Results for “TIME DEPENDENCE” — Page 6

NASA NTRS1983

A Unified Constitutive Relationship for the Time-dependent Behavior of Fast Breeder Alloys

Constitutive equations based on classical concepts of creep and plasticity generally rest on the assumption that the inelastic strain can be decomposed into two distinct and additive contributions, one time dependent (creep) and the other time dependent (plastic). It is suggested that an approach is to adopt a unified representation in which creep and plasticity are characterized as occurring simultaneously and interactively and time is an essential ingredient throughout. Examples of the inherent time dependency exhibited by some fast breeder alloys at elevated temperature are rate dependency under monotonic and cyclic straining, thermal recovery and strong creep-elasticity interaction. The stron influence of the recent history of plastic straining on stress relaxation is shown.

Robinson, D. N.↗

DOE OSTI2021

A search for time-dependent astrophysical neutrino emission with icecube data from 2012 to 2017

High-energy neutrinos are unique messengers of the high-energy universe, tracing the processes of cosmic ray acceleration. This work presents analyses focusing on time-dependent neutrino point-source searches. A scan of the whole sky, making no prior assumption about source candidates, is performed, looking for a space and time clustering of high-energy neutrinos in data collected by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory between 2012 and 2017. No statistically significant evidence for a time-dependent neutrino signal is found with this search during this period, as all results are consistent with the background expectation. Within this study period, the blazar 3C 279, showed strong variability, inducing a very prominent gamma-ray flare observed in 2015 June. This event motivated a dedicated study of the blazar, which consists of searching for a time-dependent neutrino signal correlated with the gamma-ray emission. No evidence for a time-dependent signal is found. Hence, an upper limit on the neutrino fluence is derived, allowing us to constrain a hadronic emission model.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Constraining time dependent dark matter signals from the Sun

Dark matter (DM) particles captured by the Sun can produce high-energy electrons outside the Sun through annihilating into meta-stable mediators. The corresponding cosmic-ray electron signals observed by the space-based experiments will be time dependent due to the orbital motion of the space-based detectors. The shape of this time dependence is predictable given the orbital information of the detectors. Since the high-energy CR electron (with energy E > 100 GeV) fluxes are expected to be constant in time, non-observation of such time variation can be used to place upper limits on the DM annihilation cross section. Here we analyze the time dependence of dark matter cosmic-ray signals in three space-based experiments: AMS-02, DAMPE and CALET. Under the assumption that no time dependent signal is observed, we derive the 95% C.L. exclusion limits on the signal strength from the current data. We map our limits onto the parameter space of the dark photon model and find that the constraints are comparable with that derived from the supernova SN1987A.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2022

The exact exchange–correlation potential in time-dependent density functional theory: Choreographing electrons with steps and peaks

The time-dependent exchange–correlation potential has the unusual task of directing fictitious non-interacting electrons to move with exactly the same probability density as true interacting electrons. This has intriguing implications for its structure, especially in the non-perturbative regime, leading to step and peak features that cannot be captured by bootstrapping any ground-state functional approximation. Here, we review what has been learned about these features in the exact exchange–correlation potential of time-dependent density functional theory in the past decade or so and implications for the performance of simulations when electrons are driven far from any ground state.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2021

Orbit-modulated transport and sources in time-dependent plasmas

The orbit-modulation framework for steady-state ion-orbit boundary fluxes is reformulated to apply to time-dependent plasmas. The new formulation can quantify the extent to which orbit fluxes are affected by the time dependence of the distribution function, and may be applied both to time-dependent physical scenarios and to computationally expensive simulations that are unable to reach a true steady state. As the system tends to a time-independent state, the orbit-loss fluxes approach their steady-state values, which are determined entirely by upstream transport (turbulent and collisional) and upstream sources and sinks. This result holds for the fluxes of any moments that are expressible in terms of the invariants that determine the orbits, including parallel toroidal angular momentum.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2020

State of the Art in Time‐Dependent Flow Topology: Interpreting Physical Meaningfulness Through Mathematical Properties

Abstract We present a state‐of‐the‐art report on time‐dependent flow topology. We survey representative papers in visualization and provide a taxonomy of existing approaches that generalize flow topology from time‐independent to time‐dependent settings. The approaches are classified based upon four categories: tracking of steady topology, reference frame adaption, pathline classification or clustering, and generalization of critical points. Our unique contributions include introducing a set of desirable mathematical properties to interpret physical meaningfulness for time‐dependent flow visualization, inferring mathematical properties associated with selective research papers, and utilizing such properties for classification. The five most important properties identified in the existing literature include coincidence with the steady case, induction of a partition within the domain, Lagrangian invariance, objectivity, and Galilean invariance.

Bujack, Roxana↗

NASA NTRS1980

Supercritical time-dependent accretion onto compact objects. I - Neutron stars

The time-dependent flow resulting from spherically symmetric, supercritical accretion onto a nonmagnetic neutron star is computed for accretion rates between 3 and 30. In addition, the fully time-dependent self-consistent set of coupled radiation-hydrodynamic equations governing such flow has been solved. Effects that have not previously been treated are taken into account, including separate energy equations for ions and electrons allowing for nonequilibrium, variable Eddington factors in the radiation transfer to account for anisotropy of the radiation field due to highly spherically extended envelopes, and convection of ions, electrons and photons in the accretion envelope. It is found that supercritical flow, for material falling from a radius of less than 10 to the 10th cm, is characterized by stable accretion with no evidence of stellar wind outflow at any phase of the evolution.

Klein, R. I.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Time dependent turbulence modeling and analytical theories of turbulence

By simplifying the direct interaction approximation (DIA) for turbulent shear flow, time dependent formulas are derived for the Reynolds stresses which can be included in two equation models. The Green's function is treated phenomenologically, however, following Smith and Yakhot, we insist on the short and long time limits required by DIA. For small strain rates, perturbative evaluation of the correlation function yields a time dependent theory which includes normal stress effects in simple shear flows. From this standpoint, the phenomenological Launder-Reece-Rodi model is obtained by replacing the Green's function by its long time limit. Eddy damping corrections to short time behavior initiate too quickly in this model; in contrast, the present theory exhibits strong suppression of eddy damping at short times. A time dependent theory for large strain rates is proposed in which large scales are governed by rapid distortion theory while small scales are governed by Kolmogorov inertial range dynamics. At short times and large strain rates, the theory closely matches rapid distortion theory, but at long times it relaxes to an eddy damping model.

Rubinstein, R.↗

DOE OSTI2023

pyTDGL: Time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau in Python

Time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau (TDGL) theory is a phenomenological model for the dynamics of superconducting systems. Due to its simplicity in comparison to microscopic theories and its effectiveness in describing the observed properties of the superconducting state, TDGL is widely used to interpret or explain measurements of superconducting devices. Here, we introduce pyTDGL, a Python package that solves a generalized TDGL model for superconducting thin films of arbitrary geometry, enabling simulations of vortex and phase dynamics in mesoscopic superconducting devices. pyTDGL can model the nonlinear magnetic response and dynamics of multiply connected films, films with multiple current bias terminals, and films with a spatially inhomogeneous critical temperature. We demonstrate these capabilities by modeling quasi-equilibrium vortex distributions in irregularly shaped films, and the dynamics and current-voltage-field characteristics of nanoscale superconducting quantum interference devices (nanoSQUIDs).

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

NASA NTRS1992

Central difference TVD and TVB schemes for time dependent and steady state problems

We use central differences to solve the time dependent Euler equations. The schemes are all advanced using a Runge-Kutta formula in time. Near shocks, a second difference is added as an artificial viscosity. This reduces the scheme to a first order upwind scheme at shocks. The switch that is used guarantees that the scheme is locally total variation diminishing (TVD). For steady state problems it is usually advantageous to relax this condition. Then small oscillations do not activate the switches and the convergence to a steady state is improved. To sharpen the shocks, different coefficients are needed for different equations and so a matrix valued dissipation is introduced and compared with the scalar viscosity. The connection between this artificial viscosity and flux limiters is shown. Any flux limiter can be used as the basis of a shock detector for an artificial viscosity. We compare the use of the van Leer, van Albada, mimmod, superbee, and the 'average' flux limiters for this central difference scheme. For time dependent problems, we need to use a small enough time step so that the CFL was less than one even though the scheme was linearly stable for larger time steps. Using a total variation bounded (TVB) Runge-Kutta scheme yields minor improvements in the accuracy.

Jorgenson, P.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Central difference TVD and TVB schemes for time dependent and steady state problems

We use central differences to solve the time dependent Euler equations. The schemes are all advanced using a Runge-Kutta formula in time. Near shocks, a second difference is added as an artificial viscosity. This reduces the scheme to a first order upwind scheme at shocks. The switch that is used guarantees that the scheme is locally total variation diminishing (TVD). For steady state problems it is usually advantageous to relax this condition. Then small oscillations do not activate the switches and the convergence to a steady state is improved. To sharpen the shocks, different coefficients are needed for different equations and so a matrix valued dissipation is introduced and compared with the scalar viscosity. The connection between this artificial viscosity and flux limiters is shown. Any flux limiter can be used as the basis of a shock detector for an artificial viscosity. We compare the use of the van Leer, van Albada, mimmod, superbee, and the 'average' flux limiters for this central difference scheme. For time dependent problems, we need to use a small enough time step so that the CFL was less than one even though the scheme was linearly stable for larger time steps. Using a total variation bounded (TVB) Runge-Kutta scheme yields minor improvements in the accuracy.

Jorgenson, P.↗

NASA NTRS1989

TDFAC - A composite grid method for time dependent problems

This paper presents the Fast Adaptive Composite Grid Method for Time Dependent Problems (TDFAC), a local grid refinement scheme for nonlinear, time dependent partial differential equations. The method is presented in a one dimensional setting to illustrate the basic features and components. Computational results which show the effectiveness of TDFAC as a computational tool are also included.

Heroux, Michael↗

DOE OSTI2022

TECHNICAL BACKGROUND FOR THE UPDATE AND EXTENSION OF THE TIME-DEPENDENT ALLOWABLE STRESSES OF TYPE 304H AND 316H STAINLESS STEELS

Type 304H and 316H stainless steels are codified in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code for Section III, Division 5, Class A construction for up to 1500F (816C) and 300,000 hours. Extension of the design lifetimes to 500,000 hours has been undertaken by various research projects and by the ASME Section III, Division 5 Code Committees. Due to a long-standing issue related to non-classical creep behavior on the use of the time to the onset of tertiary creep as one of the time-dependent allowable stress criteria, little progress was made in the extension of the time-dependent allowable stresses for Type 304H and 316H stainless steels. A recent effort by Dabrow and Nestell (Impact of Tertiary Creep on Time Dependent Allowable Stresses for Type 304H and 316H Stainless Steels, Report 0300-0003-RPT-001, MPR Associates, Alexandria, VA, 2020) has provided a rational method for the treatment of the highly variable data for the time to onset of tertiary creep. In this paper, the background formulas for determining the time-dependent allowable stress values of Type 304H and 316H stainless steels, as assembled from relevant project work, are presented. These updates and extensions are being recommended to the ASME Code committees for approval, and are subject to change upon feedback from ASME Section III Code committees.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2022

TECHNICAL BACKGROUND FOR THE UPDATE AND EXTENSION OF THE TIME-DEPENDENT ALLOWABLE STRESSES OF TYPE 304H AND 316H STAINLESS STEELS

Type 304H and 316H stainless steels are codified in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code for Section III, Division 5, Class A construction for up to 1500F (816C) and 300,000 hours. Extension of the design lifetimes to 500,000 hours has been undertaken by various research projects and by the ASME Section III, Division 5 Code Committees. Due to a long-standing issue related to non-classical creep behavior on the use of the time to the onset of tertiary creep as one of the time-dependent allowable stress criteria, little progress was made in the extension of the time-dependent allowable stresses for Type 304H and 316H stainless steels. A recent effort by Dabrow and Nestell (Impact of Tertiary Creep on Time Dependent Allowable Stresses for Type 304H and 316H Stainless Steels, Report 0300-0003-RPT-001, MPR Associates, Alexandria, VA, 2020) has provided a rational method for the treatment of the highly variable data for the time to onset of tertiary creep. In this paper, the background formulas for determining the time-dependent allowable stress values of Type 304H and 316H stainless steels, as assembled from relevant project work, are presented. These updates and extensions are being recommended to the ASME Code committees for approval, and are subject to change upon feedback from ASME Section III Code committees.

304/316 life extension↗

DOE OSTI2020

Real-Time Time-Dependent Nuclear–Electronic Orbital Approach: Dynamics beyond the Born–Oppenheimer Approximation

The quantum mechanical treatment of both electrons and nuclei is crucial in nona- diabatic dynamical processes such as proton-coupled electron transfer. The nuclear electronic orbital (NEO) method provides an elegant framework for including nuclear quantum effects beyond the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. To enable the study of nonequilibrium properties, we derive and implement a real-time NEO (RT-NEO) approach based on time-dependent Hatree-Fock or density functional theory, in which both the electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom are propagated in a time-dependent variational framework. Nuclear and electronic spectral features can be resolved from the time-dependent dipole moment computed using the RT-NEO method. The test cases demonstrate the dynamical interplay between the quantum nuclei and the electrons through vibronic coupling. Moreover, vibrational excitation in the RT-NEO approach is demonstrated by applying a resonant driving eld, and electronic excitation is demonstrated by simulating excited state intramolecular proton transfer. This work shows that the RT-NEO approach is a promising tool to study nonadiabatic quantum dynamical processes within a time-dependent variational description for the coupled electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2023

Demonstrating Computational Equivalence Between Continuous and Discrete Adjoint Methods by Calculating Time-Dependent Adjoint Solutions with Neutron Diffusion Models

The continuous adjoint method and the discrete adjoint method are two alternative approaches used to calculate adjoint solutions for adjoint systems. The continuous adjoint method derives adjoint equations analytically from continuous forward equations and then solves the adjoint equations either analytically or numerically in a discretized form whereas the discrete adjoint method calculates the adjoint solutions directly from the discretized forward equations. With regard to the methodology development and calculation procedure, distinct differences are well recognized between the two methods. For certain reasons, both methods are exclusively preferred and commonly used by different computational communities, but limited studies clarify the connections between the two adjoint methods from either of the communities. Herein, this paper demonstrates the computational equivalence between the continuous and discrete adjoint methods by investigating time-dependent adjoint solutions to the two-group neutron diffusion model in nuclear reactor analysis problems using both methods. Adjoint solutions can be used to estimate system parameters for reactor safety analysis. Appropriate final state conditions for the adjoint systems are specified in both of the methods, and the conditions are clarified with proper physical explanations. With the help of an event-based case study on neutron diffusion models, the accuracy of the time-dependent adjoint fluxes obtained from both methods is verified, and the pros and cons of both adjoint methods are examined. More importantly, the computational equivalence of both methods is demonstrated when they are applied to multigroup neutron diffusion systems. The advantage of calculating time-dependent adjoint fluxes by directly solving time-dependent adjoint systems rather than taking steady-state approximations as in common practice is also demonstrated.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

NASA NTRS1992

Field quantization and squeezed states generation in resonators with time-dependent parameters

The problem of electromagnetic field quantization is usually considered in textbooks under the assumption that the field occupies some empty box. The case when a nonuniform time-dependent dielectric medium is confined in some space region with time-dependent boundaries is studied. The basis of the subsequent consideration is the system of Maxwell's equations in linear passive time-dependent dielectric and magnetic medium without sources.

Dodonov, V. V.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Time-dependent hydrodynamic phenomena in the envelopes of the Be stars

Temporal and angular variations in the motion and distribution of circumstellar material about Be stars are studied by means of a simple hydrodynamical approach. The flow variables are each written as the sum of a known, steady-state axisymmetric term and a smaller component which contains both temporal and angular dependence. Substitution of these dichotomous expressions for the flow variables into Euler's equation and the continuity equation leads to a set of linearized equations for the terms which depend on time and angle. Solutions can be found to a somewhat approximated version of the linearized equations, and these solutions explain the qualitative features of the observed short-time variations.

Morgan, T. H.↗