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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 109 records · Page 6
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

Flexible and freestanding catalase-Fe3O4/reduced graphene oxide paper: Enzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensor applications

Highlights: • The preparation of a new type of flexible Cat-Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}/rGO paper was achieved by a simple method. • The characterization of the Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanocrystals formed on rGO and Cat-Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}/rGO paper were investigated by several techniques. • Cat-Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}/rGO paper electrode was used as a flexible electrochemical sensor for H{sub 2}O{sub 2} determination. - Abstract: We proposed a new type of freestanding Catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) (Cat) modified paper electrode based on Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} crystals decorated freestanding reduced graphene oxide (rGO) paper (Cat-Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}/rGO) using a facile electrodeposition method. This enzyme modified paper electrode was used for the specific determination of hydrogen peroxide (H{sub 2}O{sub 2}). Structural, chemical, and morphological characterization of the Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} crystals formed on rGO paper was investigated by (i) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), (ii) energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), (iii) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), (iv) X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), (v) Raman spectroscopy, (vi) electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and (vii) cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques. The Cat enzyme was successfully adsorbed on the Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanocrystals surface which was demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy. The Cat-Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}/rGO paper electrode showed excellent electrocatalytic activity toward H{sub 2}O{sub 2}. It is found that Cat-Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}/rGO paper electrode shows a wide linear range, high sensitivity, and a low detection limit for H{sub 2}O{sub 2} detection.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Ruthenium oxide nanostring clusters anchored Graphene oxide nanocomposites for high-performance supercapacitors application

Highlights: • GO-RuO{sub 2} nanocomposites were synthesized by simple hydrothermal method. • GO-RuO{sub 2} nanocomposites were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM and EDS. • GO-RuO{sub 2} nanostring composite has shown a maximum specific capacitance of 859 Fg{sup −1} at the scan rate of 5 mVs{sup −1}. • GO-RuO{sub 2} nanostring composite electrode exhibits tremendous cyclic stability. - Abstract: Here, we report simple hydrothermal method for the preparation of Graphene oxide (GO) is embellished with nanostring clusters of ruthenium oxide (GO-RuO{sub 2}). The structure of the nanocomposite material was ascertained using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Scanning electron spectroscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and Transmission spectroscopy (TEM). The supercapacitor performance of the nanocomposites was investigated in acidic electrolyte, 1.0 M H{sub 2}SO{sub 4}, in a three-electrode setup. GO-RuO{sub 2} nanostring composite has shown a maximum specific capacitance of 859 Fg{sup −1} at the scan rate of 5 mVs{sup −1} using Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and by using Chronopotentiometry (CP) the specific capacitance towered up to 512 Fg{sup −1} at a current density of 2.5 Ag{sup −1}. Further, the material also possesses a high energy density of 246 Wh kg{sup -1}with a maximum power density of 1028 W kg{sup -1}. GO-RuO{sub 2} nanostring composite electrode exhibits tremendous cyclic stability with the specific capacitance retention of nearly 99% of the initial capacitance.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

V2O5 nanowires-graphene composite as an outstanding electrode material for high electrochemical performance and long-cycle-life supercapacitor

Highlights: • V{sub 2}O{sub 5} nanowires anchored on the surface of rGO sheets using facile hydrothermal method for energy storage application. • High gravimetric capacitance of 1002 F g{sup −1} has been achieved at the current density of 1 A g{sup −1} in an aqueous electrolyte. • Exceptionally high energy density of 116 Wh kg{sup −1} has been obtained using supercapacitor coin cell. • Composite (V{sub 2}O{sub 5}-NW-G) exhibits excellent cyclic stability with 83.94 % capacitance retention after 5000 GCD cycles. - Abstract: A composite of V{sub 2}O{sub 5} nanowires with reduced graphene oxide (V{sub 2}O{sub 5}-NW-G) has been prepared using facile hydrothermal method and tested for charge storage supercapacitor application. Morphological and structural aspects of as prepared materials has been studied using material characterization techniques like transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The nanosized wires like structure of V{sub 2}O{sub 5} anchored on the graphene (rGO) sheets possesses improved electrical conductivity and high surface area. Electrochemical properties of the synthesized materials have been studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Composite (V{sub 2}O{sub 5}-NW-G) exhibits exceptional properties like high gravimetric capacitance of 1002 F g{sup −1} along with good cyclic stability of 83.94% capacitance retention after 5000 repetitive GCD cycles. Excellent energy density of 116 Wh kg{sup −1} has been obtained at the power density of 1520 W kg{sup −1}.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2018

A progressive electrochemical sensor for food quality control: Reliable determination of theobromine in chocolate products using a miniaturized boron-doped diamond electrode

In the present paper, a miniaturized boron-doped diamond electrode (BDDE) is proposed as a progressive electrochemical sensor for simple, fast and reliable quantification of dimethylxanthine alkaloid, theobromine (TB). Using cyclic voltammetry, the studied xanthine provided one well-shaped, irreversible and diffusion-controlled oxidation peak at relatively high potentials (+1.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl/3 M KCl reference electrode) in the presence of 0.1 M H2SO4. After selection of suitable experimental conditions, the linear calibration curves for TB were obtained in the concentration range from 0.99 up to 54.5 μM with the sensitivity of 0.07 μA/μM providing both differential pulse (DPV) and square-wave voltammetric (SWV) techniques, respectively. The elaborated voltammetric protocol yielded low detection limits of 0.42 and 0.51 μM accompanied by adequate intra-day repeatability (relative standard deviation of 2.5 and 1.7%) using DPV and SWV procedure, respectively. The interference study revealed the reasonable selectivity when taking the target food samples into account. The practical applicability of the voltammetric protocol using a miniaturized BDDE was verified in the analysis of six commercially available brands of chocolate products with the determined mass percentages of TB ranging from 0.75 to 2.24% and from 0.69 to 2.15% using DPV and SWV procedure, respectively. The obtained results were also in a good agreement with those achieved by reference titration method with potentiometric indication. The progressive electrochemical sensor based on a miniaturized BDDE has appeared to be an attractive candidate for practical applications in food quality control. Besides, the proposed voltammetric protocol presents advantages when compared to others techniques (e.g. chromatography), concerning simplicity, cost, speed of analysis, waste generation (environmentally friendly) and samples pretreatment (only dilution in electrolyte solution prior to analysis). © 2018 Elsevier B.V.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2013

Nickel recovery from electronic waste II Electrodeposition of Ni and Ni–Fe alloys from diluted sulfate solutions

Highlights: • Ni can be recovered from EG wastes as pure Ni or as Ni–Fe alloys. • The control of the experimental conditions gives a certain alloy composition. • Unusual deposits morphology shows different nucleation mechanisms for Ni vs Fe. • The nucleation mechanism was progressive for Ni and instantaneous for Fe and Ni–Fe. - Abstract: This study focuses on the electrodeposition of Ni and Ni–Fe alloys from synthetic solutions similar to those obtained by the dissolution of electron gun (an electrical component of cathode ray tubes) waste. The influence of various parameters (pH, electrolyte composition, Ni{sup 2+}/Fe{sup 2+} ratio, current density) on the electrodeposition process was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRFA) were used to provide information about the obtained deposits’ thickness, morphology, and elemental composition. By controlling the experimental parameters, the composition of the Ni–Fe alloys can be tailored towards specific applications. Complementarily, the differences in the nucleation mechanisms for Ni, Fe and Ni–Fe deposition from sulfate solutions have been evaluated and discussed using cyclic voltammetry and potential step chronoamperometry. The obtained results suggest a progressive nucleation mechanism for Ni, while for Fe and Ni–Fe, the obtained data points are best fitted to an instantaneous nucleation model.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2013

Cyclic voltammetric study of Co-Ni-Fe alloys electrodeposition in sulfate medium

Electrochemical technique has been used to study the electrodeposition of cobalt, nickel, iron and Co-Ni-Fe alloy on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrate. To obtain the nucleation mechanism, cyclic voltammetry is used to characterize the Co-Ni-Fe system. The scanning rate effect on the deposition process was investigated. Deposition of single metal occurs at potential values more positive than that estimated stability potential. Based on the cyclic voltammetry results, the electrodeposition of cobalt, nickel, iron and Co-Ni-Fe alloy clearly show that the process of diffusion occurs is controlled by the typical nucleation mechanism.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Stable organic field-effect-transistors with high mobilities unaffected by supporting dielectric based on phenylene-bridged thienobenzothiophene

We report on the electrical properties of organic field-effect transistors (OFET) based on a new class of organic semiconductors. The molecules consist of the same thieno[2,3-b][1]benzothiophene building blocks, connected by different π-bridge spacers (ethylene, phenylene, and fluorophenylene). Molecular orbitals and highest occupied molecular orbital/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energies were calculated and compared with results from cyclic voltammetric and UV-vis absorption measurements. In order to study the influence of the bridge groups on the molecular arrangement and surface interaction, the transistor performance on a wide range of dielectrics has been investigated in detail. These include as grown SiO{sub 2} and Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} and also treated with octadecyltrichrolosilane and octadecylphosphonic acid, as well as Cytop and Parylene C. An extended study of the multitude of combinations of these materials revealed mobilities up to ∼1 cm{sup 2}/Vs, measured for devices made of the phenylene-bridged compound. Surprisingly, the mobility was quite independent of the supporting gate dielectric. Stability over time has been observed with no degradation after 5 months. By eliminating the hysteresis using Cytop, we were able to show that some of the molecules form films without long-term charge carrier trapping. These are interesting features for practical industrial processing of organic electronics.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Nanoporous separators for supercapacitor using activated carbon monolith electrode from oil palm empty fruit bunches

Activated porous carbon electrode prepared from fibres of oil palm empty fruit bunches was used for preparing the carbon based supercapacitor cells. The symmetrical supercapacitor cells were fabricated using carbon electrodes, stainless steel current collector, H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} electrolyte, and three types of nanoporous separators. Cells A, B and C were fabricated using polypropylene, eggshell membrane, and filter paper, respectively. Electrochemical characterizations data from Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, Cyclic Voltammetry, and Galvanic Charge Discharge techniques showed that specific capacitance, specific power and specific energy for cell A were 122 F g{sup −1}, 177 W kg{sup −1}, 3.42 Wh kg{sup −1}, cell B; 125 F g{sup −1}, 179 W kg{sup −1}, and 3.64 Wh kg{sup −1}, and cell C; 180 F g{sup −1}, 178 W kg{sup −1}, 4.27 Wh kg{sup −1}. All the micrographs from Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope showed that the different in nanoporous structure of the separators lead to a significant different in influencing the values of specific capacitance, power and energy of supercapacitors, which is associated with the mobility of ion into the pore network. These results indicated that the filter paper was superior than the eggshell membrane and polypropylene nanoporous separators. However, we found that in terms of acidic resistance, polypropylene was the best nanoporous separator for acidic medium.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

An ultra-high vacuum electrochemical flow cell for in situ/operando soft X-ray spectroscopy study

An in situ flow electrochemical cell has been designed and fabricated to allow better seal under UHV chamber thus to achieve a good signal to noise ratio in fluorescence yield detection of X-ray absorption spectra for spectroelectrochemical study. The cell also stabilizes the thin silicon nitride membrane window in an effective manner so that the liquid cell remains intact during X-ray absorption experiments. With the improved design of the liquid cell, electrochemical experiments such as cyclic voltammetry have been performed for 10 cycles with a good stability of sample window. Also an operando electrochemical experiment during photoelectrochemistry has been performed on n-type hematite electrode deposited on silicon nitride window. The experiment allows us to observe the formation of two extra electronic transitions before pre edge of O K-edge spectra.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2014

Fabrication of NiO thin film electrode for supercapacitor applications

Nanocrystalline NiO electrode is successfully electrosynthesized for supercapacitor application. The nanocrystalline NiO electrode is characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Nickel oxide is a highly porous and the film surface looked smooth and composed of fine elongated particles. The supercapacitive performance of NiO electrode is tested using cyclic voltammetry (C-V) technique in 0.5M Na{sub 2}S{sub 2}O{sub 3} electrolyte within potential range of −1.2 to +1.2 V. The effect of scan rate on the capacitance of NiO electrode is studied. The highest specific capacitance of 439 Fg{sup −1} at the voltage scan rate of 50mVs{sup −1} is achieved. Additionally stability and charging–discharging of NiO electrode are studied.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Conducting polymers based counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells

Conducting polymer films were synthesized and employed as an alternative to expensive platinum counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) thin films were spin-coated and polypyrrole films were electrochemically deposited via cyclic voltammetry method on ITO substrates. The morphology of the films were imaged by SEM and AFM. These films show good catalytic activity towards triiodide reduction as compared to Pt/FTO electrodes. Finally the photovoltaic performance of DSSC fabricated using N3 dye were compared with PT/FTO, PEDOT/ITO, and e-PPy counter electrodes.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Electrochemical DNA biosensor for detection of porcine oligonucleotides using ruthenium(II) complex as intercalator label redox

A DNA biosensor detection of oligonucleotides via the interactions of porcine DNA with redox active complex based on the electrochemical transduction is described. A ruthenium(II) complex, [Ru(bpy){sub 2}(PIP)]{sup 2+}, (bpy = 2,2′bipyridine, PIP = 2-phenylimidazo[4,5-f[[1,10-phenanthroline]) as DNA label has been synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR and mass spectra. The study was carried out by covalent bonding immobilization of porcine aminated DNA probes sequences on screen printed electrode (SPE) modified with succinimide-acrylic microspheres and [Ru(bpy){sub 2}(PIP)]{sup 2+} was used as electrochemical redox intercalator label to detect DNA hybridization event. Electrochemical detection was performed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) over the potential range where the ruthenium (II) complex was active. The results indicate that the interaction of [Ru(bpy){sub 2}(PIP)]{sup 2+} with hybridization complementary DNA has higher response compared to single-stranded and mismatch complementary DNA.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2014

Solvothermal synthesis of NiAl double hydroxide microspheres on a nickel foam-graphene as an electrode material for pseudo-capacitors

In this paper, we demonstrate excellent pseudo-capacitance behavior of nickel-aluminum double hydroxide microspheres (NiAl DHM) synthesized by a facile solvothermal technique using tertbutanol as a structure-directing agent on nickel foam-graphene (NF-G) current collector as compared to use of nickel foam current collector alone. The structure and surface morphology were studied by X-ray diffraction analysis, Raman spectroscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopies respectively. NF-G current collector was fabricated by chemical vapor deposition followed by an ex situ coating method of NiAl DHM active material which forms a composite electrode. The pseudocapacitive performance of the composite electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, constant charge–discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. The composite electrode with the NF-G current collector exhibits an enhanced electrochemical performance due to the presence of the conductive graphene layer on the nickel foam and gives a specific capacitance of 1252 F g{sup −1} at a current density of 1 A g{sup −1} and a capacitive retention of about 97% after 1000 charge–discharge cycles. This shows that these composites are promising electrode materials for energy storage devices.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

In operando observation system for electrochemical reaction by soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy with potential modulation method

In order to investigate local structures of electrolytes in electrochemical reactions under the same scan rate as a typical value 100 mV/s in cyclic voltammetry (CV), we have developed an in operando observation system for electrochemical reactions by soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) with a potential modulation method. XAS spectra of electrolytes are measured by using a transmission-type liquid flow cell with built-in electrodes. The electrode potential is swept with a scan rate of 100 mV/s at a fixed photon energy, and soft X-ray absorption coefficients at different potentials are measured at the same time. By repeating the potential modulation at each fixed photon energy, it is possible to measure XAS of electrochemical reaction at the same scan rate as in CV. We have demonstrated successful measurement of the Fe L-edge XAS spectra of aqueous iron sulfate solutions and of the change in valence of Fe ions at different potentials in the Fe redox reaction. The mechanism of these Fe redox processes is discussed by correlating the XAS results with those at different scan rates.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2014

Cyclic voltammetry on sputter-deposited films of electrochromic Ni oxide: Power-law decay of the charge density exchange

Ni-oxide-based thin films were produced by reactive direct-current magnetron sputtering and were characterized by X-ray diffraction and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy. Intercalation of Li{sup +} ions was accomplished by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in an electrolyte of LiClO{sub 4} in propylene carbonate, and electrochromism was documented by spectrophotometry. The charge density exchange, and hence the optical modulation span, decayed gradually upon repeated cycling. This phenomenon was accurately described by an empirical power law, which was valid for at least 10{sup 4} cycles when the applied voltage was limited to 4.1 V vs Li/Li{sup +}. Our results allow lifetime assessments for one of the essential components in an electrochromic device such as a “smart window” for energy-efficient buildings.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Voltammetric and impedance behaviours of surface-treated nano-crystalline diamond film electrodes

The electrochemical performances of hydrogen- and oxygen-terminated nano-crystalline diamond film electrodes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and AC impedance spectroscopy. In addition, the surface morphologies, phase structures, and chemical states of the two diamond films were analysed by scanning probe microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. The results indicated that the potential window is narrower for the hydrogen-terminated nano-crystalline diamond film than for the oxygen-terminated one. The diamond film resistance and capacitance of oxygen-terminated diamond film are much larger than those of the hydrogen-terminated diamond film, and the polarization resistances and double-layer capacitance corresponding to oxygen-terminated diamond film are both one order of magnitude larger than those corresponding to the hydrogen-terminated diamond film. The electrochemical behaviours of the two diamond film electrodes are discussed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Effect of carbonization temperature on the physical and electrochemical properties of supercapacitor electrode from fibers of oil palm empty fruit bunches

Self-adhesive carbon grains (SACG) was prepared from fibers of oil palm empty fruit bunches. The SACG green monoliths were carbonized in N{sub 2} environment at 400, 500, 600 and 700°C to produce carbon monoliths labeled as CM1, CM2, CM3 and CM4 respectively. The CMs were activated in CO{sub 2} surrounding at 800°C for 1 hour to produce activated carbon monolith electrodes (ACM1, ACM2, ACM3 and ACM4). The physical properties of the CMs and ACMs were investigated using X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and N{sub 2} adsorption-desorption isotherm techniques. ACMs were used as electrode to fabricate symmetry supercapacitor cells and the cells’ performances were investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) standard techniques. In this paper we report the physical and electrochemical properties of the ACM electrodes by analyzing the influence of the carbonization temperature on these properties.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

Effect of electrolyte concentration on performance of supercapacitor carbon electrode from fibers of oil palm empty fruit bunches

Fibers of oil palm empty fruit bunches were used to produce self-adhesive carbon grains (SACG). The SACG green monoliths were carbonized in N{sub 2} environment at 800°C to produce carbon monoliths (CM) and the CM was CO{sub 2} activated at 800°C for 4 hour to produce activated carbon monolith electrodes (ACM). The physical properties of the CMs and ACMs were investigated using X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy and nitrogen adsorption-desorption. ACMs were used as electrode to fabricate symmetry supercapacitor cells and the cells which used H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} electrolyte at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 M were investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge standard techniques. In this paper we report the physical properties of the ACM electrodes and the effect of electrolyte concentration on the electrochemical properties the ACM electrodes.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗