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At least 109 records · Page 6
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1994

Analysis of cold worked holes for structural life extension

Cold working holes for improved fatigue life of fastener holes are widely used on aircraft. This paper presents methods used by the authors to determine the percent of cold working to be applied and to analyze fatigue crack growth of cold worked fastener holes. An elastic, perfectly-plastic analysis of a thick-walled tube is used to determine the stress field during the cold working process and the residual stress field after the process is completed. The results of the elastic/plastic analysis are used to determine the amount of cold working to apply to a hole. The residual stress field is then used to perform damage tolerance analysis of a crack growing out of a cold worked fastener hole. This analysis method is easily implemented in existing crack growth computer codes so that the cold worked holes can be used to extend the structural life of aircraft. Analytical results are compared to test data where appropriate.

Wieland, David H.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Automatic Calibration of a Geomechanical Model from Sparse Data for Estimating Stress in Deep Geological Formations

Summary In this study, we demonstrate geomechanical modeling with fully automatic parameter calibration to estimate the full geomechanical stress fields of a prospective US carbon dioxide (CO2) storage site, based on sparse measurement data. The goal is to compute full stress tensor field estimates (principal stresses and orientations) that are maximally compatible with observations within the constraints of the model assumptions, thereby extending pointwise, incomplete partial stress measurement to a simulated full formation stress field, as well as a rough assessment of the associated error. We use the Perch site, located in Otsego County, Michigan, USA, as our case study. The input data consist of partial stress tensor information inferred from in-situ borehole tests, geophysical well logs, and processing of seismic data. A static earth model (SEM) of the site was developed, and geomechanical simulation functionality of the open-source MATLAB Reservoir Simulation Toolbox (MRST) was used to model the stress field. Adjoint-based nonlinear optimization was used to adjust boundary conditions and material properties to calibrate simulated results of observations. Results were interpreted through a Bayesian framework. The focus of this paper is to demonstrate how the fully automatic calibration procedure works and discuss the results obtained; it does not attempt a detailed analysis of the stress field in the context of the proposed CO2 storage initiatives. Our work is part of a larger effort to noninvasively determine in-situ stresses in deep formations considered for CO2 storage. Guided by previously published research on geomechanical model calibration, our work presents a novel calibration approach supporting a potentially large number of linear or nonlinear calibration parameters to produce results optimally agreeing with available measurements and thus extend partial pointwise estimates to full tensor fields compatible with the physics of the site.

Engineering↗
NASA NTRS1993

Rotation of stress and blocks in the Lake Mead, Nevada, Fault System

The combined effects of stress field rotation and material rotation were found in the Lake Mead, Nevada Fault System (LMFS). Fault inversion results imply an apparent 60 deg clockwise (CW) rotation of the stress field since mid-Miocene time. In contrast, structural data from the Great Basin suggest only a 30 deg CW stress field rotation. By incorporating paleomagnetic declination anomalies, it is inferred that slip on faults caused a local 30 deg counterclockwise rotation of blocks and faults in the Lake Mead area, so that the inferred 60 deg CW rotation of the stress field in the LMFS is actually only 30 deg.

Ron, Hagai↗
NASA NTRS2012

Global Patterns of Tectonism on Titan from Mountain Chains and Virgae

This research is based on the exploration of tectonic patterns on Titan from a global perspective. Several moons in the outer solar system display patterns of surface tectonic features that imply global stress fields driven or modified by global forces. Patterns such as these are seen in Europa's tidally induced fracture patterns, Enceladus's tiger stripes, and Ganymede's global expansion induced normal fault bands. Given its proximity to Saturn, as well as its eccentric orbit, tectonic features and global stresses may be present on Titan as well. Titan displays possible tectonic structures, such as mountain chains along its equator (Radebaugh et al. 2007), as well as the unexplored dark linear streaks termed virgae by the IAU. Imaged by Cassini with the RADAR instrument, mountain chains near the equator are observed with a predominante east-west orientation (Liu et al. 2012, Mitri et al. 2010). Orientations such as these can be explained by modifications in the global tidal stress field induced by global contraction followed by rotational spin-up. Also, due to Titan's eccentric orbit, its current rotation rate may be in an equilibrium between tidal spin-up near periapsis and spin-down near apoapsis (Barnes and Fortney 2003). Additional stress from rotational spin-up provides an asymmetry to the stress field. This, combined with an isotropic stress from radial contraction, favors the formation of equatorial mountain chains in an east-west direction. The virgae, which have been imaged by Cassini with both the Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) and Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) instruments, are located predominately near 30 degrees latitude in either hemisphere. Oriented with a pronounced elongation in the east-west direction, all observed virgae display similar characteristics: similar relative albedos as the surrounding terrain however darkened with an apparent neutral absorber, broken-linear or rounded sharp edges, and connected, angular elements with distinct, linear edges. Virgae imaged during northern latitude passes are oriented with their long dimensions toward Titan's antiSaturn point. If the virgae are of tectonic origin, for instance if the turn out to be i.e. grabens, they could serve as markers to Titan's global stress field. Using them in this way allows for a mapping of global tectonic patterns. These patterns will be tested for consistency against the various sources of global stress and orientations of mountain chains. By determining what drives Titan's tectonics globally, we will be able to place Titan within the context of the other outer planet icy satellites.

Cook, C.↗
NASA NTRS2003

Development of a Fatigue Crack Growth Coupon for Highly Plastic Stress Conditions

The analytical approach used to develop a novel fatigue crack growth coupon for highly plastic stress field condition is presented in this paper. The flight hardware investigated is a large separation bolt that has a deep notch, which produces a large plastic zone at the notch root when highly loaded. Four test specimen configurations are analyzed in an attempt to match the elastic-plastic stress field and crack constraint conditions present in the separation bolt. Elastic-plastic finite element analysis is used to compare the stress fields and critical fracture parameters. Of the four test specimens analyzed, the modified double-edge notch tension - 3 (MDENT-3) most closely approximates the stress field, J values, and crack constraint conditions found in the flight hardware. The MDENT-3 is also most insensitive to load misalignment and/or load redistribution during crack growth.

Allen, Phillip A.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Determining Stress Orientation in Rock Valley, Nevada, Using Ambient Seismic Noise

The stress field and the mechanical properties of rocks are important to consider for nuclear explosion monitoring due to their effect on seismic wave radiation from earthquakes and explosions. At the Rock Valley Direct Comparison site, the regional orientation of the maximum horizontal compressive stress (SH max ) is well constrained, but it is unknown whether there are local heterogeneities. Here, I show that stress-induced anisotropy in nonlinear elasticity can be used to estimate the orientation of SH max . Rocks have compliant internal contacts, such as fractures and mineral grain boundaries, that respond to applied strains more strongly than individual mineral crystals. This strain response is asymmetric between compressive and dilatational strains and is affected by anisotropy in the ambient stress field. Traditional seismic velocity measurements are of strain-averaged velocity, which is less sensitive than nonlinear elasticity to the behavior of compliant internal contacts and therefore the stress field and fracture behavior. My results show that the orientation of SH max measured using ambient seismic noise aligns with regional estimates, with some heterogeneity that can also be explained by the limitations of the seismic array. I demonstrate the potential of a passive technique for monitoring the stress field in places that currently lack local measurements.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1996

Development of Finite Elements for Two-Dimensional Structural Analysis Using the Integrated Force Method

The Integrated Force Method has been developed in recent years for the analysis of structural mechanics problems. This method treats all independent internal forces as unknown variables that can be calculated by simultaneously imposing equations of equilibrium and compatibility conditions. In this paper a finite element library for analyzing two-dimensional problems by the Integrated Force Method is presented. Triangular- and quadrilateral-shaped elements capable of modeling arbitrary domain configurations are presented. The element equilibrium and flexibility matrices are derived by discretizing the expressions for potential and complementary energies, respectively. The displacement and stress fields within the finite elements are independently approximated. The displacement field is interpolated as it is in the standard displacement method, and the stress field is approximated by using complete polynomials of the correct order. A procedure that uses the definitions of stress components in terms of an Airy stress function is developed to derive the stress interpolation polynomials. Such derived stress fields identically satisfy the equations of equilibrium. Moreover, the resulting element matrices are insensitive to the orientation of local coordinate systems. A method is devised to calculate the number of rigid body modes, and the present elements are shown to be free of spurious zero-energy modes. A number of example problems are solved by using the present library, and the results are compared with corresponding analytical solutions and with results from the standard displacement finite element method. The Integrated Force Method not only gives results that agree well with analytical and displacement method results but also outperforms the displacement method in stress calculations.

Kaljevic, Igor↗
DOE OSTI2021

A Non-Invasive Approach for Elucidating the Spatial Distribution of In Situ Stress in Deep Subsurface Geologic Formations Considered for CO 2 Storage (Task 5 Report Field Scale Stress Modeling)

This report describes research accomplishments achieved with funding provided through Department of Energy (DOE) Contract DE-FE0031686, for the project “A Non-Invasive Approach for Elucidating the Spatial Distribution of In Situ Stress in Deep Subsurface Geologic Formations Considered for CO 2 Storage.” The purpose of this DOE funding is to develop non-invasive methods to obtain important information about subsurface stresses. The overall research goal of the project was to develop and improve methods for determining the spatial distribution of stresses, including magnitude and orientation of the three principal stress components in the subsurface, based on new methods that extract stress information from seismic data combined with well measurements, extended with well tests and logs, and unified in a numerical model that permits computation of the full stress tensor throughout the domains under investigation.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1996

The Yeh-Stratton Criterion for Stress Concentrations on Fiber -Reinforced Composite Materials

The Yeh-Stratton criterion developed from a yielding criterion is modified to a generalized failure criterion and applied to fiber-reinforced composites with a central crack or a circular cutout under tensile loadings. The purpose of a material failure criterion is to establish a theoretical margin of safety and to be validated by experiments. It is necessary to obtain the crack tip stress field before a failure criterion of composite materials is applied. However, the crack tip stress field is complicated since there are numerous factors that influence the crack tip stress distribution. The understanding of the factors that contribute to crack tip stress field is of critical importance in analyzing composite laminates.

Yeh, Hsieng-Yang↗
NASA NTRS1972

Prediction of directional reflectance of a corn field under stress

A vegetative canopy model concept is developed and used to calculate the directional spectral reflectance of a corn field under stress. The problem has been idealized by assuming that the canopy is represented in several layers of uniform but randomly distributed biological components; horizontal and vertical projection of leaves, for example, replaces the actual leaf. An accumulative horizontal projection leads to a quantitative horizontal leaf area index while accumulated vertical projections provide the vertical leaf index area for each layer. The spectral properties of the projections are obtained from the spectral properties of the biological components. These techniques together with soil reflectance data provide a physical description for the vegetative canopy and adequately interprete multispectral scanning data.

Suits, G. H.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Treatment of singularities in a middle-crack tension specimen

A three-dimensional finite-element analysis of a middle-crack tension specimen subjected to mode I loading was performed to study the stress singularity along the crack front. The specimen was modeled using 20-node isoparametric elements with collapsed nonsingular elements at the crack front. The displacements and stresses from the analysis were used to estimate the power of singularities, by a log-log regression analysis, along the crack front. Analyses showed that finite-sized cracked bodies have two singular stress fields. Because of two singular stress fields near the free surface and the classical square root singularity elsewhere, the strain energy release rate appears to be an appropriate parameter all along the crack front.

Shivakumar, K. N.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Mechanics of the crack path formation

A detailed analysis of experimentally obtained curvilinear crack path trajectories formed in a heterogeneous stress field is presented. Experimental crack path trajectories were used as data for numerical simulations, recreating the actual stress field governing the development of the crack path. Thus, the current theories of crack curving and kinking could be examined by comparing them with the actual stress field parameters as they develop along the experimentally observed crack path. The experimental curvilinear crack path trajectories were formed in the tensile specimens with a hole positioned in the vicinity of a potential crack path. The numerical simulation, based on the solution of equivalent boundary value problems with the possible perturbations of the crack path, is presented here.

Rubinstein, Asher A.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Microseismic Monitoring at the Farnsworth CO 2 -EOR Field

The Farnsworth Unit in northern Texas is a field site for studying geologic carbon storage during enhanced oil recovery (EOR) using CO 2 . Microseismic monitoring is essential for risk assessment by detecting fluid leakage and fractures. We analyzed borehole microseismic data acquired during CO 2 injection and migration, including data denoising, event detection, event location, magnitude estimation, moment tensor inversion, and stress field inversion. We detected and located two shallow clusters, which occurred during increasing injection pressure. The two shallow clusters were also featured by large b values and tensile cracking moment tensors that are obtained based on a newly developed moment tensor inversion method using single-borehole data. The inverted stress fields at the two clusters showed large deviations from the regional stress field. The results provide evidence for microseismic responses to CO 2 /fluid injection and migration.

02 PETROLEUM↗
NASA NTRS1991

Mechanics of the crack path formation

A detailed analysis of experimentally obtained curvilinear crack path trajectories formed in a heterogeneous stress field is presented. Experimental crack path trajectories were used as data for the numerical simulations, recreating the actual stress field governing the development of the crack path. Thus, the current theories of crack curving and kinking could be examined by comparing them with the actual stress field parameters as they develop along the experimentally observed crack path. The experimental curvilinear crack path trajectories were formed in the tensile specimens with a hole positioned in the vicinity of a potential crack path. The numerical simulation, based on the solution of equivalent boundary value problems with the possible perturbations of the crack path, is presented.

Rubinstein, Asher A.↗
NASA NTRS1993

A variational method for finite element stress recovery and error estimation

A variational method for obtaining smoothed stresses from a finite element derived nonsmooth stress field is presented. The method is based on minimizing a functional involving discrete least-squares error plus a penalty constraint that ensures smoothness of the stress field. An equivalent accuracy criterion is developed for the smoothing analysis which results in a C sup 1-continuous smoothed stress field possessing the same order of accuracy as that found at the superconvergent optimal stress points of the original finite element analysis. Application of the smoothing analysis to residual error estimation is also demonstrated.

Tessler, A.↗
DOE OSTI2021

On the computational solution of vector-density based continuum dislocation dynamics models: A comparison of two plastic distortion and stress update algorithms

Continuum dislocation dynamics models of mesoscale plasticity consist of dislocation transport-reaction equations coupled with crystal mechanics equations. The coupling between these two sets of equations is such that dislocation transport gives rise to the evolution of plastic distortion (strain), while the evolution of the latter fixes the stress from which the dislocation velocity field is found via a mobility law. Earlier solutions of these equations employed a staggered solution scheme for the two sets of equations in which the plastic distortion was updated via time integration of its rate, as found from Orowan's law. In this work, we show that such a direct time integration scheme can suffer from accumulation of numerical errors. We introduce an alternative scheme based on field dislocation mechanics that ensures consistency between the plastic distortion and the dislocation content in the crystal. The new scheme is based on calculating the compatible and incompatible parts of the plastic distortion separately, and the incompatible part is calculated from the current dislocation density field. Stress field and dislocation transport calculations were implemented within a finite element based discretization of the governing equations, with the crystal mechanics part solved by a conventional Galerkin method and the dislocation transport equations by the least squares method. A simple test was first performed to show the accuracy of the two schemes for updating the plastic distortion, which shows that the solution method based on field dislocation mechanics is more accurate. This method then was used to simulate an austenitic steel crystal under uniaxial loading and multiple slip conditions. By considering dislocation interactions caused by junctions, a hardening rate similar to discrete dislocation dynamics simulation results was obtained. Finally, the simulations show that dislocations exhibit some self-organized structures as the strain is increased.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Tailoring composition and deformation modes at the microstructural level for next generation low-cost high-strength austenitic stainless steels

The objective of this project is to enable deliberate development of cost-effective, hydrogen resistant alloys by establishing detailed relationships specific to the effects of alloy composition, short-range order (SRO), and microsegregation in the presence of hydrogen on the transition between homogeneous deformation and localized plasticity in shear bands. In collaboration with the International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, I2CNER, at Kyushu University in Japan, we conceptualized, designed, and manufactured four austenitic alloys that maintain corrosion resistance and ensure lower cost relative to baseline commercial alloys. The mechanical properties and deformation modes of the novel alloys (KU alloys) were assessed in the presence of hydrogen (H). Correlations between composition and performance revealed that two of the KU alloys are suitable replacements for 316 steel, while another is a viable replacement for 304 steel at room temperature. We found that, in the presence of other austenite stabilizing elements namely Mn and N, replacing Ni with Cu does not lead to martensite formation as has been previously reported.1–3 Furthermore, we found that the addition of Cu leads to an earlier onset of multiple slip resulting in an relative earlier onset of a higher work hardening rate (WHR). Greater understanding of the relationships between alloy composition and SRO required the development of a novel advanced electron diffraction methodology to characterize SRO in complex FCC alloys. This innovative approach, which combines fluctuation and correlation analyses of diffuse-scattering signals, successfully differentiated between SRO and long-range ordering (LRO). Further investigations into annealed austenitic stainless steels could provide insights into manipulating SRO and its effects on material properties. Atomistic simulations provided understanding of SRO behavior that was difficult to capture experimentally. This project created the first spin cluster expansion model that is able to capture and describe SRO effects in Fe-Ni-Cr FCC alloys, accounting for the non-negligible effects of magnetism. An automated computational workflow was established to provide reliable predictions of SRO in Fe-Ni-Cr austenitic alloys, both with and without the presence of H atoms. Analysis of the propensity for SRO in Fe-Ni-Cr alloys revealed that H tends to cluster with specific, well-defined SRO domains. The computational framework is general purpose and can be extended to realistic stainless steels across diverse composition ranges. With confidence that SRO is possible in austenitic stainless steels, we developed a discrete dislocation finite element code to understand the interaction of dislocations with SRO in the presence of H. By incorporating H effects on the dislocation emission and SRO stress field we show that the critical stress for the dislocation pileup to breakthrough the SRO domain decreases in the presence of H, which directly contributes localized deformation at the macroscale. Through the simulation of a uniaxial tension test, we demonstrated that H-induced weakening of SRO stress field and H-enhanced dislocation emission can lead to the onset of shear localization at lower macroscopic strains. As a whole, this project identified three novel alloys that show improvements in performance and cost efficiency for H-facing applications by studying correlations between alloy chemistry and deformation behavior. We also made significant advancements to experimental and computational methodologies necessary to study the chemistry and distribution of SRO across a range of alloys, which in turn allowed us to demonstrate how deformation mechanisms change due to the contributions of SRO in austenitic alloys in the presence of H. The combined advancements in fundamental understanding with novel alloy development in this project has increased the viability of next generation H-technologies for the broader public through accessible low-cost alloys and accelerated development towards future H-infrastructure.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2021

Field Accelerated Stress Testing (FAST): Forecasting Plant-specific Failure Modes and Degradation Rates

Photovoltaic plant owners and insurance companies would like to be prepared for the forthcoming material warranty claims (material defects) and power warranty claims (degradation rate). To address the needs of these stakeholders, this presentation aims to introduce a new conceptual approach to perform accelerated testing right at the field of interest and it is called field accelerated stress testing (FAST). The primary goal of this presentation is to present a conceptual approach to forecast the field specific failure modes and degradation rates in advance by a factor of 2 to 5, right at the plant site using a few spare modules available at the plant location itself.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗