13 to 2012-10-15, a team of SPRUCE investigators and collaborators collected core samples of peat in the SPRUCE experimental plots. The goal was to characterize the biological, physical, and chemical characteristics of peat, and how those characteristics changed throughout the depth profile of the bog, prior to the initialization of the SPRUCE experimental warming and CO2 treatments. Cores were collected from 16 experimental plots; peat cores were collected from the hummock and hollow surfaces to depths of 300 cm in 10 cm, 25, and 50 cm increments (Pierce et al, 2022). Three replicate cores were collected from both hummock and hollow locations in each plot. The coring locations within each plot were mapped. This dataset contains one file in comma separated (*.csv) format. User Note: The coring descriptions and some reported data are the same as in the related data set, Iverson et al. (2014). Samples for mercury and carbon, nitrogen and sulfur analyses by the University of Minnesota were collected as part of this sampling campaign.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Energetics of oxidation and formation of uranium mononitride

Uranium mononitride (UN) is an advanced nuclear fuel currently being considered for use in several generation IV fast and thermal neutron spectrum core designs, with additional applications to thermal and electric nuclear propulsion reactors. Here, to better understand the thermal behavior and thermodynamic stability of UN, we investigated the bulk thermal oxidation process and thermochemical reactions, including the enthalpy of oxidation and standard enthalpy of formation, by conducting thermalgravimetric analysis – differential scanning calorimetry coupled with mass spectrometry (TGA-DSC-MS), and high temperature transposed temperature drop and oxide melt drop solution calorimetry. The bulk oxidation of UN (containing a small amount of α-UN 1.5+x ) in air was found to follow a step-wise process characterized by consecutive oxidative reactions UN-UN 1.5+x -UO 2 → UO 2 -UO 3 —N k → UO 3 —N k → UO 3 → U 3 O 8 . TGA results support that the UO 2 – U 2 N 3+x passivating layer delays the onset of rapid bulk oxidation of UN in air up to 662 K. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analyses were performed to characterize UN and its final oxidized product. The standard enthalpy of formation (ΔH° f ) of UN was determined to be –144.4 ± 5.9 kJ/mol·atom, in good agreement with previously determined values from Pt encapsulation and bomb calorimetric experiments. Lastly, a negative linear correlation between ΔH° f and the N/U molar ratio was established based on the thermochemical data obtained in this work and previously reported enthalpies of formations of β-UN 1.5-x and α-UN 1.5+x .

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Analysis of Persistent Soiling Losses: Cooperative Research and Development (Final Report)

The Contractor will analyze data from sensors and equipment provided by Participant in order to provide the basis for understanding of the processes and rates for the formation of 'persistent' soiling (soiling not removed by rain). The resulting, data, technical report, and publications will provide the basis for Participant to improve it's predictive soiling model.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

IGS Data Center Working Group Report

At its 18th meeting held December 09, 2001 in San Francisco, the IGS Governing Board recommended the formation of a working group to focus on data center issues. This working group will tackle many of the problems facing the IGS data centers as well as develop new ideas to aid users both internal and external to the IGS. The direction of the IGS has changed since its start in 1992 and many new working groups, projects, data sets, and products have been created and incorporated into the service since that time. Therefore, this may be an appropriate time to revisit the requirements of data centers within the IGS.

Noll, Carey E.↗

Geology of the One Earth Energy Site

The One Earth Energy site is one of two sites in the Illinois Storage Corridor (ISC) project. The objectives of the ISC project is to accelerate commercial deployment of carbon capture utilization and storage at two individual sites and receive approvals for Underground Injection Control (UIC) Class VI permits for construction at each site. At the One Earth Energy site, an extensive data collection program was undertaken, which included the drilling of a test well (One Earth Energy #1 [OEE #1]), four 2D seismic lines, and a small 3D seismic survey. The OEE #1 well was drilled in 2022 and acquired extensive core, log, and testing data to characterize the subsurface geology of the site. Coring was focused on the storage interval, the Mt. Simon Sandstone, and the confining interval, the Eau Claire Formation. The core and log data were used to evaluate the sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy, as well as to develop the conceptual geologic model. This report includes the geological summaries of the Mt. Simon Sandstone and the Eau Claire Formation. The extensive analysis of the log data is included in the petrophysical section, showing ranges of porosity, estimated pore size, and the mineral content of selected zones in the well. The separate petrographic technical report entitled “Petrographic and Advanced Geologic Characterization Report on One Earth Energy #1 (API# 1211325373)”, report number DOE-UIUC-0031892-04, details thin section point-counting analysis that includes mineralogical and pore space analysis, including grain size analysis, annotated thin section photomicrographs, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and statistics of grain size analysis on Mt. Simon thin sections from OEE #1. The final OEE #1 well data to be included in this geology report is the routine core analysis of both whole core plugs and rotary sidewall core plugs. In addition to the OEE #1 well, four 2D seismic lines and a small 3D survey were acquired as part of the overall subsurface geological characterization. This geology report references the seismic interpretation report, entitled “One Earth Energy Site Seismic Interpretation Task 5.0”, report number DOE-UIUC-0031892-07. This report details the stratigraphic and structural interpretation of the 2D and 3D seismic data acquired at the One Earth Energy site. The 2D seismic data was acquired in 2019 and 2021, and the 3D survey was acquired in 2022. The objectives of the seismic programs were to contribute to the subsurface characterization of the Mt. Simon-Eau Claire Storage Complex by evaluating the continuity of potential storage reservoirs and containment intervals across the project area, and to determine if any geologic features are present that would increase containment risk to the proposed carbon storage project.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

Spacelab uplink/downlink data flow and formats

The results of an analysis of the Spacelab (SL) data uplink/downlink structure and those data system elements associated with the support of this data flow are presented. Specific objectives of this report are to present the results of the following analyses: (1) operations of the SL high rate multiplexer, including format structure, data rates, format combinations, format switching, etc.; (2) operations of SL data recorders to include the definition of modes, data rates and forms; (3) operations of the high rate demultiplexer as described above; (4) potential experiment data formats defining formatting parameters to be considered in decommutation analysis; (5) SL computer input/output (I/O) decommutation channels, including the definition of structure, quantity and use of this I/O data; (6) detailed requirements of the data quality monitoring philosophy for this function.

Kandefer, F.↗

Ka-Band ARM Zenith Radar Corrections (KAZRCOR, KAZRCFRCOR) Value-Added Products

The Ka-Band Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Zenith Radar Corrections (KAZRCOR) and KA-Band ARM Zenith Radar CF-Radial, Corrected (KAZRCFRCOR) value-added products (VAPs) perform several corrections to the ingested KAZR moments and also create a significant detection mask for each radar mode. The VAPs compute gaseous attenuation as a function of time and radial distance from the radar antenna, based on ambient meteorological observations, and correct observed reflectivities for that effect. Mean Doppler velocities are dealiased to correct velocities whose magnitudes exceed the radar’s Nyquist velocity. Input KAZR data fields are passed through to the KAZRCOR or KAZRCFRCOR output files, in their native time and range coordinates. Complementary corrected reflectivity and velocity fields are provided, along with a mask of significant detections and a number of data quality flags. This report covers the KAZRCOR VAP as applied to the original KAZR radars and the upgraded KAZR2 radars. Originally, prior to late 2019, there were two separate code bases for the different radar versions. Following the harmonization of KAZR and KAZR2 data formats in 2019, only a single code base is required. The new combined KAZR and KAZR2 code base is called the KAZRCFRCOR VAP. The ‘cfr portion of the VAP name refers to the Radial Climate and Forecasting data format standards that are used in these data sets. Throughout this report, references to ‘KAZRCOR’ should be taken to apply to the ‘KAZRCFRCOR’ VAP as well unless there is an explicit statement to the contrary.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Celescope catalog of ultraviolet stellar observations: 5068 objects measured by Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (OAO-2)

During the 16 months that the Celescope Experiment operated, it took 8000 frames of data. This report describes the experiment, the data it gathered, the format of the magnetic tape containing the data, and a number of programs that were written to read and manipulate the tape. The tape version of the catalog contains Data on 5068 stars and is available from the National Space Sciences Data Center.

Davis, R. J.↗

Chemical kinetic models for combustion of hydrocarbons and formation of nitric oxide

The formation of nitrogen oxides NOx during combustion of methane, propane, and a jet fuel, JP-4, was investigated in a jet stirred combustor. The results of the experiments were interpreted using reaction models in which the nitric oxide (NO) forming reactions were coupled to the appropriate hydrocarbon combustion reaction mechanisms. Comparison between the experimental data and the model predictions reveals that the CH + N2 reaction process has a significant effect on NO formation especially in stoichiometric and fuel rich mixtures. Reaction models were assembled that predicted nitric oxide levels that were in reasonable agreement with the jet stirred combustor data and with data obtained from a high pressure (5.9 atm (0.6 MPa)), prevaporized, premixed, flame tube type combustor. The results also suggested that the behavior of hydrocarbon mixtures, like JP-4, may not be significantly different from that of pure hydrocarbons. Application of the propane combustion and nitric oxide formation model to the analysis of NOx emission data reported for various aircraft gas turbines showed the contribution of the various nitric oxide forming processes to the total NOx formed.

Jachimowski, C. J.↗

Global Geophysical Fluids Center of IERS

The Global Geophysical Fluids Center (GGFC) and its seven Special Bureaus (SB, for Atmosphere, Oceans, Tides, Hydrology, Mantle, Core and Gravity/Geocenter) were establishes by the International Earth Rotation Service in 1998, to support global geodynamic research. Mass transports in the geophysical fluids of the Earth system will cause observable geodynamic effects on a broad time scale.These include (1) variations in the solid Earth's rotation (in length-of-day and polar motion/nutation) via the conservation of angular momentum and effected by torques at the fluid-solid Earth interface; (2) changes in the global gravitational field according to Newton's gravitational law; and (3) motion in the center of mass of the solid Earth relative to that of the whole Earth ("geocenter") via the conservation of linear momentum. These minute signals have become observable by space geodetic techniques, primarily VLBI, SLR, GPS, and DORIS, and new exciting data will be available by space gravity, altimetry, SAR, and magnetic missions. In this sense the precise space geodetic techniques have become effective means of remote sensing of global mass transports. The GGFC and its SBs have the responsibility of supporting, facilitating, and providing services to the worldwide research community in the related research areas. We compute, analyze, compare, archive, and disseminate the time series of the angular momenta and the related torques, gravitational coefficients, and geocenter shift for all geophysical fluids, based on global observational data, and/or products from state-of-the-art models some of which assimilate such data. The computed quantities, algorithm and data formats are standardized. This paper reviews our activities, reports the status, and looks forward into the future.

Chao, Benjamin F.↗

Degradation and Modeling of Large-Format Commercial Lithium-Ion Cells as a Function of Chemistry, Design, and Aging Conditions

Demand for large-format (>10 Ah) lithium-ion batteries has increased substantially in recent years, due to the growth of both electric vehicle and stationary energy storage markets. The economics of these applications is sensitive to the lifetime of the batteries, and end-of-life can either be due to energy or power limitations. Despite this, there is little information from cell manufacturers on the sensitivity of cell degradation to environmental conditions or battery use. This work reports accelerated aging test data from four commercial large-format lithium-ion batteries from three manufacturers, with varying design (thickness, casings, ...), chemistry (lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) or lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt-oxide positive electrodes (NMC), with graphite (Gr) negative electrodes), and capacity (50 to 250 Amp hours). The tested LFP|Gr cell is found to be relatively insensitive to cycling conditions like temperature or voltage window, while NMC|Gr cells have varying sensitivity. Degradation trends are further investigated by training predictive models: simple polynomial trend lines, a semi-empirical reduced-order model, and an empirical reduced-order model identified using machine-learning based on symbolic regression. Calendar and cycle life are simulated over a variety of conditions to directly compare the various batteries. Cell size and thickness are found to substantially impact sensitivity to temperature during cycle aging, while electrode chemistry impacts depth-of-discharge sensitivity. Real-world battery lifetime is evaluated by simulating residential energy storage and commercial frequency containment reserve systems in several U.S. climate regions. Predicted lifetime across cell types varies from 7 years to 20+ years, though all cells are predicted to have at least 10 year life in certain conditions.

battery lifetime↗

SPRUCE: Peat Core Sample Collection Metadata, Marcell Experimental Forest, Minnesota, August 2024

This data set contains metadata associated with peat core samples collected from the Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Changing Environments (SPRUCE) experiment in August 2024. This sample metadata contains no analytical results and is a reference for analytical datasets. To ensure accessibility and discoverability, each sample was assigned an International Generic Sample Number (IGSN), a persistent identifier, using System for Earth and Extraterrestrial Sample Registration (SESAR). These samples were used for downstream analysis by multiple teams of researchers the results of which will be reported separately. This dataset contains one data file in comma separate (.csv) format. Additional metadata are provided: one data dictionary and a file-level metadata file in comma separate (.csv) format and a user guide in PDF (*.pdf) format. An aliquot of most samples is stored at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and may be available for further analysis. Access this collection event on SESAR https://doi.org/10.58052/IEJ9B00VQ. To inquire about obtaining archived samples for analysis, reach out using the Contact Sample Owner form located on the bottom of the landing page in SESAR. Note: Only dried and ground material from C Cores are available for new analysis.

Birkebak, Joshua [ORNL] (ORCID:0009000955611494)↗

AWE: Aviation Weather Data Visualization Environment

The two official sources for aviation weather reports both provide weather information to a pilot in a textual format. A number of systems have recently become available to help pilots with the visualization task by providing much of the data graphically. However, two types of aviation weather data are still not being presented graphically. These are airport-specific current weather reports (known as meteorological observations, or METARs) and forecast weather reports (known as terminal area forecasts, or TAFs). Our system, Aviation Weather Environment (AWE), presents intuitive graphical displays for both METARs and TAFs, as well as winds aloft forecasts. We start with a computer-generated textual aviation weather briefing. We map this briefing onto a cartographic grid specific to the pilot's area of interest. The pilot is able to obtain aviation-specific weather for the entire area or for his specific route. The route, altitude, true airspeed, and proposed departure time can each be modified in AWE. Integral visual display of these three elements of weather reports makes AWE a useful planning tool, as well as a weather briefing tool.

Spirkovska, Lilly↗

Videos, photos, and AI-derived grain size data associated with “High-throughput AI Video Surveys Enable Reproducible Multiscale Sediment Size Mapping, with Implications for Hydrobiogeochemical Parameterization”

NOTE: The manuscript associated with this data package is currently in review. The data may be revised based on reviewer feedback. Upon manuscript acceptance, this data package will be updated with the final dataset and additional metadata. This data package is associated with the manuscript “High-throughput AI Video Surveys Enable Reproducible Multiscale Sediment Size Mapping, with Implications for Hydrobiogeochemical Parameterization” under review. This data package includes five data types: 1) raw photos and videos from drone survey and walking smartphone surveys; 2) images derived from raw videos; 3) manual labeling of reference scales; 4) metadata for all images and photo resolution derived from artificial intelligence (AI) models or manual labels, 5) grain size data obtained from AI models for all photos, 6) metadata and grain size data after quality control, 7) summaries of sample efficiency for all data, and 8) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) data used to support hydro-biogeochemical (HBGC) parameter estimation. Such data is used to 1) demonstrate significant improvements in accuracy, efficiency, and quality control for grain size data collection with the help of AI models, 2) study the spatial heterogeneity of grain size and observation reproducibility based on tens of thousands of data points generated by the AI models, and 3) evaluate the impacts of grain size heterogeneity on key HBGC parameters across sediment-to-reach and hourly-to-yearly scales. In particular, the data package contains 116 folders and 179696 files. The files include 41 videos in .mov format, 64047 photos in .jpg format, 13541 video-derived photos in .png format, 12747 segmentation mask data in .tif format, 12747 segmentation data in .json format, 24771 .csv files that with metadata and grain size for each individual photo as well as water depth and velocity data from CFD and observation, 51791 .txt files of raw AI predicted labels, and 11 flight record data in .srt format. The summary for all metadata and grain size statistics information is included in “Scales_V3_NG.csv” and “Statistics_V3_NG.csv”. The summary for data that pass data quality control (QC) level 0-2 is included in “QCStatistics_V3_NG.csv”. The QC level 0 represents photos whose photo resolution is positive, excluding photos that miss reference scale. The QC level 1 means reference scale circularity uncertainty is less than 5% for smartphone images while representing photo resolution is larger than 0.44 mm/pixel for drone images. The QC level 2 means excluding photos whose grain number is less than 100, a minimum number of grains recommended by classic literature. The summary for each video’s name, length, frame rates, survey area, grain number, survey efficiency, etc. can be found in “QCSummary_V3_NG.csv”. The summary for site name, GPS coordinates, and number of images at each site can be found in “SitesSummary_V3_*.csv” files. Overall computational efficiency summary is reported in Table 4 of accompanying manuscript. Additionally, the nitrate concentration data used in this work was downloaded from an existing dataset published on ESS-DIVE (Boat-Dragged Sensor Hanford Reach.csv; Conner A. et al., 2020). We thank the United States Forest Service, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Washington Department of Natural Resources, Cowiche Canyon Conservatory, Port of Benton, and the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation for access to field locations where the data were collected. We also thank the Yakama Nation Tribal Council and Yakama Nation Fisheries for working with us to facilitate data collection and optimization of data usage according to their values and worldview.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Heavy ion induced Single Event Phenomena (SEP) data for semiconductor devices from engineering testing

The accumulation of JPL data on Single Event Phenomena (SEP), from 1979 to August 1986, is presented in full report format. It is expected that every two years a supplement report will be issued for the follow-on period. This data for 135 devices expands on the abbreviated test data presented as part of Refs. (1) and (3) by including figures of Single Event Upset (SEU) cross sections as a function of beam Linear Energy Transfer (LET) when available. It also includes some of the data complied in the JPL computer in RADATA and the SPACERAD data bank. This volume encompasses bipolar and MOS (CMOS and MHNOS) device data as two broad categories for both upsets (bit-flips) and latchup. It also includes comments on less well known phenomena, such as transient upsets and permanent damage modes.

Nichols, Donald K.↗