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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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NASA NTRS1994

Cargo systems manual: Heat Pipe Performance (HPP) STS-66

The purpose of the cargo systems manual (CSM) is to provide a payload reference document for payload and shuttle flight operations personnel during shuttle mission planning, training, and flight operations. It includes orbiter-to-payload interface information and payload system information (including operationally pertinent payload safety data) that is directly applicable to the Mission Operations Directorate (MOD) role in the payload mission. The primary objectives of the heat pipe performance (HPP) are to obtain quantitative data on the thermal performance of heat pipes in a microgravity environment. This information will increase understanding of the behavior of heat pipes in space and be useful for application to design improvements in heat pipes and associated systems. The purpose of HPP-2 is to establish a complete one-g and zero-g data base for axial groove heat pipes. This data will be used to update and correlate data generated from a heat pipe design computer program called Grooved Analysis Program (GAP). The HPP-2 objectives are to: determine heat transport capacity and conductance for open/closed grooved heat pipes and different Freon volumes (nominal, under, and overcharged) using a uniform heat load; determine heat transport capacity and conductance for single/multiple evaporators using asymmetric heat loads; obtain precise static, spin, and rewicking data points for undercharged pipes; investigate heat flux limits (asymmetric heat loads); and determine effects of positive body force on thermal performance.

Napp, Robert↗

DOE OSTI2023

Report on the 4th Marine Energy Instrumentation and Data Workshop

The 4th Marine Energy Instrumentation and Data workshop was held on March 16 - 17 2022. This gathering brought together marine energy (ME) developers, researchers, and stakeholders to discuss the current state of ME technologies and the industry's instrument and data needs. The overall objective of the workshop was to identify gaps facing the ME industry for needed data collection, processing, and analysis. This report contains findings and recommendations derived from the discussions and presentations during the workshop.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗

DOE OSTI2025

Queued Up: 2025 Edition – Characteristics of Power Plants Seeking Transmission Interconnection As of the End of 2024 [Slides]

Electric transmission system operators (ISOs, RTOs, or utilities) require proposed power plants seeking to connect to the transmission grid to undergo a series of impact studies before they can be built. This process establishes what new transmission equipment or upgrades may be needed before a project can connect to the system and assigns the costs of that equipment. The lists of projects in this process are known as “interconnection queues”. In collaboration with interconnection.fyi, Berkeley Lab compiled, aggregated, and cleaned interconnection queue data from >50 transmission grid operators (7 ISO/RTOs and 49 non-ISO balancing areas), which collectively represent ~97% of currently installed U.S. electric generating capacity. The dataset includes requests submitted to queues through the end of 2024, and only includes requests seeking to connect to the transmission grid (not distribution-connected or behind-the-meter projects). The files below include both a PDF report and an Excel data file. The PDF report analyzes interconnection data and metrics through the end of 2024. The Excel data file includes (a) the full project-level interconnection queue dataset through 2024, (b) a codebook (data dictionary) describing each data field, and (c) 35 additional tabs featuring tables summarizing a range of interconnection metrics. Key highlights from the Queued Up: 2025 Edition (featuring data through 2024) include: • As of the end of 2024, there were ~10,300 projects actively seeking grid interconnection in the U.S., representing 1,400 GW of generation and approximately 890 GW of storage. • Historic withdrawal rates alongside relatively fewer new requests resulted in a 12% decrease in total active queue volume compared to the prior year. • Active natural gas capacity (136 GW, +72% year-over-year) increased in 2024, while solar (956 GW, -12%), storage (890 GW, -13%), and wind (271 GW, -26%) capacity decreased. • 408 GW of capacity already has a draft or executed interconnection agreement (IA) but has not yet reached commercial operations. • The time projects spend in queues before reaching COD is increasing. For the regions with available data, the median duration from IR to COD has doubled from <2 years for projects built in 2000-2007 to over 4 years for those built in 2018-2024. • Ultimately, most of this proposed capacity will not be built. Only 13% of capacity that submitted interconnection requests from 2000-2019 had reached commercial operations by the end of 2024; 77% of that capacity had been withdrawn and 10% was still active. • FERC Order 2023 and various other reforms are being implemented. These are important measures to reduce interconnection bottlenecks and enhance grid system reliability, but it is too early to measure and assess their full impact. • New additions for the 2025 edition include: (a) additional detail on data processing and gaps; (b) updates on interconnection reforms; (c) new analysis on interconnection agreements, and more.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

NASA NTRS1980

A propagation effects handbook for satellite systems design. A summary of propagation impairments on 10-100 GHz satellite links, with techniques for system design

This handbook provides satellite system engineers with a concise summary of the major propagation effects experienced on Earth-space paths in the 10 to 100 GHz frequency range. The dominant effect, attenuation due to rain, is dealt with in terms of both experimental data from measurements made in the U.S. and Canada, and the mathematical and conceptual models devised to explain the data. Rain systems, rain and attenuation models, depolarization and experimental data are described. The design techniques recommended for predicting propagation effects in Earth-space communications systems are presented. The questions of where in the system design process the effects of propagation should be considered, and what precautions should be taken when applying the propagation results are addressed in order to bridge the gap between the propagation research data and the classical link budget analysis of Earth-space communications system.

Kaul, R.↗

NASA NTRS1999

Aerodynamic Characteristics and Development of the Aerodynamic Database of the X-34 Reusable Launch Vehicle

An overview of the aerodynamic characteristics and the process of developing the preflight aerodynamic database of the NASA/ Orbital X-34 reusable launch vehicle is presented in this paper. Wind tunnel tests from subsonic to hypersonic Mach numbers including ground effect tests at low subsonic speeds were conducted in various facilities at the NASA Langley Research Center. The APAS (Aerodynamic Preliminary Analysis System) code was used for engineering level analysis and to fill the gaps in the wind tunnel test data. This aerodynamic database covers the range of Mach numbers, angles of attack, sideslip and control surface deflections anticipated in the complete flight envelope.

Pamadi, Bandu N.↗

NASA NTRS1999

Aerodynamic Characteristics and Development of the Aerodynamic Database of the X-34 Reusable Launch Vehicle

Pamadi , Bandu N.↗

DOE OSTI2023

Environmental and Social Justice Implications of a Circular Plastics Economy

A consideration of environmental justice (EJ) and social justice (SJ) is critical to minimize the impacts of technology deployment on local communities. SJ and EJ impacts occur in specific geographic locations but can cover a wide range of effects (e.g., air pollution, access to clean water, jobs, wages, and education), making it challenging to determine which metrics are appropriate to evaluate and which data are required. Thus, there is currently a gap in the analysis community's ability to provide useful and universal EJ and SJ metrics for emerging technologies. Here, we present a draft framework for evaluating the human health, local environment, and job implications of processes that are at an early or middle technology readiness level (TRL). Using a case study on enzymatic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) recycling (middle TRL), we demonstrate how to qualitatively and quantitatively assess these EJ and SJ metrics for a circular economy context and how to communicate the results in a manner beneficial to both researchers and local communities.

circular economy↗

DOE OSTI2022

Effect of Coaxial Electrode Geometry on the Electric Field Enhancement Factor for a High Voltage Vacuum Gap

We present an experimental analysis of the change in the electric field enhancement factor with varying gap size and penetration depth (P.D) of cathode into anode for a coaxial vacuum gap, diagnosed using Fowler–Nordheim analysis and optical imaging via scanning electron microscope (SEM) and time integrated Digital single lens reflex camera (DSLR). Data were collected on the Coaxial Gap Breakdown Machine (240 A, 25 kV, 150 ns, 0.1 Hz). Experiments using five different gap sizes at nine different P.Ds are compared over runs comprising 50 shots for each case. The results show a strong link between enhancement factor and gap size, with P.D and surface topology. For large gap sizes, 150, 330, and 700 μm, the average enhancement factor value increases with increasing P.D. For smaller gap sizes, 50 and 100 μm, the average enhancement factor decreases with P.D. SEM imaging before and after plasma formation for each gap size allows for quantifying surface finish, microprotrusion growth, average blast diameter, and an estimation of the surface area breakdowns occupy. Time integrated DSLR imaging analysis of the gap at each shot allows for a determination of the distribution of breakdowns about the circumference of the gap for each case tested. Here, the Fowler–Nordheim analysis allows for a quantitative analysis of the surface roughness of all gap sizes tested. Results show that for large gap sizes, the gap geometry and increasing area of breakdown is the main cause for increasing average enhancement factor. For small gap sizes, the dominant driving factor for small average enhancement factors—that subsequently decrease with P.D—is significant changes in surface topology due to an increased number of breakdowns.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

NASA NTRS1984

Analysis and Interpretation of Synthetic Time Strings of Oscillation Data

Artificial strings of solar oscillation data with gaps and noise, corresponding to the output of different spatial filter functions, were analyzed. Peaks in the power spectrum are identified for values of the degree l from 0 to 18, and rotational splitting is estimated. The filters prove effective in facilitating identification of essentially all the real peaks in the power spectrum. Estimates of peak frequencies and amplitudes and rotational splitting frequencies are in reasonably good agreement with the input values. Spurious peaks in autocorrelation spectra correspond to the frequency spacing between power peaks with the same order n, differing by one or two in the degree l.

Mihalas, B. W.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Analysis of Jovian decametric data: Study of radio emission mechanisms

Catalogues of approx. 200 decametric arcs and approx. 200 gaps between arcs were studied, in an effort to reconcile the data with predictions for the model wherein reflections of Io-induced currents each emit in a conical pattern and yield a distinct radio arc. The most recent interpretations of this data suggest that these Io-produced Alfven waves persist for at least one or two passages of Io, and that the emission cone half angles are approx. 40 to 90 deg., varying from arc to arc. Below 1.2 MHz it was discovered that Jupiter emits radiation strongly modulated in frequency with periods of approx. 200 kHz; this quasi-sinusoidal emission (MSA) can shift more than 180 deg. in phase over periods of 6 seconds, although these shifts are usually much smaller. MSA is not strongly correlated with the longitudes of Io or Jupiter, and typically occurs in patches covering approx. 500 kHz or more for periods of a few minutes. Furthermore, this modulation sometimes resembles a train of impulses in frequency with exponential decays toward high frequencies. Comparison of these results with the previous studies of V-shaped S-bursts is suggestive of an emission mechanism.

Staelin, D. H.↗

DOE OSTI2022

Ln 10 S 14 O (Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Sm) Oxysulfides: A Series of Direct n-Type Semiconductors

Lanthanoid oxysulfides are promising materials for technological applications owing to their magnetic, photoluminescent, catalytic, and optoelectronic properties. In this work, we report the solid-state synthesis and structural characterization of Ln 10 S 14 O (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm) oxysulfides. Then, we present a thorough discussion on their electronic and photophysical properties. Through Tauc plot analysis and the derivation of the absorption spectrum fitting method (DASF), we determine that all oxysulfides have direct band gaps with energies of 2.84 eV (La), 2.02 eV (Ce), 2.56 eV (Pr), 2.64 eV (Nd), and 2.41 eV (Sm). Furthermore, surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SPS) shows photovoltage (ΔCPD) values of –0.4 to –1.1 V for La-, Pr-, Nd-, and Sm-containing compounds when illuminated near the optical band gap, indicating that these oxysulfides are n-type semiconductors, which is consistent with Mott–Schottky analysis. Photovoltages under sub-band gap illumination energy and photovoltage decay data suggest mid-band gap states possibly arising from the lanthanoid 4f orbitals and/or defects within the crystal structure or at the particle surfaces. These photophysical properties suggest possible applications of the oxysulfides in photoelectrochemical and photovoltaic energy conversion.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2023

Commercial Building Sensors and Controls Systems: Barriers and Drivers: Preprint

Building sensors and controls systems, including building automation systems, comprise the sensor-based devices installed in buildings as well as the control and automation of those devices. Optimized sensors and controls systems could lead to 29% annual energy savings in commercial buildings and are integral to the growth of grid-interactive efficient buildings. Only 13% of small commercial buildings, however, have installed sensors and controls systems, largely because of cost barriers. To accelerate adoption, this work seeks to increase the transparency of system costs and identify specific barriers and drivers. To gather industry insights, the team reached out to building owners, vendors, and contractors and conducted 21 interviews with the goal of collecting cost data and market characteristics regarding building sensors and controls. We collected the cost data in the form of invoices and used it to develop a percentage-based cost category breakdown. The interview data were analyzed using grounded theory to identify overarching concepts such as barriers, drivers, and future directions. From this analysis, we found the primary barriers to be complex and confusing systems, lack of user skills, and financial concerns, and the primary drivers to be operational benefits, insight into operations, and remote access to data. The future directions analysis highlighted the potential technological solutions to address gaps and barriers, as well as predicted drivers to increase adoption. This greater understanding of the costs, barriers, and drivers associated with commercial building sensors and controls systems lays the groundwork for increasing system adoption, reducing energy consumption, and transforming the market.

building automation system↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

The Satellite Needs Working Group (SNWG) Biennial Survey: Analyzing Satellite Earth Observation Needs Across U.S. Federal Civilian Agencies

The Satellite Needs Working Group (SNWG) is part of the U.S. Group on Earth Observations (USGEO) and was established to identify high-priority Earth observation satellite needs across U.S. federal civilian agencies. Federal agencies often rely on Earth observation data to fulfill multidisciplinary agency responsibilities such as assessing agricultural crop conditions, detecting wildfires, and monitoring water quality; however, the data sets and tools required to meet these needs are not always readily available or accessible to agency personnel. SNWG conducts a biennial survey of federal satellite needs in order to bridge the gap between Earth observation data providers and their government stakeholders and users. The SNWG Management Office completes an analysis of these survey submissions to gain insight into the types of satellite needs that exist across the government. Within the survey, agencies provide details on how satellite data are used to meet their objectives, measurement requirements needed for their use cases, and gaps that exist in currently available satellite data products and services. For the SNWG 2024 cycle, there were 125 surveys submitted from 25 different agencies. This presentation will discuss findings from the statistical analysis of the SNWG 2024 survey responses and highlight the diverse nature of the needs, common themes in agency requests, and differences in the responses compared to previous cycles. The presentation will also discuss the newly approved SNWG Aggregate Statistics Report that will make these analysis results available to the public and help inform what’s next for science.

Essence Raphael↗

DOE OSTI2023

Uncertainty analysis for techno-economic and life-cycle assessment of wet waste hydrothermal liquefaction with centralized upgrading to produce fuel blendstocks

Wet waste hydrothermal liquefaction is a promising technology for producing transportation fuels with much lower greenhouse gases emissions than petroleum-based fuels. However, its techno-economic and life cycle assessment are primarily based on laboratory scale testing data, subject to considerable uncertainties, and even bias, due to knowledge gaps. Here, a preliminary uncertainty analysis of key economic measures was conducted based on the 2019 state-of-technology model for biocrude production. Building on the preliminary analysis, this work presents a comprehensive uncertainty analysis in both economic and environmental measures of the entire supply chain of wet waste hydrothermal liquefaction to fuel blendstocks including biocrude upgrading based on the 2021 state-of-technology model. The analysis includes the most recent developments in hydrothermal liquefaction and biocrude upgrading technologies and Monte Carlo simulation based on an integrated model system including an improved reactor yield model, reduced-order process model, discounted cash flow economic model and simplified life-cycle assessment model. The estimated biocrude yield ranges from 42.2% to 52.4% with a median of 47.3%. The estimated fuel yield ranges from 34.7% to 42.7% with a median of 38.7%. The estimated minimum fuel selling price ranges from $\$ $2.28/gge to $\$ $3.45/gge with a median of $\$ $2.80/gge. Relative to petroleum-derived diesel, the estimated reduction in supply chain greenhouse gas emissions ranges from 73.4% to 81.8% with a median of 77.7%. Compared to the 2019 state-of-technology analysis, a significant improvement in biocrude selectivity and economic measures and reduction in uncertainties were achieved due to the incorporation of additional continuous experimental data sets, technology development and de-risking, and improvement in model accuracy.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2026

OmicsMLMentor: A Web Application for Guided Machine Learning Analysis of Omics Data

Expression-based omics technologies (e.g. proteomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics, etc.) increasingly rely on supervised and unsupervised machine learning (ML) models to find key biomolecules distinguishing conditions, identify natural groupings in biological data, or generate predictions for outcomes of interest. Fitting ML models to omics data presents several challenges, including handling missing data, selecting a normalization method, choosing a valid model, and optimizing hyperparameters, all requiring statistical programming skills to address these challenges. Thus, the open-source web application SLOPE was designed to lower the barrier to ML modeling for omics data. SLOPE supports the fitting of 15 ML models (10 supervised and 5 unsupervised) tailored to omics datasets, such as proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, and transcriptomics. SLOPE offers several omics-specific features, including methods for handling missingness (imputation, conversion, removal), normalization tests, ranking of models based on the structure of a user’s data and user input, and optimal hyperparameter selections using cross-validation splits. By streamlining ML workflows for omics analysis, SLOPE address critical gaps in existing online web tools, facilitating a broader adoption of these models for omics research. Here, SLOPE is applied to data from a lignin exposure study to highlight the workflow for fitting both supervised and unsupervised models to data.

lipidomics↗

DOE OSTI2023

zPerf: A Statistical Gray-Box Approach to Performance Modeling and Extrapolation for Scientific Lossy Compression

With the scaling up of simulation-based scientific discovery on high-performance computing systems, the disparity between compute and I/O has increased, forcing domain scientists to save only a small amount of simulation data to persistent storage. This can result in the loss of essential physics fields that are needed for data analysis. While error-bounded lossy compression has made tremendous progress in bridging the gap between compute and I/O, the lack of understanding of compression performance remains a key hurdle to its wide adoption. Here, in this work, we present zPerf, a statistical gray-box performance modeling approach for scientific lossy compression. Our contributions are threefold: 1) We develop zPerf to estimate the performance of lossy compression techniques, based on in-depth understanding and statistical modeling for data features and core compression metrics; 2) We demonstrate the in-detailed implementation of zPerf using two case studies, where we derive the performance modeling for SZ and ZFP, two leading lossy compressors; 3) We evaluate the effectiveness of zPerf on real-world datasets across various domains. Based on the evaluation, we demonstrate the efficacy of the zPerf performance model; 4) We further discuss three case studies where zPerf is applied to extrapolate the compression ratio of SZ and ZFP with alternative encoding schemes as well as ZFP with an alternative transform scheme. Through the case studies, we demonstrate the potential of zPerf for exploring the design space of lossy compression, which has hardly been studied in the literature.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

An Overview of the NASA Lift+Cruise eVTOL Crash Test

Introduction – NASA RVLT Project Impact Dynamics / Crash Safety Task - Task Objective: “To improve the crashworthiness and impact safety of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) vehicle and provide data to simplify the certification process. Efforts will include development of validated computational models of these vehicles, as well as other impacting bodies such as birds and drones. Efforts will also focus on developing and evaluating energy absorbing and crush properties of emerging and non-traditional composite materials and processes. Finally, occupant protection will be addressed using computational models and physical assets as it pertains to all rotorcraft environments.” - Problem Statement: “There currently is a lack of data for requirements regarding the crashworthy performance of UAM vehicles and impact loads generated by a bird strike. To address this technology gap, NASA will develop test guidelines, adopt modeling methodologies demonstrating capability for ‘certification by analysis’, acquire vehicle and occupant data on full-scale representative vehicles, and provide data/guidance to consensus standards organizations and the UAM community.” - 4 Main focus points - The investigation of occupant injury using physical and computational assets - The development of energy absorbing technology - The generation of data from sub- and full-scale crash test data - The execution of advanced finite element modelling techniques

evtol↗

DOE OSTI2022

Assessing the Effectiveness of Large-Scale Environmental Restoration: Challenges and Opportunities

A recent National Academies consensus report addresses monitoring and assessment of cumulative effects of large-scale and multiple restoration projects within the context of long-term environmental change. Fines and penalties from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) have supported hundreds of restoration projects at spatial scales not often possible in the past. Here, in this paper, the report committee members and staff provide personal reflections from our time working on the study. We found that gaps in data collection, issues with data accessibility, and a lack of synthesis and analysis are hindering the ability to answer a basic question: What are the impacts of these many restoration efforts on improving ecosystem health and productivity in the GoM at the regional and Gulf wide scale? Restoration efforts are occurring in environments where many trends are changing and exhibiting higher variability than in the past, suggesting that previously successful restoration practices may no longer be adequate to compensate for the effects of environmental changes and variability. Our proposed approach to these challenges includes employing emerging monitoring technologies; using conceptual models; devising an adaptive management framework; rethinking restoration outcome goals; assessing cumulative effects; and undertaking rigorous synthesis and analysis of existing information on long-term environmental trends and restoration efforts. Restoration scientists and practitioners working in the GoM have an unprecedented opportunity to demonstrate large-scale environmental recovery if advances in monitoring, synthesis, assessment, and action are taken quickly. We are cautiously optimistic that, with mid-course adjustments, continued progress toward large-scale environmental recovery is possible.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗