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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 109 records · Page 6
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2016

Optimizing Short-Term Operation of a FIRES-like Industrial Heat Supply Thermal Energy Storage System

The Firebrick Resistance-heated Energy-storage System (FIRES) is under development at MIT for two applications: (1) integration with the Nuclear Air-Brayton Combined Cycle (NACC), a high-performance power conversion system (PCS) that may be used with high- temperature advanced reactors; and (2) industrial heat supply. This paper describes some key features of FIRES and equivalent systems configured for industrial heat supply and presents an assessment of the revenue achievable by a system operating under the conditions expected for early demonstration FIRES installations. The greatest technical challenge of the 21. century is likely to be the effort to minimize the damage caused by global climate change. This effort will require massive reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions throughout our economy and a transition to an electric power system driven entirely by very-low-carbon generators. Many investigators agree that this will require a substantial increase in electricity generation and in the use of nuclear power, and there is growing awareness that this will also require new technologies and systems for managing and storing energy and matching intermittent supply of renewable resources with electricity demand. Thermal energy storage systems (TESS) will, in some applications, be much more cost effective than the more popular and widely discussed battery electric storage systems and may provide unique capabilities. The Firebrick Resistance-heated Energy-storage System (FIRES) is under development at MIT for two applications: (1) integration with the Nuclear Air-Brayton Combined Cycle (NACC), a high-performance power conversion system (PCS) that may be used with high-temperature advanced reactors like the Fluoride-salt-cooled High-temperature Reactor (FHR), molten salt reactor (MSR) and sodium-cooled fast reactors (SFR); and (2) industrial heat supply. FIRES installations include a stack of refractory firebrick with imbedded electric heaters and airflow channels, a compressor or air blower, and a duct system to connect the firebrick with the heat demand (turbine or industrial customer). Analysis of the FIRES design space has shown that the concept is suitable for a wide range of peak operating temperatures (from about 200 deg.C up to at least 1800 deg. C) and pressures (from ambient to at least 20 atmospheres) and offers very high energy density (up to 1 MWh per cubic meter of firebrick for high temperature systems) at very low cost (as low as $5/kWh). These results favor early demonstration of FIRES. If the cost target of $5/kWh for FIRES systems were achieved, even the lowest expected operating income calculated here could cover the capital cost of a 10 MWh system in a single year. If the FIRES system were assumed to operate for at least 10 years, this level of operating income could readily recover a capital investment up to $50/kWh, which is simultaneously much cheaper than the costs expected for near-future battery systems (in excess of $200/kWh) and much more expensive than the small, low temperature firebrick systems already available for domestic heating. This provides a large margin for unexpected development costs and other uncertainties. FIRES would set a minimum price of electricity near that of natural gas-improving nuclear, wind, and solar economics while reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the industrial sector. (authors)

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Impact of Data Placement on Resilience in Large-Scale Object Storage Systems

Distributed object storage architectures have become the de facto standard for high-performance storage in big data, cloud, and HPC computing. Object storage deployments using commodity hardware to reduce costs often employ object replication as a method to achieve data resilience. Repairing object replicas after failure is a daunting task for systems with thousands of servers and billions of objects, however, and it is increasingly difficult to evaluate such scenarios at scale on realworld systems. Resilience and availability are both compromised if objects are not repaired in a timely manner. In this work we leverage a high-fidelity discrete-event simulation model to investigate replica reconstruction on large-scale object storage systems with thousands of servers, billions of objects, and petabytes of data. We evaluate the behavior of CRUSH, a well-known object placement algorithm, and identify configuration scenarios in which aggregate rebuild performance is constrained by object placement policies. After determining the root cause of this bottleneck, we then propose enhancements to CRUSH and the usage policies atop it to enable scalable replica reconstruction. We use these methods to demonstrate a simulated aggregate rebuild rate of 410 GiB/s (within 5% of projected ideal linear scaling) on a 1,024-node commodity storage system. We also uncover an unexpected phenomenon in rebuild performance based on the characteristics of the data stored on the system.

Carns, Philip↗
DOE OSTI2022

Hydrogen Storage System Cost Analysis (2017-2021) (Final Report)

This final technical report summarizes hydrogen storage system cost analysis results from 2017-2021. Results include onboard hydrogen storage system costs for light-duty vehicles, medium-duty vehicles, heavy-duty vehicles, class 8 long haul trucks, and passenger buses. Multiple storage systems are included, primarily focusing on compressed and cryo-compressed hydrogen in Type 3 and Type 4 storage systems. Additional analysis includes large-scale gaseous and liquid hydrogen storage at refueling stations in tube trailers and Dewars; advanced materials-based storage systems such as metal organic frameworks and metal hydrides; and a baseline setting analysis of compressed natural gas storage systems in support of the Institute for Advanced Composites Manufacturing Initiative (IACMI). Analyses were primarily conducted using a Design for Manufacture and Assembly ® methodology, which is a bottom-up process-based approach to estimating factory costs. Multiple annual production rates are reported to project high-volume costs relevant to mature markets.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2026

Africa Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) Capacity Building Utility-Scale Storage: BESS Valuation, Tariffs, and Remuneration [Slides]

Utility-scale Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) are key to enhancing grid reliability, integrating renewable energy, and providing operational flexibility. Designing effective valuation, remuneration, and tariff frameworks is essential to ensure both system benefits and financial viability for developers. This presentation outlines a structured methodology for evaluating BESS projects, covering policy and legal considerations, cost and revenue analysis, benchmarking, financial sensitivity, and risk assessment, while ensuring alignment with public interest. It also explores valuation of multiple storage services - bulk energy, ancillary services, and infrastructure support - and monetization strategies through capacity payments, energy tariffs, tolling, arbitrage, and non-wires alternative payments. Technical factors, including round-trip efficiency, degradation, and storage duration, are integrated into financial and operational modeling to quantify both system-wide and project-level benefits. Through case studies and simulation-based approaches, this framework provides regulators, utilities, and developers with practical guidance for tariff design, payment structures, and investment decisions, maximizing the economic and societal value of BESS deployment.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Managing Aging Effects on Dry Cask Storage Systems for Extended Long-Term Storage and Transportation of Used Fuel

The cancellation of the Yucca Mountain repository program in the United States raises the prospect of extended long-term storage (i.e., >120 years) and deferred transportation of used fuel at operating and decommissioned nuclear power plant sites. Under U.S. federal regulations contained in Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 72.42, the initial license term for an Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installation (ISFSI) must not exceed 40 years from the date of issuance. Licenses may be renewed by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) at the expiration of the license term upon application by the licensee for a period not to exceed 40 years. Application for ISFSI license renewals must include the following: (1) Time-limited aging analyses (TLAAs) that demonstrate that structures, systems, and components (SSCs) important to safety will continue to perform their intended function for the requested period of extended operation; and (2) a description of the aging management program (AMP) for management of issues associated with aging that could adversely affect SSCs important to safety. In addition, the application must also include design bases information as documented in the most recent updated final safety analysis report as required by 10 CFR 72.70. Information contained in previous applications, statements, or reports filed with the Commission under the license may be incorporated by reference provided that those references are clear and specific. The NRC has recently issued the Standard Review Plan (SRP) for renewal of used-fuel dry cask storage system (DCSS) licenses and Certificates of Compliance (CoCs), NUREG-1927, under which NRC may renew a specific license or a CoC for a term not to exceed 40 years. Both the license and the CoC renewal applications must contain revised technical requirements and operating conditions (fuel storage, surveillance and maintenance, and other requirements) for the ISFSI and DCSS that address aging effects that could affect the safe storage of the used fuel. The information contained in the license and CoC renewal applications will require NRC review to verify that the aging effects on the SSCs in DCSSs/ ISFSIs are adequately managed for the period of extended operation. To date, all of the ISFSIs located across the United States with more than 1,500 dry casks loaded with used fuel have initial license terms of 20 years; three ISFSIs (Surry, H.B. Robinson and Oconee) have received their renewed licenses for 20 years, and two other ISFSIs (Calvert Cliffs and Prairie Island) have applied for license renewal for 40 years. This report examines issues related to managing aging effects on the SSCs in DCSSs/ISFSIs for extended long-term storage and transportation of used fuels, following an approach similar to that of the Generic Aging Lessons Learned (GALL) report, NUREG-1801, for the aging management and license renewal of nuclear power plants. The report contains five chapters and an appendix on quality assurance for aging management programs for used-fuel dry storage systems. Chapter I of the report provides an overview of the ISFSI license renewal process based on 10 CFR 72 and the guidance provided in NUREG-1927. Chapter II contains definitions and terms for structures and components in DCSSs, materials, environments, aging effects, and aging mechanisms. Chapter III and Chapter IV contain generic TLAAs and AMPs, respectively, that have been developed for managing aging effects on the SSCs important to safety in the dry cask storage system designs described in Chapter V. The summary descriptions and tabulations of evaluations of AMPs and TLAAs for the SSCs that are important to safety in Chapter V include DCSS designs (i.e., NUHOMS{reg_sign}, HI-STORM 100, Transnuclear (TN) metal cask, NAC International S/T storage cask, ventilated storage cask (VSC-24), and the Westinghouse MC-10 metal dry storage cask) that have been and continue to be used by utilities across the country for dry storage of used fuel to date. The goal of this report is to help establish the technical basis for extended long-term storage and transportation of used fuel.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Secondary Use-Plug-and-Play Energy Storage System Composed of Multiple Energy Storage Technologies

Low-cost, grid-connectable energy storage technologies represent a significant challenge for the electric grid of the future. Energy storage technologies are in rapid development with targets to reduce the storage medium cost. However, a significant cost to deployment also comes in the integration. This paper presents the development of a plug-and-play system for supporting secondary use multiple battery systems into a single grid connectable unit. Results of the system design are demonstrated in a controller hardware in the loop (CHIL) platform. Simulations of two energy storage systems operating in parallel and dispatched optimally are presented.

Starke, Michael↗
DOE OSTI2012

Distributed Storage Systems for Data Intensive Computing

In this chapter, the authors present an overview of the utility of distributed storage systems in supporting modern applications that are increasingly becoming data intensive. Their coverage of distributed storage systems is based on the requirements imposed by data intensive computing and not a mere summary of storage systems. To this end, they delve into several aspects of supporting data-intensive analysis, such as data staging, offloading, checkpointing, and end-user access to terabytes of data, and illustrate the use of novel techniques and methodologies for realizing distributed storage systems therein. The data deluge from scientific experiments, observations, and simulations is affecting all of the aforementioned day-to-day operations in data-intensive computing. Modern distributed storage systems employ techniques that can help improve application performance, alleviate I/O bandwidth bottleneck, mask failures, and improve data availability. They present key guiding principles involved in the construction of such storage systems, associated tradeoffs, design, and architecture, all with an eye toward addressing challenges of data-intensive scientific applications. They highlight the concepts involved using several case studies of state-of-the-art storage systems that are currently available in the data-intensive computing landscape.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Hydrogen Storage System Modeling: Public Access, Maintenance, and Enhancements

The hydrogen storage system modeling project aims to develop new and enhance existing material-based hydrogen storage system models and make them accessible to the research community through a public web page. Updating existing storage systems models supports material developers in evaluating the performance of their new materials in mobile and stationary applications relative to the available DOE Technical Targets. Developing new tools helps researchers evaluate the performance of hydrogen storage materials developed under HyMARC activities or other fundamental hydrogen storage materials discovery research. New models will also work for validating alternatives to material-based systems (liquefied & gaseous hydrogen), comparing various mobile and stationary use cases, and expand to include medium-, heavy-duty, and mining vehicles and stationary application(s).

AMR↗
DOE OSTI2012

Similarity and generalized analysis of efficiencies of thermal energy storage systems

This paper examined the features of three typical thermal storage systems including: (1) direct storage of heat transfer fluid in containers, (2) storage of thermal energy in a packed bed of solid filler material, with energy being carried in/out by a flowing heat transfer fluid which directly contacts the packed bed, and (3) a system in which heat transfer fluid flows through tubes that are imbedded into a thermal storage material which may be solid, liquid, or a mixture of the two. The similarity of the three types of thermal storage systems was discussed, and generalized energy storage governing equations were introduced in both dimensional and dimensionless forms. The temperatures of the heat transfer fluid during energy charge and discharge processes and the overall energy storage efficiencies were studied through solution of the energy storage governing equations. Finally, provided in the paper are a series of generalized charts bearing curves for energy storage effectiveness against four dimensionless parameters grouped up from many of the thermal storage system properties including dimensions, fluid and thermal storage material properties, as well as the operational conditions including mass flow rate of the fluid, and the ratio of energy charge and discharge time periods. Engineers can conveniently look up the charts to design and calibrate the size of thermal storage tanks and operational conditions without doing complicated individual modeling and computations. It is expected that the charts will serve as standard tools for thermal storage system design and calibration.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Impact of heating and cooling loads on battery energy storage system sizing in extreme cold climates

Efficient operation of battery energy storage systems requires that battery temperature remains within a specific range. Current techno-economic models neglect the parasitic loads heating and cooling operations have on these devices, assuming they operate at constant temperature. In this work, these effects are investigated considering the optimal sizing of battery energy storage systems when deployed in cold environments. Here, a peak shaving application is presented as a linear programming problem which is then formulated in the PYOMO optimization programming language. The building energy simulation software EnergyPlus is used to model the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning load of the battery energy storage system enclosure. Case studies are conducted for eight locations in the United States considering a nickel manganese cobalt oxide lithium ion battery type and whether the power conversion system is inside or outside the enclosure. The results show an increase of 42% to 300% in energy capacity size, 43% to 217% in power rating, and 43% to 296% increase in capital cost dependent on location. This analysis shows that the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning load can have a large impact on the optimal sizes and cost of a battery energy storage system and merit consideration in techno-economic studies.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Used Fuel Dry Storage Systems and Components for Shutdown Plants to Expedite Defueling of Spent Fuel Pool - 18378

For plants that have announced plans to shut down, their main priority is to off-load the Used Nuclear Fuel from the spent fuel pool to dry storage at an ISFSI so that they can proceed to 'Safe store' or other storage options, and start their decommissioning process as soon as possible. One of the major expenses for a decommissioned plant is the cost of maintenance of the spent fuel pool. Therefore, the ability of the dry storage system to store short cooled fuel is an important aspect of dry storage system for shutdown plants. When a shutdown plant evaluates the dry storage options, total cost of the transferring the fuel from the pool to ISFSI site needs to be evaluated. One of the major costs to the utility for dry storage is the cost of ISFSI pad (basemat) along with the cost of dry storage system hardware. Smaller ISFSI footprint saves utility for the cost of ISFSI site excavation, cost of engineered backfill and cost of ISFSI pad. In order to minimize the cost of dry storage systems, besides the size of the ISFSI pad as described above, other important considerations is to use high capacity systems. The highest capacity systems available in the dry storage market today are with 37 PWR or 89 BWR used fuel assemblies per canister. These dry storage systems are expected to be at the plant sites for extended duration due to the unavailability of Interim Storage Facilities or a permanent disposal sites like Yucca Mountain. Maintaining the integrity of the dry storage systems canisters and storage overpack so that they can safely protect the fuel and integrity of used nuclear fuel is maintained during storage period is of utmost importance. Robust Aging Management Program is an important aspect for dry storage systems not only at the shutdown plants but also at the operating plants. This paper will provide the update of a reduced footprint version of TN Americas NUHOMS{sup R} System with MATRIX HSM and NUHOMS{sup R} EOS Canisters that addresses the need for maximizing safety, ISFSI capacity while optimizing cost. It will provide an update on the current capabilities, design features and current status of the licensing and deployment of NUHOMS{sup R} EOS System. It will provide the current status of the MATRIX HSM along with the significant enhancement included for a robust Canister Evolved Safety Program for Aging Management. It will also describe the construction sequence; loading operations, and inspections during extended storage as a part of aging management program. The compact version of TN Americas NUHOMS{sup R} System with MATRIX HSM offers a 'Universal' Storage Overpack which is designed to accept all different designs dry storage canisters available in the industry. As UNF storage continues to drives the industry towards innovations that address the need for optimized dry storage systems, compact ISFSIs and prudent aging management programs, this new evolution of the TN Americas NUHOMS{sup R} system with MATRIX HSM and EOS Canisters offers a significant leap forward in addressing all of these challenges. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2023

Optimization of Energy Storage System Economics and Controls by Incorporating Battery Degradation Costs in REopt

The use of stationary electrochemical energy storage systems utilizing lithium-ion batteries has increased rapidly as the production scale and price for lithium-ion batteries has decreased. These energy storage systems are crucial for maintaining grid resiliency, especially for grids operating with high penetration of renewable energy generation assets or for with a variety of distributed energy generation and storage systems. One challenging factor for the development of battery energy storage systems is estimating the proper sizing, in terms of both power and energy, that minimizes total costs over the lifetime of the systems; this calculation is difficult in simple cases, where a battery is costed independently, but is extremely challenging when building loads and electrical generation by photovoltaic resources are also considered. REopt is a techoeconomic optimization tool developed by NREL to address these challenges. Previously, battery degradation has been priced by simply assuming a 10-year replacement schedule for battery systems. However, this does not account for varying degradation trends observed across real-world batteries, or allow for batteries to be operated in a degradation-aware manner that optimizes battery dispatch based on operating costs. This work incorporates a battery life model into REopt. This battery life model is simple, so that it may be solvable within the constrains of a mixed-integer linear optimization problem, but is fit to accelerated aging data recorded in the lab. To achieve the best possible accuracy for lifetime estimates given these constraints, parameters for the battery life model in REopt are estimated by fitting 20-year simulations of battery life after identifying state-space battery degradation model from accelerated aging data. Comparisons of battery life predicted in REopt and from the state-space battery degradation model to ensure validity of lifetime estimates made by REopt. Battery life and cost is optimized by controlling three decision to minimize system life cost: battery sizing, daily state-of-charge, and daily energy-throughput. The cost of battery degradation as a function of these control variables is then estimated assuming two possible maintenance strategies: replacement, where the entire battery system is replaced if cell reach an end-of-life capacity threshold; and augmentation, which establishes a fund to pay for continual purchase of new batteries to maintain the initial energy capacity of the system. These two strategies offer conservative (for replacement) and optimistic (for augmentation) bounds for total system cost. The degradation cost incurred by these strategies is then used to control battery dispatch decisions, operating the battery in a degradation-aware manner that maximizes battery lifetime while also providing energy when favorable. Because the mixed-integer linear program has perfect foresight of future energy needs, batteries with degradation costs are always operated using 'just-in-time' charging, which is unrealistic, as no energy is left in the storage system to perform other energy services or to serve as emergency back-up power. To combat this, an inequality constraint on the average annual state-of-charge is imposed, and the sensitivity of system cost to average stored energy, e.g., the cost of system resiliency, can be quantified. Analysis of results has several conclusions, for instance, oversizing of battery storage systems is not a cost burden when battery storage is an optimal solution, as any additional battery capacity can simply be utilized to avoid costs of purchasing energy from a utility.

battery↗
DOE OSTI2021

The Power and Energy Storage Systems Toolbox -- PSTess v.1.0

The Power and Energy Storage Systems Toolbox (PSTess) is a MATLAB-based computing package for dynamic simulation and analysis of utility-scale battery storage systems. This codebase is a fork of the Power Systems Toolbox Version 3.0, developed at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) and Cherry Tree Scientific Software. While PSTess shares a common lineage with PST, it is a substantially different application. As the name implies, the main distinguishing characteristic of PSTess is its ability to model inverter-based energy storage systems (ESS). The model that enables this is called ess.m, and it serves the dual role of representing ESS operational constraints and the generator/converter interface. With PSTess, the generator/converter interface is modeled as a controllable current source with the ability to modulate both active and reactive current. The model ess.m permits four-quadrant modulation, which allows it to represent a wide variety of inverter-based resources beyond energy storage when paired with an appropriate supplemental control model. Examples include utility-scale photovoltaic (PV) power plants, type 4 wind plants, and static synchronous compensators (STATCOM). This capability is especially useful for modeling hybrid plants that combine energy storage with renewable resources. Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525. SAND2021-8322 O

Elliott, RyanT.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Thermoelectric energy storage system and an associated method thereof

Thermoelectric energy storage system and an associated method are disclosed. The thermoelectric energy storage system includes a first refrigeration system, a power system, a first thermal storage unit, and a second thermal storage unit. The first refrigeration system includes a first heat exchanger, a first compressor, a second heat exchanger, and a first expander. The first heat exchanger is disposed upstream relative to the first compressor. The power system includes a third heat exchanger, a second compressor, a fourth heat exchanger, a fifth heat exchanger, and a second expander. The third heat exchanger is disposed upstream relative to the fourth heat exchanger. The fifth heat exchanger is disposed downstream relative to the second expander. The first thermal storage unit is coupled to the first heat exchanger and the fifth heat exchanger. The second thermal storage unit is coupled to the first refrigeration system and the power system.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Battery Energy Storage Systems Report

Battery energy storage systems (BESS) are a critical component of grid reliability and resilience today, providing rapid response capabilities while enabling grid modernization and capacity expansion across the United States. As utilities, communities, and customers prepare to deploy significant BESS capacity over the next several years, the United States has an opportunity to build security into battery system design and deployments. This report provides a framework for assessing the current dominance of foreign-manufactured components in the supply chains for BESS, inverter-based resources, and transformers. It offers high-impact, actionable solutions to service partners, industry, and government to address supply chain risks for currently installed, in design, and future deployments.

24 - POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2019

High temperature thermochemical energy storage system

A thermochemical energy storage system and method of storing thermal energy are disclosed. The energy storing system described herein comprises a reactor comprising a CO2 sorbent comprising i) CaO and mayenite or ii) Li4SiO4, or a combination thereof, and b) a CO2 source, wherein the CO2 source is in fluid communication with the reactor to allow flow of CO2 between the CO2 source and the reactor. Further, methods are disclosed for storing thermal energy through a wide temperature range.

Melsert, Ryan↗
DOE OSTI2020

Provision of Grid Services by PV Plants with Integrated Battery Energy Storage System: Preprint

Battery energy storage systems (BESS), due to their tremendous range of uses and configurations, may assist PV integration in any number of ways by increasing power system flexibility. In this paper we describe results of a research project conducted by NREL and First Solar for developing controls and demonstrating many use cases for PV-BESS systems including (1) matching generation to loads through time shifting, reducing PV curtailment,; (2) promoting higher levels of PV penetrations by balancing the grid through ancillary services; (3) use of PV-BESS systems to provide wide-area stability services in the form of oscillations damping controls; and (r) use of gird forming BESS for enabling black start and islanded applications for PV-BESS systems. In the paper we will also describe the unique multi-MW test and validation platform developed at NREL for conducting research on fielded utility-scale PV-BESS systems. The platform consists of First Solar 0.43 MW PV power plant, NREL’s 1MW/1MW BESS, 2MW PV power supplies and 7MVA power electronic grid simulator interfaced with industrial plant controllers and power-hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) capability.

41 EE - Solar Energy Technologies Office (EE-4S)↗