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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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NASA NTRS1991

The Gamma Ray Observatory

The Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO), scheduled for launch by the Space Shuttle in April 1991, weighs 35,000 lbs and will offer 10 to 20 times better sensitivity than any previous gamma ray mission. The four instruments aboard GRO are described. The Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) will continuously monitor the entire sky for transient gamma-ray events using eight identical, wide-field detectors capable of measuring brightness variations lasting only milliseconds at energies from about 50,000 to 600,000 eV. The Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment (OSSE) will make comprehensive observations of discrete sources at energies from 100,000 to 10 million eV, where many radioactive elements have emission lines. The observatory's Imaging Compton Telescope will conduct a deep survey of the entire sky at gamma-ray energies between 1 and 30 MeV. The Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope will cover a broad high-energy spectral range, from about 20 million to 30 billion eV and conduct a sensitive all-sky survey with a wide field of view and good angular resolution.

Kniffen, Donald A.↗

NASA NTRS1998

BATSE Observations of BL Lac Objects

The Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory has been shown to be sensitive to non-transient hard X-ray sources in our galaxy, down to flux levels of 100 mCrab for daily measurements, 3 mCrab for integrations over several years. We use the continuous BATSE database and the Earth Occultation technique to extract average flux values between 20 and 200 keV from complete and radio- and X-ray- selected BL Lac samples over a 2 year period.

Connaughton, V.↗

NASA NTRS1997

Long-term variability in bright hard X-ray sources: 5+ years of BATSE data

The operation of the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO)/burst and transient source experiment (BATSE) continues to provide data for inclusion into a data base for the analysis of long term variability in bright, hard X-ray sources. The all-sky capability of BATSE provides up to 30 flux measurements/day for each source. The long baseline and the various rising and setting occultation flux measurements allow searches for periodic and quasi-periodic signals with periods of between several hours to hundreds of days to be conducted. The preliminary results from an analysis of the hard X-ray variability in 24 of the brightest BATSE sources are presented. Power density spectra are computed for each source and profiles are presented of the hard X-ray orbital modulations in some X-ray binaries, together with amplitude modulations and variations in outburst durations and intensities in recurrent X-ray transients.

Robinson, C. R.↗

NASA NTRS1976

M.I.T. studies of transient X-ray phenomena

A variety of transient X-ray phenomena have been studied. Data from the OSO-7 satellite reveal both long and short time-scale transients. Extensive observations have been made of the Lupus X-ray Nova (3U1543-47) and GX339-4(MX 1658-48) which may represent a very different type of transient source. A unique, intense X-ray flare lasting ten minutes was also recorded, and the X-ray emission from the active galaxy Cen A was found to vary significantly over a period of several days. In a recent balloon flight the Crab pulsar, NP0532, was observed to exhibit a transient pulsed component distinct from the usual main pulse and interpulse. A sounding-rocket experiment detected an ultrasoft transient X-ray source tentatively associated with SS Cygni, and preliminary results from SAS-3 show a very hard spectrum for the new source A0535 + 26. On the other hand, extensive OSO-7 null observations of both Type I and II supernovae and of the flaring radio star Algol make it unlikely that these types of objects are potent transient X-ray emitters.

Canizares, C. R.↗

DOE OSTI2024

datacenterCoolingModel

ExaDigiT is a framework for developing comprehensive digital twins of liquid-cooled supercomputers, which has three main modules: (1) a python-based Resource Allocator and Power Simulator (RAPS), (2) a Modelica-based Thermo-Fluidic cooling model, and (3) a C++-based augmented reality model built on Unreal Engine 5. The Modelica-based cooling model is primarily built-on the open-source Transient Simulation Framework of Reconfigurable Models (TRANSFORM) library and the open-source autocsm library. The library follows the templating architecture developed in the TRANSFORM and the autocsm libraries. This tool can be easily extended to model other Frontier-like liquid cooled supercomputers.

Kumar, Vineet [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL↗

NASA NTRS1978

Location of the Norma transient with the HEAO 1 scanning modulation collimator

A precise position has been obtained for an X-ray transient source in Norma. The location uncertainty includes a variable star previously suggested to be the optical counterpart. This transient is associated with the steady X-ray source MX 1608-52 and probably with an X-ray burst source. A binary system containing a low-mass primary and a neutron-star or black-hole secondary of a few solar masses is consistent with the observations.

Fabbiano, G.↗

NASA NTRS1999

High Energy Properties of Galactic Superluminals

Intensive searches across the electromagnetic spectrum have shown that transient X-ray binary systems exhibit properties similar to the central engines of AGNs. Having proven that accretion disks are present in both types of systems, it is now the task to determine the accretion physics which brings about the observed phenomena. The galactic superluminal transient sources, which are strongly suspected of containing black holes, are particularly attractive for studying state changes, jets, quasi-periodic behavior, and flaring/outburst behavior on timescales a million times shorter than those of their extragalactic counterparts. The galactic sources GRS 1915+105, GRO J1655-40 and more recently-detected transients such as XTE J1748-288 have demonstrated a rich variety of spectral and temporal behaviors. I review some of these observations from the perspective of high energy astronomy with emphasis on recent data from the Compton Observatory and Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer.

Alan, Harmon B.↗

NASA NTRS1995

Repeating sources of classical gamma-ray bursts

From an analysis of the first catalog of the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) experiment (Fishman et al. 1993, 1994a) on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO), we find an excessive number of pairs of gamma-ray bursts which are clustered in both a space and time . The angular separation between the two bursts in each pair is less than their positional uncertainties, and the interval between their occurrence times is within several days. Optimizing the signal, we find that the probability of observing such a clustered excess froma Poisson ensemble is approximately 2 x 10(exp -5). We suggest that these bursts arise from repeating sources. A detailed study of the most prolific source, GBS 0855-00, is presented in a separate paper (Wang & Lingenfelter 1993a, b). Unlike most of the 'soft' gamma-ray repeaters, these repeating bursts have relatively hard spectra, complex light curves, and widely varying durations, that are indistinguishable from classical gamma-ray bursts. Although the significance of the clustered excess was optimized a posteriori, because it depends on temporal and spatial bin sized that could not be defined a priori, we can use the optimizations from the first catalog to test subsequent BATSE data sets. Unfortunately, the failure of the on-board tape recorders during the second catalog period seriously reduced the number of accurately positioned bursts (Fishman et al. 1994b), so that we can neither confirm, nor refute, the predicted repitition in that sample, and we must await the results of the third catalog.

Wang, V. C.↗

NASA NTRS1997

A Search for Nontriggered Gamma-Ray Bursts in the BATSE Database

We describe a search of archival data from the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE). The purpose of the search is to find astronomically interesting transients that did not activate the burst-detection (or "trigger") system on board the spacecraft. Our search is sensitive to events with peak fluxes (on the 1.024 s timescale) that are lower by a factor of approximately 2 than can be detected with the on-board burst trigger. In a search of 345 days of archival data, we detected 91 events in the 50-300 keV range that resemble classical gamma-ray bursts but that did not activate the on-board burst trigger. We also detected 110 low-energy (25-50 keV) events of unknown origin that may include activity from' soft gamma repeater (SGR) 1806-20 and bursts and flares from X-ray binaries. This paper gives the occurrence times, estimated source directions, durations, peak fluxes, and fluences for the 91 gamma-ray burst candidates. The direction and intensity distributions of these bursts imply that the biases inherent in the on-board trigger mechanism have not significantly affected the completeness of the published BATSE gamma-ray burst catalogs.

Kommers, Jefferson M.↗

NASA NTRS1976

Results from the Ariel 5 All-Sky Monitor

Results are summarized for the first year of operation of the Ariel 5 All-Sky Monitor. The monitor is described in detail, and representative observations of the transient sources A1524-62, Cen X-mas, A0535+26, and A0620-00 are discussed. It is shown that the transients are largely confined to the galactic plane and that about 100 such sources per year can be expected in the Galaxy. Long-term observations of Sco X-1, Cyg X-3, and Cyg X-1 are reported which illustrate that the large intensity variations in Sco X-1 appear to correlate on time scales greater than one Ariel 5 orbit, that Cyg X-3 has a widely varying intensity, and that the predominant feature of the intensity variation in Cyg X-1 is a minimum near superior conjunction.

Holt, S. S.↗

NASA NTRS1975

The SAS-3 X-ray observatory

The experiment section of the Small Astronomy Satellite-3 (SAS-3) launched in May 1975 is an X-ray observatory intended to determine the location of bright X-ray sources to an accuracy of 15 arc-seconds; to study a selected set of sources over a wide energy range, from 0.1 to 55 keV, while performing very specific measurements of the spectra and time variability of known X-ray sources; and to monitor the sky continuously for X-ray novae, flares, and unexpected phenomena. The improvements in SAS-3 spacecraft include a clock accurate to 1 part in 10 billion, rotatable solar panels, a programmable data format, and improved nutation damper, a delayed command system, improved magnetic trim and azimuth control systems. These improvements enable SAS-3 to perform three-axis stabilized observations of any point on the celestial sphere at any time of the year. The description of the experiment section and the SAS-3 operation is followed by a synopsis of scientific results obtained from the observations of X-ray sources, such as Vela X-1 (supposed to be an accreting neutron star), a transient source of hard X-ray (less than 36 min in duration) detected by SAS-3, the Crab Nebula pulsar, the Perseus cluster of galaxies, and the Vela supernova remnant.

Mayer, W. F.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Gamma-ray spectroscopy - Status and prospects

Contemporary gamma-ray spectroscopy instruments and their results are reviewed. Sensitivities of 10 to the -4th to 10 to the -3rd ph/sq cm-sec have been achieved for steady sources and 10 to the -2nd to 1 ph/sq cm-sec for transient sources. This has led to the detection of gamma-ray lines from more than 40 objects representing 6 classes of astrophysical phenomena. The lines carry model-independent information and are of fundamental importance to theoretical modeling and our understanding of the objects. The objectives and anticipated results of future instruments are discussed. Several instruments in development will have a factor of 10 sensitivity improvement to certain phenomena over contemporary instruments. A factor of 100 improvement in sensitivity will allow the full potential of gamma-ray spectroscopy to be realized. Instrument concepts which would achieve this with both present and advanced techniques are discussed.

Matteson, J. L.↗

NASA NTRS1997

The bursting pulsar GRO J1744-28

The source GRO J1744-28 was discovered on 2 December 1995 with the burst and transient source experiment (BATSE) onboard the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) when a series of 80 untriggered, hard X-ray bursts were recorded. The direction of the observed bursts was consistant with the Galactic center. The source was observed to emit at a constant rate of between 20 and 30 bursts per day for a five month period finishing the 2 May 1996. In mid-December 1996, a persistent source appeared from the same general direction which was identified as a binary pulsar orbiting a low mass companion. Pulsations were discovered in the bursts, thus establishing a common identity for the source of the bursts and the pulsar. The BATSE observations in the temporal and spectral domains are reviewed. Results of the subsequent multiwavelength observations are described.

Kouveliotou, C.↗

NASA NTRS1999

The Outbursts and Orbit of the Accreting Pulsar GS 1843 - 02 = 2S 1845 - 024

We present observations of a series of 10 outbursts of pulsed hard X-ray flux from the transient 10.6 mHz accreting pulsar GS 1843-02, using the Burst and Transient Source Experiment on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. These outbursts occurred regularly every 242 days, coincident with the ephemeris of the periodic transient GRO J1849-03, which has recently been identified with the SAS 3 source 2S 1845-024. Our pulsed detection provides the first clear identification of GS 1843-02 with 2S 1845-024. We present a pulse timing analysis that shows that the 2S 1845-024 outbursts occur near the periastron passage of the neutron star's highly eccentric (e = 0.88 +/- 0.01) 242.18 +/- 0.01 day period binary orbit about a high-mass (M(sub c) greater than 7 solar mass) companion. The orbit and transient outburst pattern strongly suggest that the pulsar is in a binary system with a Be star. Our observations show a long-term spin-up trend, with most of the spin-up occurring during the outbursts. From the measured spin-up rates and inferred luminosities we conclude that an accretion disk is present during the outbursts.

Finger, Mark H.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Solar burst precursors and energy build-up at microwave wavelengths

We summarize high-resolution microwave observations (VLA) of heating and magnetic triggering in coronal loops. Magnetic changes that precede solar eruptions on time scales of tens of minutes involve primarily emerging coronal loops and the interaction of two or more loops. Thermal cyclotron lines have been detected in coronal loops, suggesting the presence of hot current sheets that enhance emission from relatively thin layers of enhanced temperature and constant magnetic field. These current sheets may play a role in the excitation of solar bursts. A filament-associated source with a high brightness temperature and steep radiation spectrum occurs above a region of apparently weak photospheric field. This source might be attributed to currents that enhance coronal magnetic fields. Compact (phi=5 sec) transient sources with lifetimes of 30 to 60 minutes have also been detected in regions of apparently weak photospheric field. We conclude by comparing VLA observations of coronal loops with simultaneous SMM-XRP observations.

Lang, Kenneth R.↗

NASA NTRS1991

The gamma-ray observatory

An overview is given of the Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO) mission. Detection of gamma rays and gamma ray sources, operations using the Space Shuttle, and instruments aboard the GRO, including the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE), the Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment (OSSE), the Imaging Compton Telescope (COMPTEL), and the Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) are among the topics surveyed.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1996

The ROSAT variable sky

The spectral and timing characteristics from a sample, of 91 objects, of the variable sources obtained using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test technique are presented. The data were extracted from the catalog constructed by White, Giommi and Angelini, the WGACAT, based on the pointed observations from the Rosat missions. The application of the test revealed more than 2400 individual variable candidates, with 'sq chi' greater than 12. The sample of these variable sources, mostly unidentified, probably contains many flare stars, a few cataclysmic variables and a possible transient source.

Angelini, L.↗

NASA NTRS2013

The Evolving Polarized Jet of Black Hole Candidate Swift J1745-26

Swift J1745−26 is an X-ray binary towards the Galactic Centre that was detected when it went into outburst in September 2012. This source is thought to be one of a growing number of sources that display "failed outbursts", in which the self-absorbed radio jets of the transient source are never fully quenched and the thermal emission from the geometrically-thin inner accretion disk never fully dominates the X-ray flux. We present multifrequency data from the Very Large Array, Australia Telescope Compact Array and Karoo Array Telescope (KAT- 7) radio arrays, spanning the entire period of the outburst. Our rich data set exposes radio emission that displays a high level of large scale variability compared to the X-ray emission and deviations from the standard radio-X-ray correlation that are indicative of an unstable jet and confirm the outburst's transition from the canonical hard state to an intermediate state. We also observe steepening of the spectral index and an increase of the linear polarization to a large fraction (is approx. equal to 50%) of the total flux, as well as a rotation of the electric vector position angle. These are consistent with a transformation from a self-absorbed compact jet to optically-thin ejecta - the first time such a discrete ejection has been observed in a failed outburst - and may imply a complex magnetic field geometry.

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