Optimization of engines for a Mach 0.98 transport with low takeoff and approach noise levels
Parametric turbofan engine study for Mach 0.98 transport with low takeoff and approach noise levels using supercritical wing
Kraft, G. A.↗
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Simulation studies for development of certification criteria applicable to SST takeoff
Simulation studies for development of certification criteria applicable to SST takeoff and engine failure
Bray, R. S.↗
Space shuttle: Low speed cruise, takeoff and landing aerodynamic characteristics, including engine exhaust effects of the GD/C B-15B booster
Low speed wind tunnel tests of takeoff, landing, and cruise aerodynamic characteristics of space shuttle booster with exhaust effect simulation
Walker, J. J.↗
Optimal low-thrust takeoff from an orbit about an oblate planet
Low thrust vehicle optimal takeoff calculations from orbit about oblate planet, using two variable asymptotic expansion technique
Jacobson, R. A.↗
Variable geometry aft-fan for takeoff quieting or thrust augmentation of a turbojet engine
A concept is presented that combines the low-noise and high-thrust characteristics of a turbofan at takeoff, together with its high efficiency at subsonic flight speeds, with the high efficiency of a turbojet at supersonic cruise. It consists of a free turbine with tip fan mounted behind the turbine of a conventional turbojet engine. Fan air is supplied from blow-in doors or is ducted from the main engine inlet. At high flight speeds where fan augmentation is not desirable, the fan inlet is closed and the free turbine is stopped by adjustment of its variable-camber stators. Estimates of noise, cycle performance, and example configurations are presented for a typical supersonic transport application.
Weber, R. J.↗
Theoretical and experimental internal flow characteristics of a 13.97-centimeter-diameter inlet at STOL takeoff and approach conditions
The theoretical and experimental internal flow characteristics of a 13.97-cm-diam inlet with centerbody retracted and extended are presented at STOL takeoff and approach operating conditions. The theoretical results were obtained from incompressible potential flow corrected for compressibility and boundary layer. Comparisons between theoretical internal surface static-pressure distributions and experimental data are presented for free-stream velocities of 0, 24, 32, and 45 m/sec for a range of inlet incidence angles from 0 to 50 deg. Surface static-pressure distributions are illustrated at circumferential locations of 0, 60, 120, and 180 deg. Surface Mach number distributions from the stagnation point to the diffuser exit are presented along with turbulent boundary-layer shape factors. In general, good agreement was found between the theoretical and experimental surface static pressure distributions.
Albers, J. A.↗
Design and fabrication of an aeroelastic flap element for a Short TakeOff and Landing (STOL) aircraft model
A flap element typifying a third element in the flap system of a short takeoff and landing aircraft was designed, fabricated, and instrumented. It was delivered to NASA for flight-simulated testing. The flap element was aluminum skin-stringer-rib construction with adhesive laminated skins. The tests conducted were as follows: (1) sonic check, (2) thermal expansion, (3) end fitting stiffness, (4) material properties, (5) maximum bending stress in the skin, and (6) effective skin width and stringer spacing.
Belleman, G. W.↗
Takeoff and landing performance and noise measurements of a deflected slipstream STOL airplane with interconnected propellers and rotating cylinder flaps
A YOV-10A aircraft was modified to incorporate rotating cylinder flaps and interconnected propellers with Lycoming T-53-L11 engines. Flight tests were made to evaluate the low speed handling qualities and performance characteristics. The flight test results indicated that landings could be made with approach speeds of 55 to 65 knots (CL = 4.5) and descent angles of 6 deg to 8 deg for total flap angles of 60 deg to 75 deg. At higher flap angles, deterioration of stability and control characteristics precluded attempts at landing. The noise level on the ground under an 8 deg landing approach path was below 86 PNdB at distances beyond 1 nautical mile from touchdown. Takeoffs were made with 30 deg to 45 deg flaps at lift off speeds of 75 to 80 knots and climb angles of 4 deg to 8 deg. Noise levels were below 83 PNdB at 3.5 nautical miles from the start of ground roll.
Weiberg, J. A.↗
Computer programs for estimating aircraft takeoff and landing performance
A set of computer programs has been developed to estimate the takeoff and landing maneuver of a given aircraft. The program is applicable to conventional, vectored lift and powered-lift concept aircraft. Portions of the program may also be used to evaluate the static performance of these types of aircraft. The aircraft is treated as a point mass confined to motion in a vertical plane, and rotational dynamics have been neglected. The required input is described and a sample case is presented.
Bowles, J. V.↗
Computer programs for estimating aircraft takeoff performance in three dimensional space
A set of computer programs has been developed to estimate the takeoff and initial climb-out maneuver of a given aircraft in three-dimensional space. The program is applicable to conventional, vectored lift and power-lift concept aircraft. The aircraft is treated as a point mass flying over a flat earth with no side slip, and the rotational dynamics have been neglected. The required input is described and a sample case presented.
Bowles, J. V.↗
A fully reusable, horizontal takeoff space transport concept with two small turbojet boosters
Results of a preliminary study of a space transport concept are presented. The concept consists of a winged orbiter containing ascent propellants and two small turbojet-powered winged boosters, used for acceleration to supersonic speeds. The concept offers full reuse and horizontal takeoff from numerous existing airports. With current structure and rocket technology, this transport concept has lower gross weight for a selected payload than single-stage-to-orbit concepts, which require structural advancements. Discussion includes alternatives to the baseline space transport concept which improve performance; such as advanced structures, dual-fuel rockets, and lightweight scramjets for the orbiter. A concept of using a stretched shuttle orbiter instead of an all-new configuration is discussed for two payload-class vehicles.
Jackson, L. R.↗
Effect of fuel properties on performance of single aircraft turbojet combustor at simulated idle, cruise, and takeoff conditions
The performance of a single-can JT8D combustor was investigated with a number of fuels exhibiting wide variations in chemical composition and volatility. Performance parameters investigated were combustion efficiency, emissions of CO, unburned hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, as well as liner temperatures and smoke. The most pronounced effects of changes in fuel composition were observed at simulated cruise and takeoff conditions where smoke and liner temperatures increased significantly as the hydrogen content of the fuel decreased. At the simulated idle condition, emissions of CO and unburned hydrocarbons increased slightly and, accordingly, combustion efficiencies decreased slightly as the hydrogen content of the fuels decreased.
Butze, H. F.↗
Effects of visual and motion simulation cueing systems on pilot performance during takeoffs with engine failures
Data are presented that show the effects of visual and motion during cueing on pilot performance during takeoffs with engine failures. Four groups of USAF pilots flew a simulated KC-135 using four different cueing systems. The most basic of these systems was of the instrument-only type. Visual scene simulation and/or motion simulation was added to produce the other systems. Learning curves, mean performance, and subjective data are examined. The results show that the addition of visual cueing results in significant improvement in pilot performance, but the combined use of visual and motion cueing results in far better performance.
Parris, B. L.↗
A computer program for detailed analysis of the takeoff and approach performance capabilities of transport category aircraft
The takeoff and approach performance of an aircraft is calculated in accordance with the airworthiness standards of the Federal Aviation Regulations. The aircraft and flight constraints are represented in sufficient detail to permit realistic sensitivity studies in terms of either configuration modifications or changes in operational procedures. The program may be used to investigate advanced operational procedures for noise alleviation such as programmed throttle and flap controls. Extensive profile time history data are generated and are placed on an interface file which can be input directly to the NASA aircraft noise prediction program (ANOPP).
Foss, W. E., Jr.↗
Model aerodynamic test results for two variable cycle engine coannular exhaust systems at simulated takeoff and cruise conditions
Wind tunnel tests were conducted to evaluate the aerodynamic performance of a coannular exhaust nozzle for a proposed variable stream control supersonic propulsion system. Tests were conducted with two simulated configurations differing primarily in the fan duct flowpaths: a short flap mechanism for fan stream control with an isentropic contoured flow splitter, and an iris fan nozzle with a conical flow splitter. Both designs feature a translating primary plug and an auxiliary inlet ejector. Tests were conducted at takeoff and simulated cruise conditions. Data were acquired at Mach numbers of 0, 0.36, 0.9, and 2.0 for a wide range of nozzle operating conditions. At simulated supersonic cruise, both configurations demonstrated good performance, comparable to levels assumed in earlier advanced supersonic propulsion studies. However, at subsonic cruise, both configurations exhibited performance that was 6 to 7.5 percent less than the study assumptions. At take off conditions, the iris configuration performance approached the assumed levels, while the short flap design was 4 to 6 percent less.
Nelson, D. P.↗
Model aerodynamic test results for two variable cycle engine coannular exhaust systems at simulated takeoff and cruise conditions. Comprehensive data report. Volume 3: Graphical data book 2
Graphical data from wind tunnel tests of variable cycle engine coannular exhaust nozzles are given. Specifically, aerodynamic data for takeoff conditions are presented.
Nelson, D. P.↗
A Mathematical Model for Vertical Attitude Takeoff and Landing (VATOL) Aircraft Simulation: Model Description Application - Volume 1
A mathematical model of a high performance airplane capable of vertical attitude takeoff and landing (VATOL) was developed. An off line digital simulation program incorporating this model was developed to provide trim conditions and dynamic check runs for the piloted simulation studies and support dynamic analyses of proposed VATOL configuration and flight control concepts. Development details for the various simulation component models and the application of the off line simulation program, Vertical Attitude Take-Off and Landing Simulation (VATLAS), to develop a baseline control system for the Vought SF-121 VATOL airplane concept are described.
Fortenbaugh, R. L.↗
Application of the concept of dynamic trim control and nonlinear system inverses to automatic control of a vertical attitude takeoff and landing aircraft
A full envelope automatic flight control system based on nonlinear inverse systems concepts has been applied to a vertical attitude takeoff and landing (VATOL) fighter aircraft. A new method for using an airborne digital aircraft model to perform the inversion of a nonlinear aircraft model is presented together with the results of a simulation study of the nonlinear inverse system concept for the vertical-attitude hover mode. The system response to maneuver commands in the vertical attitude was found to be excellent; and recovery from large initial offsets and large disturbances was found to be very satisfactory.
Smith, G. A.↗